应力波穿越岩石节理时能量耗散规律的实验研究

采用材料试验机和大尺度激光表面仪对大理岩和花岗岩两种岩石进行三点弯曲和粗糙断裂面的扫描实验,详细地分析了粗糙断裂面的分形特征。通过SHPB实验,研究并提出了波能量耗散与断裂面分形维数的定量关系;分析了分形维数对波能量耗散的影响规律。研究得出以下结论:1)随着粗糙断裂面分形维数的增大,通过断裂面时应力波能耗将相应增加;2)应力波能量主要是以热能和塑性变形能耗散。分形维数越大,比表面积则越大,粗糙表面粒子相互摩擦和挤压程度相应增加,导致波的机械能转化成热能和塑性变形能部分增加,因而波动能量耗散越大。     

关于轻敲式原子力显微镜动力学系统中能量耗散的研究

原子力显微镜是一种典型的微纳谐振器,其核心部件是一个对微弱力极敏感的微悬臂梁探针,当它在不同的环境工作时,存在着各种不同形式、不同性质的能量耗散,这些能量耗散与系统的相位图像有着密切的联系.在众多的耗散机制中,只有针尖与样品的黏附接触耗散才能真正反映样品的性质,其他耗散会降低黏附接触耗散在系统总耗散中的占比,使得图像中的有效信息被削弱.因而,明确其他耗散对系统品质因数的量级贡献是十分重要的,这有助于提高图像的品质.为了研究这些耗散,本文根据耗散机理产生的原因对不同的能量耗散进行了细致的分类,系统总结了各种能量耗散的类型.之后,通过理论、实验和仿真的方法探究了在不同环境下、不同位置处微悬臂梁探针的能量耗散,明确了不同耗散对系统品质因数的量级贡献.然后,对于不同流体环境下的能量耗散,对比了它们的作用机理及量级大小.最后,对于在大气环境下工作的原子力显微镜探针,研究了它在振动过程中从高于样品表面到下降并接触样品这一连续过程中不同阶段存在的能量耗散,分析表明,在这些能量耗散中对系统品质因数影响最大的是由空气引起的耗散,包括空气黏性阻尼,压膜阻尼及液桥耗散.     

平板搭接结构能量耗散特性研究

本文针对平板搭接结构建立了修正摩擦能量耗散模型,该模型在一定条件下可以退化为库伦摩擦能量耗散模型和Goodman能量耗散模型。算例研究表明,库伦摩擦模型在较低加载力幅值下,能量耗散计算值与实验结果吻合较好;但随着加载力幅值的增大,计算值逐步偏离实验结果而不再适用。而修正摩擦模型的能量耗散与加载力幅值的幂次关系与实验值更为接近,不同加载力幅值下的能量耗散计算值与实验结果之间的误差均较小,能够更好地反映平板搭接结构的能量耗散特性。     

数值耗散对压气机流动分离涡模拟的影响研究

分离涡模拟DES是压气机流动模拟中常用的高保真湍流模式。为了使DES准确解析湍流,数值耗散必须限制在合理范围内。然而,当前的压气机流动DES类研究工作中仍然普遍采用高耗散的迎风格式。本文首先基于DES类方法计算的各向同性衰减湍流结果,定量比较了多种不同数值格式的耗散,证实了高耗散迎风格式严重低估中高波数湍流能量。高阶重构格式可以一定程度上改善该问题,但能量耗散仍然过高。本文在高阶重构的基础上,进一步引入自适应耗散函数修改Riemann求解器,构造了自适应耗散格式。该格式在全波数范围都能准确地预测湍流能谱。将该格式配合DES类方法模拟跨声速离心压气机流动,其预测的压比相比于三阶迎风格式,更加接近实验结果。此外,自适应耗散格式显著提高了中小尺度流动结构的分辨率。分析表明,在使用DES类方法模拟压气机流动时,有必要采用数值耗散较低的离散格式,以准确预测压气机总体性能和流动结构。本文构造的自适应耗散格式是一种良好选择。     

基于能量传递规律的海洋立管涡激振动抑制研究

涡激振动是造成海洋立管疲劳损伤的重要因素, 抑制振动能够保障结构安全, 延长使用寿命. 多数涡激振动抑制方法基于干扰流场的方式, 但在复杂环境条件下, 仅通过干扰流场对振动的抑制效果有限. 因此, 从结构层面考虑开展了海洋立管涡激振动抑制研究. 基于能量传递的理论, 阐述了立管涡激振动过程中的能量传递规律. 振动能量以行波形式由能量输入区传播至能量耗散区, 主要在能量耗散区被消耗. 通过局部增大能量耗散区的阻尼, 增加振动能量在传播过程中的消耗, 实现涡激振动抑制. 为了求解立管涡激振动响应, 构建了尾流振子预报模型, 并根据实验结果验证了理论模型的可靠性. 基于理论计算得到的能量系数, 判定立管涡激振动的能量输入区和能量耗散区. 通过对比立管增大阻尼前后的响应, 分析了涡激振动抑制效果. 研究结果表明: 在能量输入区增大阻尼对涡激振动的抑制效果并不显著; 在能量耗散区增大阻尼使能量衰减系数达到临界值之后, 能够显著降低立管上部和底部的涡激振动位移; 当能量衰减系数超过临界值后, 继续增大耗散区阻尼对涡激振动抑制效果的提升不明显.      

基于固有耗散的材料疲劳性能快速评估方法

材料疲劳损伤的累积过程是一个伴随着温度变化的能量耗散过程. 相比于疲劳过程中试件的局部温升,固有耗散是材料能量变化的直接反映,与材料微观结构演化联系也更为紧密,因此以材料的固有耗散作为疲劳损伤指标具有更加明确的物理意义. 基于对试件表面温升的一维双指数回归,构建了一种材料固有耗散的计算模型,并在此基础上提出了一种快速评估材料疲劳性能的能量方法. 利用该能量方法,对FV520B 钢的疲劳性能进行了实验研究,并对实验结果进行了分析与对比,从而证明了该能量方法及计算模型的可行性和有效性.      

冲击荷载下层状板岩拉伸破坏及能耗规律研究

为探究层状板岩动态破坏机理及能耗规律,通过分离式霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)系统和高速摄像仪开展了巴西劈裂试验。研究了不同层理角度和加载率下板岩动态拉伸能量耗散规律以及岩体破坏模式、破坏过程与能量耗散之间的关系。通过研究得到如下主要结论:(1)随着加载率的提高,板岩动态拉伸强度和耗散能密度均呈现指数增长的趋势;(2)当层理角度θ为0°时,岩体主要是沿层理面拉伸破坏,破裂面形成破裂带,耗散能低;当层理角度θ为15°时,破裂面为剪切破裂带,而θ为30°和45°是拉剪复合破坏,两者耗散能较高;当层理角度θ为60°、75°、90°时,岩样主要是沿非层理面拉伸破坏,破裂面形成环状和中心起裂两种,耗散能最大;(3)随着加载率的提高,岩体耗散能密度越大,岩体吸收的能量越多,分形维数D值越大,岩体越破碎。     

AN ENERGY APPROACH TO RAPIDLY ESTIMATE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR BASED ON INTRINSIC DISSIPATION

材料疲劳损伤的累积过程是一个伴随着温度变化的能量耗散过程. 相比于疲劳过程中试件的局部温升,固有耗散是材料能量变化的直接反映,与材料微观结构演化联系也更为紧密,因此以材料的固有耗散作为疲劳损伤指标具有更加明确的物理意义. 基于对试件表面温升的一维双指数回归,构建了一种材料固有耗散的计算模型,并在此基础上提出了一种快速评估材料疲劳性能的能量方法. 利用该能量方法,对FV520B 钢的疲劳性能进行了实验研究,并对实验结果进行了分析与对比,从而证明了该能量方法及计算模型的可行性和有效性.     

基于六参数非均匀密度函数的伊万模型研究

伊万模型(Iwan model) 常用于描述连接的能量耗散和阻尼特性,来研究连接结构的非线性静动力学行为.本文提出了一个含截断幂律分布和双脉冲的非均匀密度函数的六参数伊万模型, 推导出六参数伊万模型的骨线方程,微、宏观滑移情况下的卸载方程和能量耗散的解析表达式,并讨论了模型参数对能量耗散的影响. 与已有的伊万模型相比,六参数伊万模型能够更好地描述连接结构的实验现象.      

旋转颗粒的悬浮能量

本文分析了旋转颗粒引发的流体机械耗散能,导出计算公式,并指出在气力输送中,对大颗粒、易旋转物料,两相流的悬浮能量计算必须包括这部分耗散能。     

Skin temperature oscillation model for assessing vasomotion of microcirculation

It has been proved that there exists a certain correlation between fingertip temperature oscillations and blood flow oscillations. In this work, a porous media model of human hand is presented to investigate how the blood flow oscillation in the endothelial frequency band influences fingertip skin temperature oscillations. The porosity which represents the density of micro vessels is assumed to vary periodically and is a function of the skin temperature. Finite element analysis of skin temperature for a contra lateral hand under a cooling test was conducted. Subsequently, wavelet analysis was carried out to extract the temperature oscillations of the data through the numerical analysis and experimental measurements. Furthermore, the oscillations extracted from both numerical analyses and experiments were statistically analyzed to compare the amplitude. The simulation and experimental results show that for the subjects in cardiovascular health, the skin temperature fluctuations in endothelial frequency decrease during the cooling test and increase gradually after cooling, implying that the assumed porosity variation can represent the vasomotion in the endothelial frequency band.     

高频吹气扰动影响近壁区拟序结构统计特性的实验研究

利用恒温热线风速仪测量了零压力梯度平板上施加由合成射流激发的狭缝周期吹气扰动前后不同流向位置湍流边界层的速度信号, 展开高频吹气扰动影响近壁区湍流结构的统计特性研究. 研究结果表明:高频周期吹气扰动在狭缝下游产生明显的减阻效果. 扰动强度在湍流边界层内的发展沿流向呈衰减趋势, 其与湍流结构的相互作用也相应衰减. 然而, 因高频扰动产生运动的展向涡结构与猝发引起的结构变化尺度相当, 直接影响了近壁区拟序结构产生与发展的统计, 从而使得猝发检测方法VITA 表现出与低频或定常吹气减阻机理相异的现象.      

Containing liquid metal in a vacuum by circularly polarized magnetic field in the presence of a conducting jacket

In this article we study the possibility of stable containment of a liquid metal in a vacuum by a high-frequency circularly polarized magnetic field. It is considered that the oscillation frequency of the metal, in view of its inertia, is considerably less than the field rotation frequency. The problem is solved in the two-dimensional formulation. In the case of infinite conductivity of the liquid it is shown that by selecting the required distance of the metal from the jacket all possible disturbances may be stabilized. Then we consider the case of finite conductivity, but with high field frequency and with disturbances for which the skin layer oscillates together with the liquid as an elastic film, and it is shown that the stability criterion remains as before. Then the case of shortwave disturbances (small magnetic Reynolds numbers) is considered. These disturbances can be stabilized only by surface tension forces; therefore, for stability, it is necessary that the skin layer depth be sufficiently small.The author thanks Yu. I. Samoilenko for posing the problem and for his helpful discussions.     

Numerical simulation of the influence of fabric’s motion on protective clothing performance during flash fire exposure

The motion of a person wearing protective clothing induces the clothing to move periodically towards the skin causing a cyclic variation in the air gap between the fabric and the skin. At the same time, the clothing movement causes cooling air to periodically flow into the air gap between the fabric and the skin. This paper uses a finite volume model to investigate these two effects and the resultant effect of the protective clothing movement on its performance during flash fire exposure. Special attention is drawn to the air gap model since it responds directly to the clothing movement. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the influence of a wider range of clothing movement. Specifically, the effect of the variation in the periodic movement frequency and amplitude on the clothing performance was investigated. The results show that increasing the movement frequency improves the clothing protective performance, while increasing the movement amplitude worsens the clothing performance.     

Convective stability of a horizontal binary-mixture layer on temperature gradient modulation

The free convection of a binary mixture in a horizontal cavity is numerically investigated on modulation of the temperature gradient about a certain mean value. The binary mixture stability diagrams are plotted in the modulation amplitude/frequency plane. It is shown that the modulation of the equilibrium temperature gradient may be both a stabilizing and a destabilizing factor in relation to the case in which the modulation is absent. The influence of the skin layer effect on the convective stability of the mechanical equilibrium of the mixture is studied by comparing the solution of this problem in the approximation of a low modulation frequency with that in a more accurate formulation. The skin effect is shown to be a stabilizing factor at high modulation frequencies; with decrease in the frequency it starts to play a destabilizing role, while at fairly low frequencies its effect is negligible.     

新型皮肤摩擦特性测量装置的实验研究

研制出新型皮肤摩擦特性测量装置并用于测量人及动物体内、外皮肤的摩擦特性,在不同试验参数下测定了皮肤与假肢接受腔材料之间的摩擦系数.结果表明:该装置法向加载精度高达99.59%;在相同试验条件下测得猪体外皮肤摩擦系数的重复性较好;在人体上、下肢不同部位,只有手掌部位皮肤与其它部位的摩擦系数有显著性差异(P＜0.005);在控制法向载荷和往复移动频率2种模式下得到兔体内皮肤摩擦系数的试验结果具有可比性,摩擦系数随着法向载荷的增加而降低,随着往复移动频率的增加而增大;用该装置摩擦前后其皮肤组织结构有明显变化.     

输气管道壁面涂料减阻机理的实验研究

用IFA-300热线风速仪以高于对应最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率精细测量了风洞中不同壁面涂料的管道湍流边界层不同法向位置流向速度分量的时间序列信号,利用湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面与壁面摩擦速度、流体黏性系数等内尺度物理量的关系和壁面摩擦速度与壁面摩擦切应力的关系,在准确测量湍流边界层近壁区域对数律平均速度剖面的基础上,间接测量湍流边界层的壁面摩擦阻力．对不同壁面涂料的壁湍流脉动速度信号用子波分析进行多尺度分解,用子波系数的瞬时强度因子和平坦因子检测管道湍流边界层中的多尺度相干结构,提取不同尺度相干结构的条件相位平均波形,对比研究输气管道壁面涂料的减阻机理．     

Unsteady behavior of back-facing step flow

In this paper, a contribution to the study of the unsteady behavior of a back-facing step flow is reported. The main interest is devoted to low-frequency motions. A probe for skin friction measurements is employed to acquire time histories from the step to downstream the reattachment region. Signals are analyzed in the physical space and in the frequency domain. The obtained results, associated with flow visualization in a companion experiment in water, support a model of cyclic motion of growing and successive breakdown of the secondary recirculating bubble. The frequency of this quasi-periodic motion is comparable to the flapping frequency of the whole separated region, reported in the literature. Received: 14 February 2000/Accepted: 5 September 2000     

低雷诺数翼型蒙皮主动振动气动特性及流场结构数值研究

针对低雷诺数(Re)翼型气动性能差的特点,文章通过对翼型柔性蒙皮施加主动振动的方法,提高翼型低Re下的气动特性,改善其流场结构.采用带预处理技术的Roe方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,对NACA4415翼型低Re流动展开数值模拟.通过时均化和非定常方法对比柔性蒙皮固定和振动两种状态下的升阻力气动特性和层流分离流动结构.初步研究工作表明在低Re下柔性蒙皮采用合适的振幅和频率,时均化升阻力特性显著提高,分离泡结构由后缘层流分离泡转变为近似的经典长层流分离泡,分离点后移,分离区缩小.在此基础上,文章更加细致研究了柔性蒙皮两种状态下单周期内的层流分离结构及壁面压力系数分布非定常特性和演化规律.蒙皮固定状态下分离区前部流场结构和压力分布基本保持稳定,表现为近似定常分离,仅在后缘位置出现类似于卡门涡街的非定常流动现象.柔性蒙皮振动时从分离点附近开始便产生分离涡,并不断向下游移动、脱落,表现为非定常分离并出现大范围的压力脉动.蒙皮振动使流体更加靠近壁面运动,大尺度的层流分离现象得到有效抑制.      

Holographic sensor for measurement of wall velocity gradients

Time-resolved measurements of skin friction and boundary layer turbulence are important to the design of more fuel efficient aircraft. In this paper we describe the design and testing of a holographic fan fringe sensor that can non-intrusively measure time-resolved velocity gradients near an aerodynamic surface. The holographic sensor produces a set of optical interference fringes inside the viscous sub-layer that form a fan rather than a linear array. Particles scattering light in the sub-layer produce a Doppler frequency that is a direct measurement of the velocity gradient and is proportional to aerodynamic shear stress and skin friction. The holographic recording condenses the optics necessary to form the fringes into a small 3–5 mm package, eliminates the need for optical access from behind the model, and produces a compact and robust sensor.