雷诺数对运输类飞机气动特性影响的试验研究

开展了某背景飞机的高低速变雷诺数风洞试验,并对试验结果进行了分析;结合国外的一些变雷诺数风洞试验结论,给出了大展弦比运输类飞机雷诺数对升力、阻力以及俯仰力矩特性的影响规律。试验研究表明:升力特性方面,在中小迎角下,随着雷诺数增大,迎角相同时升力增加,大迎角时最大升力系数增大,失速迎角增大;阻力特性方面,随着雷诺数的增大阻力减小,并且最小阻力系数随着雷诺数对数的增加基本呈线性减小;俯仰力矩特性方面,随着雷诺数增大机翼后部载荷增大,低头力矩增大,稳定性增强。除此之外,文中还从雷诺数对气动特性影响机理角度出发,分析了这些规律形成的原因。     

地面效应影响下的高速火箭橇气动特性数值与风洞试验研究

精确预示地面效应下高速火箭橇的气动特性及流场规律对高速火箭橇的设计和评估具有重要意义。本文应用有限体积方法,研究了湍流模型对火箭橇气动特性计算精度的影响,建立了基于realizable k-ε湍流模型的火箭橇气动特性的高精度数值计算方法;结合风洞试验方法,研究了雷诺数和地面效应对高速火箭橇流场流动规律的影响,分析了火箭橇气动特性。结果表明,火箭橇阻力系数随雷诺数增大而减小,升力系数和俯仰力矩系数随雷诺数增大而增大,但雷诺数对高速火箭橇气动特性的影响较小;地面效应会使火箭橇流场发生激波-激波干扰、激波-边界层干扰和激波反复反射等复杂气动现象,大幅提升了火箭橇的升力系数和俯仰力矩系数,但对阻力系数的影响较小。研究为高速火箭橇气动外形的设计及运动稳定性的评估提供依据。     

高速电梯气动特性研究与风口设计

高速电梯运行时，井道内气压的快速变化会对轿厢运行的稳定性及安全性产生极大影响．为解决上述问题，提出了三种在井道壁面上开风口的设计方案，运用计算流体力学分析软件FLUENT对电梯运行过程中的空气流动状态进行数值仿真，同时改变风口形状以及数量，对井道内风速变化、轿厢所受气动阻力及气动力矩进行分析．分析结果表明，在提出的三种开风口方案中，上下圆形风口为最优，与未开风口时相比，轿厢气动阻力减小22.05 %，侧翻力矩减小29.87 %，俯仰力矩减小18.02 %．最后进行试验验证，表明了开风口方案的有效性，研究结果可为井道风口的设计提供理论依据．     

横摆振荡翼型动态气动掠效应试验研究

大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出更高要求,研究翼型横摆振荡动态气动特性具有重要意义.借助"电子凸轮"技术和动态数据同步采集手段,针对翼型动态"掠效应"首次开展了横摆振荡风洞试验研究,研究表明:横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线存在明显迟滞效应,吸力面压力周期性波动是主要诱因,且随着振荡频率、初始迎角和振幅的增大,气动迟滞特性均增强;升力和压差阻力随横摆角变化的迟滞回线呈"W"形,俯仰力矩迟滞回线呈"M"形,升力差量迟滞回线呈"∞"形;负行程下翼型气动力相对于正行程下的更高,且负行程下翼型气动力随振荡频率的增大而略有增大,正行程下则明显减小;升力系数功率谱密度分布在振荡频率倍频处的能量集中的幅值随着振荡频率增大有增大趋势;吸力面1.2%和40%弦长处压力的滞回特性较强,是由于翼面剪切层涡和动态分离涡周期性发展、运动、破裂和重建;振幅为10?时,升力迟滞曲线呈"∧"形,振幅为30?时,升力迟滞曲线呈"∧∧∧"形.     

机翼上反角对纵向气动特性的影响研究

利用有限体积法离散求解雷诺平均 Navier-Stokes方程,计算了具有不同机翼上反角的翼身组合体构型;着重研究了机翼上反角对纵向升阻、俯仰力矩特性的影响规律;并通过展向压力分布的对比,首次从机理上对这种影响进行了探索解释,为气动布局机翼安装参数的设计提供了思路和参考.研究结果表明:由于上反角主要改变了弦向前50%部分的压力分布,所以机翼上反角越大,前缘上表面吸力峰与下表面正压力下降越多,激波向前移动越大、强度更弱,从而升力、阻力、升阻比均减小.本文在上反角小于9°范围内,上反角每增加1°,升力系数降低0.005,阻力系数降低0.0002,升阻比降低0.04,俯仰力矩导数降低0.001,典型剖面压力最小值降低1%,激波位置前移1.6%.     

非定常俯抑振荡下的横向喷流数值模拟

采用高精度格式数值求解RANS方程,研究了定常状态下横向喷流流场,压力分布计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,并捕捉到喷流干扰流场中多种流动结构.在非定常计算过程中,飞行器的振动引起了法向力和俯仰力矩系数的相位滞后,推力放大因子随俯仰角周期变化.飞行器振动过程中,喷流流场的动态气动特性与稳态喷流有明显的区别,因此在利用横向喷流对飞行器进行姿态控制时,应该考虑由于飞行器姿态的变化对横向喷流所产生的非定常影响问题.     

弹性振动对翼型气动特性影响的数值模拟

通过求解雷诺平均非定常Navier-Stokes方程,采用数值模拟方法计算了俯仰和沉浮振动对NACA0012翼型平均气动特性的影响.结果表明:对于俯仰运动而言,在迎角13α≤时的升力°和力矩曲线的线性段部分,振幅角的变化对动态平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数的影响不明显,与静态时的情况基本一致;当迎角14α≥时,翼型振动的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数小°于静态时的情况.同一迎角条件下的俯仰振动频率越高时,其动态的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数越大,频率较高时的失速迎角相对于频率较低时的情况有所推迟,但相对于静态的失速迎角而言,不同频率下的动态失速迎角均提前.对于沉浮运动而言,动态平均升力系数随振幅和频率的增加而减小,动态失速迎角随振幅和频率的增大而提前.     

固定转捩实验中粗糙带破损对翼型气动特性的影响研究

本文以RAE2822翼型前缘7%位置3mm宽的金刚砂粗糙带为例,研究了粗糙带破损对翼型压力分布的影响。实验结果表明：粗糙带破损会引起激波位置小幅移动,而对翼型后缘压力分布影响很小。当Ma=0.5时,粗糙带破损对升力系数的影响很小;在α≥4°以后粗糙带破损对阻力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响逐渐增大,且破损位置距翼型中心对称面越远,影响越小。当Ma=0.75时,粗糙带破损对升力系数与阻力系数的影响直到α≥4°后开始逐渐增大,并且随着破损位置远离中心对称面而减弱;俯仰力矩系数对粗糙带破损较为敏感,且粗糙带破损的位置距离中心对称面越远、尺寸越小则影响越小。     

横摆振荡翼型动态气动掠效应试验研究

大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出更高要求, 研究翼型横摆振荡动态气动特性具有重要意义. 借助"电子凸轮"技术和动态数据同步采集手段, 针对翼型动态“掠效应”首次开展了横摆振荡风洞试验研究, 研究表明: 横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线存在明显迟滞效应, 吸力面压力周期性波动是主要诱因, 且随着振荡频率、初始迎角和振幅的增大, 气动迟滞特性均增强; 升力和压差阻力随横摆角变化的迟滞回线呈"W"形, 俯仰力矩迟滞回线呈"M"形, 升力差量迟滞回线呈"$\infty$"形; 负行程下翼型气动力相对于正行程下的更高, 且负行程下翼型气动力随振荡频率的增大而略有增大, 正行程下则明显减小; 升力系数功率谱密度分布在振荡频率倍频处的能量集中的幅值随着振荡频率增大有增大趋势; 吸力面1.2%和40%弦长处压力的滞回特性较强, 是由于翼面剪切层涡和动态分离涡周期性发展、运动、破裂和重建; 振幅为$10^{\circ}$时, 升力迟滞曲线呈"$^{\wedge}$"形, 振幅为$30^{\circ}$ 时, 升力迟滞曲线呈"$^{\wedge\wedge\wedge}$"形.      

超空泡航行器尾喷管实验研究

为了进一步研究尾喷管对航行器空泡形态及其力学特性的影响,在高速水洞中进行了尾喷管对超空泡形态、闭合性及其力学特性的系列实验研究.实验结果显示尾喷管长度对空泡形态和力学特性有较大影响.相同通气流量率下,尾喷管对超空泡具有拉伸效果,会改变通气空化数;并对空化阻力、升力和俯仰力矩都有较为明显的影响,且升力通道和俯仰力矩通道对尾喷管长度变化响应较为敏感.     

Drag reduction on the 25° slant angle Ahmed reference body using pulsed jets

This paper highlights steady and unsteady measurements and flow control results obtained on an Ahmed model with slant angle of 25° in wind tunnel. On this high-drag configuration characterized by a large separation bubble along with energetic streamwise vortices, time-averaged and time-dependent results without control are first presented. The influence of rear-end periodic forcing on the drag coefficient is then investigated using electrically operated magnetic valves in an open-loop control scheme. Four distinct configurations of flow control have been tested: rectangular pulsed jets aligned with the spanwise direction or in winglets configuration on the roof end and rectangular jets or a large open slot at the top of the rear slant. For each configuration, the influence of the forcing parameters (non-dimensional frequency, injected momentum) on the drag coefficient has been studied, along with their impact on the static pressure on both the rear slant and vertical base of the model. Depending on the type and location of pulsed jets actuation, the maximum drag reduction is obtained for increasing injected momentum or well-defined optimal pulsation frequencies.     

尖顶弯折三角翼气动特性研究

 对75°后掠三角翼在40%根弦处弯折引起的升阻特性及俯仰特性的 变化进行了低速风洞实验研究，初步分析了尖顶弯折对三角翼气动特性 的影响趋势. 得出尖顶弯折在低速大攻角下，可以使升力系数Cy增大、升阻比提高，并推迟失速攻角amax，从而说明顶部弯折对三角翼气动特 性的改善作用是显著的.     

Active flow control on a 1:4 car model

Lift and drag of a passenger car are strongly influenced by the flow field around its rear end. The bluff body geometry produces a detached, transient flow which induces fluctuating forces on the body, affecting the rear axle, which may distress dynamic stability and comfort significantly. The investigations presented here deal with a 1:4 scale model of a simplified test car geometry that produces fluctuating lift and drag due to its strongly rounded rear geometry. To examine the influence of active flow control on this behavior, steady air jets were realized to exhaust from thin slots across the rear in three different configurations. Investigations were performed at $Re = 2.1 \times 10^{6}$ and included the capturing of effective integral lift and drag, velocity measurements in the surrounding flow field with Laser Doppler Anemometry, surface pressure measurements and surface oil flow visualization on the rear. The flow field was found to be dominated by two longitudinal vortices, developing from the detachment of the flow at the upper C-pillar positions, and a recirculating, transverse vortex above the rear window. With an air jet emerging from a slot across the surface right below the rear window section, tangentially directed upstream toward the roof section, total lift could be reduced by more than 7 %, with rear axle lift reduction of about 5 % and negligible drag affection ( $<$ 1 %).     

The effects of surface injection through a perforated square cylinder on some aerodynamic parameters

The surface pressure distribution and the vortex shedding frequency were investigated for the flow around perforated horizontal and diagonal square cylinders with surface injection through various surfaces. For this purpose, surface pressure measurements on each square cylinder (horizontal and diagonal) and vortex shedding frequency measurements in the wake region were performed at three different Reynolds numbers in a wind tunnel. The parameters considered were injection coefficient, position of perforated surface (i.e., top, rear, top-rear and all), pressure coefficient, drag coefficient, and the Strouhal number. The results showed that pressure coefficient distribution, drag coefficient, and the Strouhal number were influenced by the position of the perforated surface and by the injection coefficient. The surface injections through the top-rear, rear and all surfaces of a diagonal square cylinder reduce the drag coefficient for the all Reynolds numbers, while the injection through all surfaces only reduces the drag coefficient of a horizontal square cylinder. The other aerodynamic parameter Strouhal number can also be controlled by injection through certain surfaces of a horizontal square cylinder.     

连拱式大跨悬挑屋盖抗风气动措施研究

本文对连拱式大跨度悬挑屋盖进行了数值风洞试验,分别探讨了在屋盖悬挑前缘增设通风孔、导流板以及同时布设导流板与通风孔这三种气动措施对悬挑屋盖表面风荷载的影响及其作用机理．研究结果表明,同时布设导流板与通风孔的综合气动措施,能显著影响屋盖结构前缘气流的分离,从而减小屋盖的表面风压,并可减弱屋盖的风致振动．在此类屋盖结构设计中,运用综合气动措施可有效降低屋盖整体的升力系数与弯矩系数,对该类屋盖抗风设计较为有利．     

Supersonic flow around a body of small elongation

Some results of experimental studies conducted in a wind tunnel at the Mach number M = 1.78 for a blunt body of small elongation are discussed. The effect of the attack angle on the drag and lift coefficients as well as on the static stability and the pressure center position is considered.     

Experimental aerodynamic study of a car-type bluff body

The Ahmed body is used as a reference model for fundamental studies of car-type bluff body aerodynamics, in particular focused on the influence of the rear slant angle on the drag coefficient. The objectives of the present work are to obtain reliable drag coefficient comparable to the literature and to explain, based on the nature of the flow, its variation when changing the rear slant angle from 10° to 40°. The drag coefficients measured in both an open and a closed test sections differ by less than 0.5% which proves the reliability and reproducibility of the results. The sensitivity of the drag coefficient to some parameters such as the model roughness or the oncoming boundary layer and the lack of precise information on these parameters in the literature could explain the difference observed with the Ahmed drag coefficient data. The various types of measurement techniques used in the study underline their complementarity. The combination of particle image velocimetry and oil visualization provides a deeper understanding of the flow behaviour around the Ahmed body and a physical interpretation of the drag coefficient evolution.     

An experimental study on the effects of uniform injection through one perforated surface of a square cylinder on some aerodynamic parameters

It is well known that injection/suction (transpiration) through a perforated surface is an efficient way of influencing the characteristics of a turbulent boundary layer. Injection application creates a thicker boundary layer on a flat plate and it thus decreases drag. In aeronautical applications, suction is frequently used to delay boundary layer separation. This paper presents an experimental study on the effects of uniform injection through one perforated surface of a square cylinder on the pressure distribution and drag coefficient in a two-dimensional turbulent flow. For this purpose, surface pressure measurements around a square cylinder have been performed at three different Reynolds numbers in a wind tunnel. The parameters taken into account were injection rate, position of perforated surface (i.e., front, top, and rear), and pressure coefficient and drag coefficient. The results show that variation in pressure coefficient around the square cylinder and drag coefficient were influenced by the position of perforated surface and by injection rate.     

The influence of free-stream disturbances on low Reynolds number airfoil experiments

The results of an investigation of the influence of free stream disturbances on the lift and drag performance of the Lissaman 7769 airfoil are presented. The wind tunnel disturbance environment is described using hot-wire anemometer and sound pressure level measurements. The disturbance level is increased by the addition of a ‘turbulence screen’ upstream of the test section and/or the addition of a flow restrictor downstream of the test section. For the Lissaman airfoil it was found that the problems associated with obtaining accurate wind tunnel data at low chord Reynolds numbers (i.e., below 200,000) are compounded by the extreme sensitivity of the boundary layers to the free stream disturbance environment. The effect of free stream disturbances varies with magnitude, frequency content, and source of the disturbance.