大型抽水蓄能机组推力轴承特性研究——（Ⅰ）静特性研究

为了精确计算可倾瓦推力轴承的静特性,本文建立了推力轴承静特性的计算模型,推导了推力轴承动力润滑的基本Reynolds方程,考虑了润滑油温粘效应、素流的影响、瓦块的温度变形及压力弹性变形．本文还以广州蓄能水电厂一期工程四号机组的推力轴承为例,计算了几种不同初始参数条件下的计算结果,以期对机组推力轴承的特性有一个较全面的认识和了解．     

大型抽水蓄能机组推力轴承特征研究—（I）静特性研究

为了精确计算可倾瓦推力轴承的静特性,本文建立了推力轴承静特性的计算模型,推导了推力轴承动力润滑的基本Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程,考虑了润滑油温粘效应、素流的影响、瓦块的温度变形及压力弹性变形。本文还以广州蓄能水电厂一期工程四号机组的推力轴承为例,计算了几种不同初始参数条件下的计算结果,以期对机组推力轴承的特性有一个较全面的认识和了解。     

压弯钢管拱极限承载力计算的等效梁柱法

对抛物线完善的和具有初始几何缺陷的钢管拱,应用双重非线性有限元方法,分析了其在拱顶集中力和非对称分布荷载作用下的失稳特性,提出了以GB50017-2003的轴力-弯矩相关方程为基本计算公式、采用考虑矢跨比因素的稳定系数和缺陷折减系数的等效梁柱法,与双重非线性有限元计算结果比较表明,这种等效梁柱法可方便且较精确地计算抛物线压弯钢管拱的极限承载力.     

采用精确化理论求解厚板任意形开孔动应力集中

摘要：本文基于复变函数与保角映射法,采用平板弯曲振动精确化方程[9],对含任意形开孔平板中弹性波散射与动应力集中问题进行了研究。利用正交函数展开的方法将待解的问题归结为对一组无穷代数方程组的求解。作为算例,计算了自由边界条件下圆孔和椭圆孔的动弯矩集中系数的数值结果,并对板厚与孔径比对动弯矩分布的影响做了分析研究。结果表明：入射波数、平板厚度和椭圆偏心率等参数对动弯矩的分布都有很大的影响。在较低频率和平板较薄的情况下,基于文献[9]的方程与基于Mindlin板的动弯矩结果在数值分布上是基本一致的;在较高频率和平板较厚的情况下,基于文献[9]的方程与基于Mindlin板的动弯矩结果在数值分布计算结果相差较大。由于文献[9]给出的平板振动精确化方程是在没有任何工程假设条件下得到的,因此本文的分析计算结果更精确一些。     

基于四边形积分子域的一致性高阶无网格法

近来提出的一致性高阶无网格法通过发展导数修正技术大幅度减少了所需积分点数目,并能够精确地通过分片试验,从而显著改善无网格计算的效率、精度和收敛性。然而,由于导数修正方程数目须与积分点数目相匹配,该方法仅限于使用三角形积分子域。在保留原有导数修正方程的基础上,提出了修正导数的共面条件,并据此建立补充方程,使得方程总数可匹配于所需的积分点数目,从而将一致性高阶无网格法方便地拓展到使用四边形积分子域。数值结果表明,本文方法精确地通过了分片试验,并展现出极好的计算精度、效率和收敛性。     

可倾瓦径向滑动轴承支承的转子系统瞬态响应计算

研究了可倾瓦径向滑动轴承支承的转子系统瞬态响应的计算方法,提出了可倾瓦径向滑动轴承非线性滑膜力计算的数据库方法,将可倾瓦与轴颈的结构和运动参数归结到三个参数中,建立了起可倾瓦的非线性油膜力数据库,通过精确插值到每一运动参数组合下轴承提代的油力和轴瓦上所受的油膜力矩。     

变截面门式刚架结构分析的微分求积单元法

本文采用一种精确、简便的数值计算方法——微分求积单元法(DQEM)对变截面门式刚架结构进行了力学分析。首先建立了一般荷载作用下变截面构件的平衡微分方程，并采用微分求积法进行离散，进而得出了较为精确的分析变截面构件的单元力学模型。该模型的刚度方程不仅反映了单元的刚度性质，而且反映了单元的实际荷载作用，可较为精确地分析变截面门式刚架结构在分布载荷作用下的受力性能。通过与有限元法计算结果的比较，表明了微分求积单元法在变截面刚架的力学分析中的正确性和优越性。微分求积单元法可用于任意形状的刚架结构的静力分析。     

匀低速曲柄滑块机构近似解与精确解比较

 叙述和比较了曲柄滑块机构滑块运动方程的近似解和精确解. 导出了理想状态下滑块的运动方程的精确表达式;使用Taylor公式将精确表达式展开获得近似表达式,并保留一阶和二阶;通过数值算例分别比较了滑块的位移、速度和加速度表达式的近似解和精确解;观察数值结果:只有当曲柄和连杆长度比值较小时,近似解才接近精确解;它们的比值较大时,近似解和精确解的差别较大.     

考虑参数分布特征的隧道围岩稳定失效概率计算

基于围岩变形破坏原理,建立了围岩稳定极限状态方程的普遍形式,研究了响应面方法求解该方程的过程,得出经典响应面方法仅仅适用于围岩物理力学参数随机分布曲线偏度系数为零的情况。针对围岩物理力学参数统计分布曲线的复杂性,利用统计矩参数对随机变量分布曲线形态特征的控制作用,提出了抽样样本修正方法和具体计算公式,归纳了修正后响应面算法的运行程序。以某公路隧道为例,分别采用经典算法和修正后算法计算了围岩稳定可靠度,然后与蒙特卡洛模拟结果进行了对照,经典方法计算结果与准精确解的绝对误差为1.017%,修正方法的计算结果与准精确解的绝对误差为0.388%。     

用格子Boltzmann方程模拟浅水波问题

提出了用格子Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎｎ方程（ＬＢＥ）模拟浅水波问题的方法．通过无粘气体运动方程与浅水波方程的比较，确定了ＬＢＥ方法中平衡态的形式，使宏观方程与浅水波方程一致．计算了二维浅水波的一个问题，数值结果与精确解做了比较．     

Influence of dimple geometry and micro-roughness orientation on performance of textured hybrid thrust pad bearing

The present study deals with numerical simulation of textured hybrid thrust pad bearing. Influence of providing micro-dimples of different cross-sectional shapes on the bearing surface has been theoretically investigated on the performance of thrust pad bearing. Reynolds equation has been solved using mass-conserving algorithm based on Jakobsson–Floberg–Olsson cavitation boundary conditions. A parametric study is carried out to optimize dimple shapes from the viewpoint of load carrying capacity of bearings. The textured bearing surface is noticed to be beneficial in reducing the frictional power losses. Providing half-section dimples (second half in the direction of runner rotation) towards the leading edge of thrust pad, enhance the load carrying capacity and fluid film stiffness coefficient of bearings. Micro-roughness in a textured surface having transverse orientation is seen to improve the dynamic characteristics of hybrid thrust pad bearings.     

Rotordynamic analysis of systems with a non-linear model of tilting pad bearings including turbulence effects

An analytical model of a tilting pad bearing was developed based on the short bearing assumption with the turbulence effect included. In order to determine its influence on the dynamic behavior of the rotor, this model was compared against one without the turbulence effect through a simulation of a Jeffcott/Laval rotor supported by a couple of bearings. Both models were also used to determine the influence of geometric parameters on tilting pad bearing making use of the aforementioned system at different rotor speeds. When analyzing the results, the parameters which presented the largest influence were: pad preload, number of segments, radial clearance, pad position, and pad pivoting angle. As the pad moment of inertia and the pivoting distance have changed the shaft motion only a few microns, their effects can be neglected. The bearing model with turbulent flow effect has generated higher hydrodynamic forces when compared to the one without this effect, which remarks the importance of considering such phenomenon during the analysis of the high speed hydrodynamic bearings.     

四瓦可倾瓦径向滑动轴承动力特性的实验研究

采用在线分析方法考察了300MW汽轮发电机可倾瓦轴承的静、动力特性,探讨了载荷、轴颈转速以及动态激振力频率等参数变化对可倾瓦轴承的静、动态性能的影响,比较试验结果与理论计算结果发现,在不同频率激振力作用下,理论计算所得到的可倾瓦轴承动特性参数与试验结果有较大的差异。     

瓦块弹性对大型水轮发电机组径向可倾瓦轴承润滑性能的影响

用有限元素法和有限差分法建立了可倾瓦轴承瓦块三维弹为形及热效应的计算模型。分析了由瓦面油膜压力引起的三维瓦块弹性变形对采用小包角径向可倾瓦及瓦块支点非均匀密集布置方式下滑动轴承热动力润滑性能的影响。结果表明：在大型低速重载条件下,瓦块三维弹性变形及热效应对小包角瓦块非均匀布置的径向可倾轴承后静态特性和动力特性均有较大影响。     

Development of a machine integrated strain-based contact force sensor for pad foot soil compactors

An investigation was undertaken to explore the use of measurable pad strains on a non-vibratory pad foot roller to provide real time continuous evidence of compaction and contact force. Individual pads were instrumented with strain gages in a pattern chosen based on pad finite element analysis (FEA). Different pad–soil contact stress distributions were modeled to simulate a range of soil conditions. The FEA revealed that the contact stress distribution has a significant influence on the observed pad strain field, suggesting soil specific interpretation of pad strains in order to determine contact force. Results from uniaxial laboratory testing of pad loading on dry sand verified the FEA, i.e., experimental strains generally matched within 15% of FEA strains. The contact stress distribution was measured using tactile pressure sensors and found to be moderately parabolic. A soil specific empirical calibration factor relating vertical sidewall strains to contact force was determined. Field testing was performed on the dry sand with multiple instrumented pads installed on a Caterpillar CP56 roller. Pad strain magnitudes increased up to 250% during compaction from repeated passes of the roller. Using the empirical calibration factor, the estimated contact force was shown to increase with compaction, represented by the independently-measured soil unit weight.     

Die Berechnung des ebenen Kreisgleitschuhs

Übersicht Zur Gewinnung der Berechnungsgrundlagen für eine neuartige Axiallagerform werden die Verhältnisse im Tragspalt zwischen einem bewegten kreisförmigen Gleitschuh und einer dagegen geneigten ruhenden Ebene untersucht. Zur Lösung der für die Druckverteilung gültigen Reynoldsschen Gleichung wird der Gleitschuh netzförmig unterteilt und die auftretenden Differentialquotienten näherungsweise durch lineare Ausdrücke der unbekannten Druckwerte an den Netzknoten ersetzt. Mit Hilfe der Relaxationsmethode werden aus dem entstehenden linearen Gleichungssystem diese Druckwerte ermittelt und aus ihnen durch numerische Integrationen schließlich Tragfähigkeit, Reibungswiderstand, Druckmittelpunkt und Durchflußmenge des Lagers bestimmt.

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Summary In order to obtain a basis for calculation for a new type of thrust bearing, the conditions in the clearance between a moving cylindrical pad and an inclined resting plane are explored. To solve the Reynolds' equation, which validly describes the pressure distribution, the pad is covered with a rectangular network and the derivatives occuring in it are replaced approximately by linear equations through the unknown pressures at the nodal points of the network. With the aid of the relaxation method, these pressures are calculated from the resulting set of linear equations. Finally, load carrying capacity, frictional resistance, center of pressure and rate of flow of the bearing are determined from these equations through numerical integrations.

     

圆形瓦推力轴承动特性研究

建立了圆形可倾瓦推力轴承动特性计算的数学模型,考虑瓦变形对轴承性能的影响,对中心支承条件下的圆瓦推力轴承的动特性数学模型进行了有限元求解,得出了圆瓦推力轴承的动特性系数值,同时讨论了弹簧支承时的弹簧刚度选取依据,所得结果可用于指导圆形瓦推力轴承的设计和应用。     

Bearing Load Measurement in a Hydropower Unit Using Strain Gauges Installed Inside Pivot Pin

To determine a machine’s mechanical condition it is of importance to know the radial bearing forces in the machine. Radial forces are caused by magnetic pull forces in the generator, clamped shafts, mass unbalance and flow properties around the turbine. Measuring the shaft displacement in the bearing or the bearing housing acceleration is not sufficient for status determination of a vertical hydropower unit. It is the magnitude and frequencies of the radial forces in combination with structure properties which give information as to whether a measured value is harmful or not. This paper presents an alternative method for measurement of radial bearing load in a hydropower unit. The method presented in this paper is based on strain measurements on pivot pins. The pivot pins are placed behind the bearing pad and the radial loads acting on the pad propagate through the pivot pin. New pivot pins were purchased and equipped with strain gauges. The new pivot pins were calibrated and a transfer function between applied load and measured output voltage was identified for each pivot pin. After calibration the pivot pins were installed in a vertical hydropower unit. Measurements were performed for several different operating modes of the hydropower unit. To verify that the measured load levels were of right order of magnitude, the radial bearing loads were calculated from numerical simulations of bearing properties and shaft eccentricity measurements. The two methods for determining bearing load showed almost the same results. This indicates that either method can be used to determine bearing load.     

碟形弹簧支承圆形瓦推力轴承热动力润滑性能分析

对碟形弹簧支承圆形瓦推力轴承在稳态运行时的热动力润滑性能进行了分析研究,考察了弹簧弯曲刚度,载荷和转速对轴承的油膜厚度为分布,压力分布,温度分布,功耗及油膜压力中心位置的影响,并提出了温度因子概念,研究表明,较小的弹簧弯曲刚度和载荷有利提高轴承的热动力润滑性能,油膜温度随温度因子的增大而增大,当轴承转速在较大的范围内变化时,温度因子基本为常母,油膜温度敢基本不变,油膜压力中心位于瓦几何中心的上游区     

CMP流场的数值模拟及离心力影响分析

化学机械抛光(chemical mechanical polishing,CMP)是一项融合化学分解和机械力学的工艺, 其中包含了流体动力润滑的作用.在已有润滑方程的基础上, 提出并分析了带有离心力项的润滑方程.利用Chebyshev加速超松弛技术对有离心力项的润滑方程进行求解,得到离心力对抛光液压力分布的影响. 数值模拟结果表明,压力分布与不带离心力项的润滑方程得出的明显不同;无量纲载荷和转矩随中心膜厚、转角、倾角、抛光垫旋转角速度等参数的变化趋势相同,但数值相差较大, 抛光垫旋转角速度越大差别越大.