快速俯仰三角翼的非定常空气动力实验研究

展弦比为１．５和２．０的两个平板三角翼作快速俯仰振荡运动的非定常空气动力实验研究在南京航空航天大学３×２．５米低速风洞中进行。俯仰运动的振幅为６０°和９０°，无因次俯仰率参数范围为０．０１￣０．０３。以三角翼根弦为参考长度的雷诺数为０．７２×１０＾６。用六分量应变天平测量模型的空气动力和力矩。实验结果表明：法向力和俯仰力矩系数相对于静态值的过冲量以及滞环大小与无因次俯仰率、振幅及展弦比密切相关，而     

输沙量（率）水平分布的非均一性

实验表明：输沙率沿风洞实验段横截面的水平分布具有明显的非均一性。其正负距平变幅可达平均值的４５－６０％。输沙率与有效起沙风成正比关系，其实验式为ｑ＝８．９５×１０（－１）（ＶＬ－Ｖｔ）（１．９）（ｇ／ｃｍ·ｍｉｎ），Ｖｔ＝５．０ｍ／ｓ。与Ｂａｇｎｏｌｄ，ＲＡ理论公式ｑ＝８．７０×１０（－２）（Ｖ－Ｖｔ）３相比（Ｖｔ＝４．０ｍ／ｓ），前者计算结果更接近室内外实测值。     

复合射孔爆燃气体压裂裂缝起裂扩展研究

结合线弹性断裂力学的裂缝尖端应力强度因子判据,建立了复合射孔爆燃气体压裂裂缝的起裂扩展模型,通过建立与多个变量相关的缝内气体压力分布函数,利用迭代法实现了模型的数值求解,获得了缝内气体压力分布随时间的动态变化规律,并分析了不同特征参数对裂缝起裂扩展与止裂过程的影响。实例计算结果表明:(1)随着裂缝扩展的进行,爆燃气体流动尖端与裂缝尖端经历了由重合到不重合再到重合的过程;(2)地应力越大,裂缝起裂扩展越困难,爆燃气体有效致裂作用时间越短,最终得到的裂缝扩展长度也越小;(3)初始裂缝越长,裂缝更容易起裂扩展,爆燃气体能量利用率越高,裂缝扩展更长;(4)岩石断裂韧性的改变对裂缝起裂、止裂和裂缝扩展长度没有明显的影响;(5)升压速率越小,爆燃气体有效致裂作用时间越长,最终裂缝扩展也更长,但对裂缝起裂压力与止裂压力几乎没有影响。     

光弹贴片法研究砼在疲劳荷载作用下裂缝扩展过程

为了研究疲劳荷载作用下砼裂缝扩展过程,本文采用光弹贴片法对尺寸为200mm×200mm×200mm的楔入劈拉试件预制裂缝稳定扩展直至失稳破坏全过程进行了系统的研究,并采用照相机拍摄了光弹贴片所显示的裂缝扩展全过程,得到了砼裂缝长度随疲劳次数的增加而稳定扩展的完整而直观的观测结果．根据光弹贴片所显示的彩色条纹序列,还测得了疲劳荷载作用下砼裂缝尖端附近的主剪应变差分布．试验表明,采用光弹贴片法可有效地测定疲劳荷载作用下砼裂缝扩展过程．     

四种陶瓷材料与SUS304不锈钢的高温摩擦学特性研究

为了探索陶瓷与金属组合作为高温润滑材料的可能性，利用端面摩擦磨损试验机测定了４种陶瓷ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４、Ａｌ２Ｏ３和ＺｒＯ２与ＳＵＳ３０４不锈钢在室温至５００℃下的摩擦学性能．摩擦试验结果表明，ＳｉＣ、Ｓｉ３Ｎ４和Ａｌ２Ｏ３在低于２００℃时的摩擦系数稳定且都低于０．２，但在２００℃以上时的摩擦性能却都不稳定，摩擦系数在０．２－０．４之间；ＺｒＯ２在２００℃以下时的摩擦性能不稳定，而在２００℃以上时的摩擦系数低于６．２且较稳定。磨损试验结果表明，在４种陶瓷中ＺｒＯ２的磨损率最低［－２．６０×１０－９ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，ＳｉＣ和Ｓｉ３Ｎ４的磨损率居中［分别为１．８０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）和４．４０×１０－６ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］，Ａｌ２Ｏ３的磨损率最高［３．６４×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］；分别与这４种陶瓷对磨的不锈钢的磨损率都高［１．４０×１０－５－４．５２×１０－５ｍｍ３／（Ｎ·ｍ）］．     

多晶冰抗压强度的粒径效应

对平均粒径分别为０５ｍｍ、１ｍｍ、２ｍｍ、３ｍｍ、４ｍｍ和６５ｍｍ的人造多晶冰在－５℃和６μｓ－１应变率下进行了单轴抗压强度试验．试验结果表明，多晶冰的极限抗压强度对粒径变化十分敏感，且与粒径平方根的倒数呈正比例关系，破坏应变随粒径的增大而呈线性减小．     

边切斜裂缝岩石单轴压缩缝尖起裂机理试验研究

为研究岩石在压剪荷载作用下的断裂特性，在岩石试样侧边切斜裂缝，预制角度分别为30°、45°、60°的初始裂纹，利用TAW-2000微机控制电液伺服岩石三轴试验机进行单轴压缩断裂试验。试验结果表明：边切斜裂缝岩石单轴压缩试样表现为明显脆性，其峰值荷载随初始裂纹角度的增大而增大，大角度初始裂纹具有更高的安全性；试样从预制裂纹尖端开始起裂，并产生向荷载作用方向扩展的翼型裂纹或反翼裂纹，缝尖裂纹扩展初期先受到压剪应力作用，随着裂纹逐渐扩展过程转变为拉应力作用，试样的最终破坏由张拉裂纹主导破坏，初始裂纹角度为45°、60°时伴随部分剪切破坏；裂纹起裂角度随初始裂纹角度的增大而呈现增大趋势，且在初始裂纹角度为60°时，同时出现了反翼裂纹与翼裂纹，起裂模式及角度的控制因素为沿扩展路径方向上法向应力值的相对大小。     

激光散斑法对预制缺口岩石的缝端微裂区变形过程研究

本文应用激光散斑法对预制缺口岩石的缝端微裂区进行了无接触位移测量,求得加裁点位移 d 和缝端张开位移η.通过对主裂缝的跟踪量测,表明该试件的裂缝在失稳前存在着亚临界扩展.在此阶段,预制裂缝缝端主裂缝的形式推测主要是类似“啮合”裂缝及部分张开裂缝,当缝端张开位移达到临界值时,荷载稍增,裂缝即快速扩展,以致发生断裂.     

弯曲疲劳短裂纹扩展规律研究

本文对３５ＣｒＭｏ钢和４２ＣｒＭｏ钢带穿透短裂纹（初始裂纹长度ａ＝０．１～０．５ｍｍ）的试件进行了弯曲疲劳试验研究，得到了在弯曲疲劳加载下短裂纹扩展速率的计算表达式以及应力比，试件厚度对短裂纹扩展的影响。     

基于扩展有限元法的混凝土断裂参数研究

基于扩展有限元法(XFEM),对混凝土三点弯曲梁的开裂过程进行数值模拟,获得加载全过程的荷载-裂缝口张开位移(P-CMOD)曲线以及裂缝扩展过程;对比数值模拟和试验获得的P-CMOD曲线发现,二者比较吻合,验证了数值模型的可靠性;通过XFEM和电子散斑干涉技术获得整个加载过程的断裂过程区(FPZ)长度,二者吻合程度较高,表明XFEM可用于预测FPZ长度;基于XFEM分析了初始缝高比对混凝土断裂参数的影响。结果表明:FPZ长度随着裂缝的扩展而增加,当FPZ完全发展后,其长度逐渐减小;峰值荷载时和发展完全时的FPZ长度均随初始缝高比的增大而减小;随着初始缝高比的增大,起裂韧度KIicn i基本不变,失稳韧度KIucn和临界裂缝尖端张开位移(CTODc)呈减小趋势。     

Development of Mechanics in Support of Rocket Technology in Ukraine

The paper analyzes the advances of mechanics made in Ukraine in resolving various problems of space and rocket technology such as dynamics and strength of rockets and rocket engines, rockets of different purpose, electric rocket engines, and nonstationary processes in various systems of rockets accompanied by phase transitions of working media. Achievements in research on the effect of vibrations and gravitational fields on the behavior of space-rocket systems are also addressed. Results obtained in investigating the reliability and structural strength durability conditions for nuclear installations, solid- and liquid-propellant engines, and heat pipes are presented     

混凝土中爆炸模拟的数值方法比较

应用AUTODYN商业软件对装药在混凝土靶介质中的爆炸过程进行数值模拟,对比了混凝土中爆炸模拟的不同方法。将各数值方法模拟得到的混凝土毁伤特征尺寸与相关实验数据进行比较,研究了各数值方法的准确性及描述混凝土毁伤特征的可靠性参数。结果发现：Euler算法计算的压力最大,SPH和Lagrange耦合算法计算的压力最小;Euler算法和SPH算法计算的压力衰减过程会发生比较显著的扰动。以不同的平均网格尺寸对数值模拟结果的影响分析了各种数值方法的稳定性。比较靶体上同一测点的压力时间历程表明网格变化对测点处压力影响不大。通过应用各种数值方法模拟再现混凝土中的爆炸过程,揭示了各种方法的优缺点,明确了现有商业软件模拟混凝土中爆炸的适用性。     

以``大科学''观进行力学教学

 阐述大学的力学教学应该将培养学生的思维方法、学习方法、学习兴趣和科学观念作为责 任，把力学当作一门承上启下的课程来进行教学实践，让学生们通过力学的学习尽快进入大 学生这一角色. 力学是大学第一门物理课程，力学教师有义务为后面的课程开辟道路，做好 铺垫，这是力学教学的任务.     

Evolution of damage-induced nonlinearity in proximity of discontinuities in concrete

Understanding the mechanisms and modalities of damage progression close to discontinuities in solids, such as joints, is of great importance for applications in different fields. The interaction between damage and elasticity causes a nonlinear elastic response of the sample to a stress excitation (e.g. in the ultrasonic frequency range). Extracting physical or mechanical information on the sample properties from recorded ultrasonic signals requires a realistic model and an efficient detection method, as it will be discussed in this paper. We study here the successive phases that concrete samples with discontinuities enter by progressively increase the applied external load. Considerations on the mechanisms of damage progression are derived from experimental data using a Preisach–Mayergoyz space approach, developed in order to capture all the observed behaviors.     

Criterion of Hyperbolicity in Hyperelasticity in the Case of the Stored Energy in Separable Form

We consider the equations of hyperelasticity for isotropic solids in the Eulerian coordinates in a special case where the specific stored energy is a sum of two functions. The first one, the hydrodynamic part of the energy, depends only on the solid density and the entropy, and the second one, the shear energy, depends on the invariants of the Finger tensor in such a way that it is unaffected by the volume change. A new sufficient criterion of hyperbolicity for such a system is formulated: if the sound velocity is real and a symmetric 3×3 matrix determined in terms of the shear energy is positive definite on a one-parameter family of surfaces of the unit-determinant deformation gradient, the equations are hyperbolic.     

Effect of Elevated Velocity of Particles in Groundwater Flow and Its Role in Colloid-facilitated Transport of Radionuclides in Underground Medium

Colloid-facilitated transport of radionuclides by groundwater can increase the level of ecological hazard from radioactive contaminant migration in geological medium. The reason for this is that the migration velocity of a radioactive colloid can be higher than that of radionuclides carried by the groundwater as a solute. On the basis of their field and laboratory studies, a few researchers have concluded that the velocity of the colloid can even exceed the interstitial velocity of the groundwater by a few times. A theoretical analysis of this effect is carried out in this article. The analysis is based on the assumption that the only mechanism responsible for the effect is caused by a redistribution of the colloid in a cross section of the groundwater flow in a representative volume to such domains of the cross section where the local velocity of the flow is higher than the average velocity over the whole cross section. This redistribution can be caused by drift forces arising as a result of the Magnus effect. The influence of these drift forces on a particle’s movement is considered in two extreme cases; that of relatively large and relatively small colloid particles. Particles are considered relatively small if the thermal motion of water molecules exerts a decisive influence on the particles’ movement. Otherwise the particles are considered as being relatively large. It is shown that in the case of relatively large particles this redistribution can be caused by the instability of their movement. The redistribution in the case of relatively small particles can be caused by an influence of the drift forces on characteristics of Brownian motion. It follows from the results of the theoretical analysis that an influence of the drift forces in both cases does not lead to an increase in the particles’ migration velocity at near-horizontal direction of the groundwater flow. Data from experimental studies of the elevated velocity of colloids in porous medium are analyzed. It is shown that some findings of colloidal migration velocity exceeding the interstitial velocity of the groundwater are a result of misinterpretation of experimental results.     

Advances in the Application of High-order Techniques in Simulation of Multi-disciplinary Phenomena

This paper describes the development of a comprehensive high-fidelity algorithmic framework to simulate the three-dimensional fields associated with multi-disciplinary physics. A wide range of phenomena is considered, from aero-acoustics and turbulence to electromagnetics, non-linear fluid-structure interactions, and magnetogasdynamics. The scheme depends primarily on "spectral-like," up to sixth-order accurate compact-differencing and up to tenth-order filtering techniques. The tightly coupled procedure suppresses numerical instabilities commonly encountered with high-order methods on non-uniform meshes, near computational boundaries or in the simulation of nonlinear dynamics. Particular emphasis is placed on developing the proper metric evaluation procedures for three-dimensional moving and curvilinear meshes so that the advantages of higher-order schemes are retained in practical calculations. A domain-decomposition strategy based on finite-sized overlap regions and interface boundary treatments enables the development of highly scalable solvers. The utility of the method to simulate problems governed by widely disparate governing equations is demonstrated with several examples encompassing vortex dynamics, wave scattering, electro-fluid plasma interactions, and panel flutter.     

Advances in modeling of water in the unsaturated zone

This paper reviews recent advances in analytical and numerical solution of problems of water flow through rigid soils in the unsaturated zone. The Richards model remains the most widely accepted and fertile framework for water flow analyses. More general formulations are reserved for the analysis of problems involving macroporosity, thermal effects, and air pressure effects. Many exact and approximate solutions have been derived for particular boundary value problems of homogeneous soils using methods such as quasi-linear analysis, Green-Ampt analysis, perturbation, and the kinematic wave approximation. Numerical simulators have become bigger and more accurate due to improvements in the areas of nonlinear solution procedures, mass conservation, computational efficiency, and computer hardware. Problems of natural heterogeneity have been addressed primarily through application of various stochastic methods to the Richards model. The stochastic formulations generally refute the concept of simple equivalent homogeneous properties, but do themselves offer a certain limited potential for a predictive capability.     

Transport of radionuclides in isolated fractures in crystalline rocks

This paper presents a generalization of a computational method for the prediction of solute dispersion in fractured porous media. This method is specially useful for the prediction of subsurface flows in crystalline rocks. The model now includes a linear kinetics mechanism to represent the effects of sorption of radionuclides in the rock matrix. The method is improved in its accuracy and provides results useful for the assessment of radionuclide migration in high-level, radioactive waste repositories. Results including verification (analytical) and physical test simulations are given. These results provide a partial validation of the numerical model.     

Asymptotic character of mixed mode in plane deformation of crack in rubber-like material

The asymptotic stress and strain distribution near a crack tip in rubber-like materials is determined by finite element for in-plane mixed mode loading. For large strain, the crack tip field is always in a state of uniaxial tension. The shear load affects only the orientation of the deformed near tip field in the space. A good agreement is obtained between the theoretical and numerical results.