Two-dimensional reactive flow dynamics in cellular detonation waves

This investigation deals with the two-dimensional unsteady detonation characterized by the cellular structure resulting from trajectories of triple-shock configurations formed by the transverse waves and the leading shock front. The time-dependent reactive shock problem considered here is governed by a system of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws coupled to a polytropic equation of state and a one-step Arrhenius chemical reaction rate with heat release. The numerical solution obtained allowed us to follow the dynamics of the cellular detonation front involving the triple points, transverse waves and unreacted pockets. The calculations show that the weak tracks observed inside the detonation cells around the points of collision of the triple-shock configurations arise from interactions between the transverse shocks and compression waves generated by the collision. The unreacted pockets of gas formed during the collisions of triple points change form when the activation energy increases. For the self-sustained detonation considered here, the unreacted pockets burn inside the region independent of the downstream rarefaction, and thus the energy released supports the detonation propagation. The length of the region independent of the downstream is approximately the size of one or two detonation cell. Received 13 February 1998 / Accepted 13 August 1998     

爆轰波碰撞的聚能效应

利用两高爆速导爆索对称布置于药卷两侧,起爆后炸药爆轰波在对称线处汇聚碰撞,当碰撞角度达到一定值时,发生马赫反射,使爆轰压力成倍增加,形成高压、高能量密度区域的聚能效应。本文在爆轰波传播碰撞理论的基础上,通过炸药做功能力和猛度试验验证爆轰波碰撞的聚能效果。做功能力试验结果表明爆轰波碰撞能够增加炸药能量利用率;猛度试验结果表明采用对称起爆技术下的爆轰波碰撞能够改变爆轰波在特定方向上的扩散作用。试验结果与爆轰波入射角的几何关系表明,当高爆速起爆药条与主装药爆速比例在1.15倍以上时,爆轰波碰撞能够达到一定的聚能效果。     

爆轰波与激波对撞爆轰状态演化机理研究

对当量比氢氧混合气体中爆轰波与激波的正面对撞过程进行了二维数值研究. 采用了二阶精度NND差分格式与改进的两阶段化学反应模型,并以数值x-t纹影图以及烟迹图记录了对撞过程. 数值研究表明,透射爆轰波受到膨胀影响首先会衰减,甚至产生局部解耦现象;然后由于三波点的碰撞又能再次重新耦合. 在爆轰波对撞过程中,由于燃烧不均匀性而产生的弱横波对爆轰胞格的形成起着重要作用.      

气相爆轰波传播过程中的自点火效应

基于基元反应模型和单步反应模型,对直管道中H₂-air混合气体中爆轰波的传播过程进行了数值模拟,揭示了气相爆轰波传播过程中的自点火效应。利用数值模拟方法计算了不同爆轰模型的点火延迟时间,并得到了爆轰波三波点的传播过程以及所形成胞格结构的尺寸。结果表明,胞格宽度与点火延迟时间成正比;爆轰波诱导区内气体的点火延迟时间与三波点的运动周期基本一致。进一步对结果分析可知,爆轰波的自维持传播取决于点火延迟时间(表征化学反应的特征时间)和三波点的运动周期(表征流动的特征时间)的匹配;当二者相匹配时,经过前导激波压缩后形成的高温高压爆轰气体,在短时间内实现了自点火,同时释放出大量的能量推动了爆轰波的前进,即爆轰波的稳定自维持传播依靠其自点火机制。     

激波绕射碰撞加速诱导爆轰的数值模拟

基于单步化学反应的Euler方程和对激波(爆轰波)、接触间断具有良好捕捉效果的Roe/HLL混合格式以及自适应网格技术,模拟了激波在方形管中与方块障碍物相互作用,并发生绕射碰撞来诱导爆轰的过程.结果表明,弱激波在绕经方块时,形成上、下绕射激波并在方块尾部发生碰撞,生成局部高温高压点,可加快爆轰的形成;而当管内阻塞比超过...     

The influence of detonation cell size and regularity on the propagation of gaseous detonations in granular materials

This paper presents results from an experimental study of transmission of gaseous detonation waves through various granular filters. Spherical glass beads of 4 and 8 mm diameter and crushed rock of 7.5 mm volume averaged diameter were used as filter material. Varying the initial pressure of the detonating gas mixture controlled the detonation cell size. Dilution with argon was used to vary the detonation cell regularity. The complete range from almost no detonation velocity deficit to complete extinction of the combustion wave was observed. The existing correlation for gaseous detonation velocity deficit where is the critical diameter for the gaseous detonation and is the pore size, is found to be applicable for both smooth spherical particles and irregular crushed rock when considering irregular detonation structures. Soot films and pressure measurements show that as the detonation cell size is increased, reinitiation of a reanular filter until it finally no longer occurs at . Complete extinction of the combustion wave occurs at . These two limits appear to be about the same for irregular and regular detonation cell structures. For irregular structures without argon dilution, can be found for detonation wave failure, and can be found for complete extinction of the combustion wave. For argon dilution these limits are changed to and , respectively. The data are a bit scarce as a basis for proposing a new correlation for regular structures, but as a first approximation log is suggested for regular structures. The detonation or combustion wave is found to approach a constant velocity in the granular filter if not extinguished. Received 31 October 2001 / Accepted 15 July 2002 Published online 4 November 2002 Correspondence to: T. Slungaard (e-mail: slung@maskin.ntnu.no) An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 18th Int. Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Seattle, USA, from July 29 to August 3, 2001     

一维与二维爆轰传播的时空关联特性数值研究

一维爆轰传播的理论完备、计算准确, 二维斜爆轰传播由于壁面与黏性效应, 大尺度、高精度预测还有一定难度. 利用Euler方程和H₂-Air基元反应模型, 对二维有限长楔面诱导的斜爆轰和活塞驱动一维非定常正爆轰进行计算比较研究, 从时空两个维度方面, 分析了两者在起爆过程、稀疏波传播、爆轰波面演化中的关联特性. 研究结果表明: 在过驱动度相同的条件下, 经过时空变换的活塞驱动一维爆轰传播与二维驻定斜爆轰在起爆区波系结构、波面演化特征和主要参数分布规律方面无论定性或者定量对比均符合较好, 所以, 一维非定常爆轰和二维驻定斜爆轰具有时空相关性. 两者的差异主要体现在过驱动斜爆轰受稀疏波影响过渡到近Chapman-Jouguet (C-J)爆轰状态所需的弛豫时间不同, 原因可能是起源于活塞和壁面稀疏波强度的差异. 本文提出的一维与二维爆轰传播的时空关联方法不仅有助于认知斜爆轰起爆、过驱爆轰产生、胞格爆轰演化的三阶段规律, 还可以对比揭示壁面、边界层和黏性效应的影响, 应用在斜爆轰发动机燃烧室设计中能够有效节约计算时间和成本, 并降低复杂度.      

Head-on Collision of a Detonation with a Planar Shock Wave

The phenomenon that occurs when a Chapman–Jouguet (CJ) detonation collides with a shock wave is discussed. Assuming a one-dimensional steady wave configuration analogous to a planar shock–shock frontal interaction, analytical solutions of the Rankine–Hugoniot relationships for the transmitted detonation and the transmitted shock are obtained by matching the pressure and particle velocity at the contact surface. The analytical results indicate that there exist three possible regions of solutions, i.e. the transmitted detonation can have either strong, weak or CJ solution, depending on the incident detonation and shock strengths. On the other hand, if we impose the transmitted detonation to have a CJ solution followed by a rarefaction fan, the boundary conditions are also satisfied at the contact surface. The existence of these multiple solutions is verified by an experimental investigation. It is found that the experimental results agree well with those predicted by the second wave interaction model and that the transmitted detonation is a CJ detonation. Unsteady numerical simulations of the reactive Euler equations with both simple one-step Arrhenius kinetic and chain-branching kinetic models are also carried out to look at the transient phenomena and at the influence of a finite reaction thickness of a detonation wave on the problem of head-on collision with a shock. From all the computational results, a relaxation process consisting of a quasi-steady period and an overshoot for the transmitted detonation subsequent to the head-on collisions can be observed, followed by the asymptotic decay to a CJ detonation as predicted theoretically. For unstable pulsating detonations, it is found that, due to the increase in the thermodynamic state of the reactive mixture caused by the shock, the transmitted pulsating detonation can become more stable with smaller amplitude and period oscillation. These observations are in good agreement with experimental evidence obtained from smoked foils where there is a significant decrease in the detonation cell size after a region of relaxation when the detonation collides head-on with a shock wave.     

Numerical simulation of detonation reignition in H $_2$-O $_2$ mixtures in area expansions

Time-dependent, two-dimensional, numerical simulations of a transmitted detonation show reignition occuring by one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the collision of triple points as they expand along a decaying shock front. In the second mechanism ignition results from the coalescence of a number of small, relatively high pressure regions left over from the decay of weakened transverse waves. The simulations were performed using an improved chemical kinetic model for stoichiometric H-O mixtures. The initial conditions were a propagating, two-dimensional detonation resolved enough to show transverse wave structure. The calculations provide clarification of the reignition mechanism seen in previous H-O-Ar simulations, and again demonstrate that the transverse wave structure of the detonation front is critical to the reignition process. Received 16 July 1998/ Accepted 17 November 1998     

爆轰波波形与药型罩结构匹配对杆式射流成形的影响

为提高杆式射流对钢靶的侵彻能力,设计了一种偏心亚半球药型罩,通过爆轰波碰撞理论推导出药型罩压垮速度,并结合改进的PER理论建立了杆式射流成形的模型。分析了药型罩结构参数对爆轰波碰撞压力的影响规律,获得了等质量变壁厚药型罩射流质量及速度分布的变化规律。结果表明:马赫反射压力随偏心距的增大而增大,随外壁曲率半径的增大而减小,而正规斜反射压力与马赫反射压力变化规律相反,且马赫反射压力受药型罩结构影响较大;通过对比不同方案,罩顶与罩口部厚、中间薄形状药型罩形成的射流质量提高了29.5%,头部速度提高了21.3%,且速度梯度最大,相同炸高条件下侵彻深度提高了约2倍装药直径。针对优化结构进行了数值模拟和实验验证,通过对爆轰波波形与药型罩结构合理的匹配设计,使形成的杆式射流成形及侵彻性能得到显著提升。     

爆轰波与激波对撞的实验研究

对乙炔氧气混合气体中爆轰波与激波的正面对撞现象的实验研究是以高速摄影获取两波对撞的x-t纹影图,以烟迹板记录对撞中的爆轰胞格图案,并基于激波理论和经典CJ爆轰理论求解了两波对撞的稳态解并探寻其规律. 研究发现透射波系包括一道激波和爆轰波,以及紧随爆轰波后的稀疏波区,这一结果对应于一维理论分析中的CJ解. 透射波系基本不受初始压强影响;初始温度也只成比例地改变流场整体速度,温度越高,速度越快;对波系起实质影响作用的是入射激波强度,激波越强,则整个透射流场呈现偏向激波的趋势;理论分析还指出,稀疏波区的出现不可避免,当激波强度趋于声波稀疏波区趋于消失,激波越强则疏波区趋于扩大. 两波对撞存在一个有限的转变阶段,透射爆轰首先减缓,接着迅速迸发为过驱爆轰,然后再逐渐平衡为CJ爆轰. 对于强不稳定的燃气,对撞后爆轰波在空间上的发展极不均衡,一些区域发生火焰面与诱导激波的严重脱离,随后的火焰面失稳发展为诱导激波区内的爆轰波,实验观察到了这种爆轰在烟迹板上留下的极为精细的迹线.      

环缝宽度对旋转爆震发动机工作特性的影响

为研究环缝宽度对旋转爆震发动机（rotating detonation engine, RDE）工作特性的影响，在非预混RDE中进行实验，同时采用高频压力传感器、离子探针和高速摄影等测量设备，在同一入口质量流率的条件下，改变空气进气环缝宽度和燃烧室环缝宽度。获得了单波、双波、四波对撞及混合传播模态；当燃烧室环缝宽6 mm时，增加空气进气环缝宽度，爆震波由四波对撞转变为同向双波，最终以单波形式传播；而燃烧室环缝宽10或15 mm时，空气进气环缝宽度对爆震波传播模态的影响较小；此外，四波对撞模态下，爆震波压力峰值和离子信号峰值低于单波和双波模态时的值。     

激波与爆轰波对撞的数值模拟研究

用二阶精度NND差分格式和改进的二阶段化学反应模型模拟了爆轰波与激波的对撞过程,研究了不同强度入射激波对爆轰过渡区域的影响. 当对撞激波较弱时,透射爆轰波演变主要受流动膨胀作用的影响,可划分为对撞影响区、爆轰恢复区和稳定发展区3个阶段. 在爆轰恢复区和稳定发展区,前导激波压力经历一个过冲、然后向稳定爆轰过渡的过程,表现了爆轰波熄爆和再起爆的物理特征. 当对撞激波较强时,可燃混合气体的高热力学参数导致了更高的化学反应活化程度,形成了弱爆轰向稳定爆轰的直接转变.      

Critical reactions for the hydrazine vapor detonations

A detailed kinetic model devoted to the hydrazine vapor detonation has been built. It consists of 33 reversible reactions and 13 species. A reduced kinetic model has been proposed by using the Principal Component Analysis of matrix F (PCAF) method as implemented in KINALC. It is constituted of 26 reactions and 11 species. This model has been shown to be valid over a pressure range of 0.1 to 10 atm. However, the predictions of the models are significantly affected by changes in the enthalpy of formation of NH. With the help of the full kinetic model, a value of A, the proportionality factor in the ZND model between the induction distance in the detonation wave and the detonation cell size, of has been derived if one considers that the collision efficiency of NH on the thermal decomposition of hydrazine is equal to the one of N. The value of A for pure hydrazine detonation is shown to be strongly dependent on the value of the collision efficiency of NH. Received 24 December 2000 / Accepted 11 April 2001     

超音速来流中爆轰波衍射和二次起爆过程研究

预爆管技术被广泛地应用在爆轰波发动机的起爆过程中，但是在超音速来流中基于预爆管技术起始爆轰波的研究并未被广泛地开展。基于此，本文中数值研究了横向超音速来流对半自由空间内爆轰波的衍射和自发二次起爆、及管道内的衍射和壁面反射二次起爆两种现象的影响。数值模拟的控制方程为二维欧拉方程，空间上使用五阶WENO格式进行数值离散，采用带有诱导步的两步链分支化学反应模型。所模拟的爆轰波具有规则的胞格结构，对应于用惰性气体高度稀释过的可爆混合物中形成的爆轰波。结果表明:在半自由空间内，在本文所模拟的几何尺寸下，爆轰波并未成功发生二次起爆现象，但是爆轰波的自持传播距离随着横向超音速来流强度的增强而增加。在核心的三角形流动区域外，波面诱导产生了更多的横波结构；在管道内，横向的超音速来流在逆流侧对出口气流产生了压缩作用，能有效提高波面压力，因此反射后的激波压力也比较高。在同样的几何尺寸下，爆轰波在静止和超音速(Ma=2.0)气流中分别出现了二次起爆失败和成功两种现象，这是由于在超音速来流中化学反应面的褶皱诱导产生了横波结构，横波与管壁以及其他横波之间的碰撞提高了前导激波的强度，并最终促进了爆轰波在超声速流主管道内的成功起始。     

爆轰波对碰加载下平面金属样品动载行为实验研究

进行冲击波对碰加载简易平面金属Sn和W样品实验,采用X射线照相和激光干涉测速系统进行联合诊断,给出了2种材料冲击波对碰区表面微喷及主体破碎物质的直观图像,研究了Sn和W样品对碰区动力学行为,并比较分析2种材料对碰区特征的异同,给出了定性物理解释,实验结果可为爆轰波对碰加载下材料动力学特性的理论研究提供数据支撑。     

气相爆轰波在障碍物上Mach反射的实验验证

本文公布了气相爆轰波沿收缩管道传播时发生Mach反射的实验证据。在爆轰波通过的管道中安装不同楔角的楔块,形成管道的收缩。爆轰波在通过楔块时会发生Mach反射。利用烟熏玻璃片记录到了爆轰波Mach反射时形成的三波点迹线及其两侧胞格尺寸和密度的变化。据我们掌握的资料,这是首次用胞格结构变化的记录证实,气相爆轰波与无化学反应的空气中的冲击波一样,在一定的入射条件下会发生Mach反射。这一实验结果可使我们更深入了解爆轰波的本质,也为数值模拟气相爆轰波在障碍物上Mach反射现象提供了可对比的依据。     

旋转爆轰的三维结构和侧向稀疏波的影响

基于带化学反应的三维Euler方程,采用氢气-空气的9组分19步基元反应简化模型,对圆环形燃 烧室内的旋转爆轰进行了数值模拟,讨论了旋转爆轰波的三维结构及侧向稀疏波对旋转爆轰波阵面的影响。 数值结果表明,爆轰波能够以旋转方式沿预混气层稳定传播。在侧向稀疏波作用下,爆轰波阵面发生变形。 与理想的C-J爆轰相比,爆轰波强度和爆轰参数都有所下降。     

可燃气体中激波与障碍物作用在下游形成爆轰波的数值研究

对平面激波和单个矩形障碍物作用的过程进行了数值模拟,研究了反射产生的上行爆轰波在下游可燃气体中形成爆轰波的过程。数值结果表明,下游爆轰波形成过程主要有2种模式:爆轰波直接绕射和绕射波在上壁面反射,这和已有的实验结果是一致的。通过研究下游爆轰波的形成过程受入射激波马赫数、混合气体的压力和管道尺度的影响,分析了上游爆轰波向下游传播的波动力学过程,讨论了2种形成过程的作用规律和控制因素,阐明了下游爆轰波的形成规律。     

不同当量比下喷管对旋转爆震特性的影响研究

为研究不同当量比下喷管构型对旋转爆震特性的影响，以煤油预燃裂解气为燃料，氧气体积分数为30%的富氧空气为氧化剂，开展了无喷管、收敛喷管、扩张喷管和收敛扩张喷管等工况下旋转爆震特性实验研究。实验发现，当量比为0.73～1.30时旋转爆震可稳定工作。随着当量比和喷管构型的变化，爆震波出现了单波、不稳定的对撞双波和稳定的对撞双波等3种传播模态。喷管构型对模态转换和旋转爆震波速有重要影响，收敛和收敛扩张喷管会促使新波头的产生，导致爆震波主要以双波对撞模态传播；而扩张喷管工况下，爆震波主要以单波模态传播。收敛喷管和收敛扩张喷管会使得波速最大值偏离化学恰当比，收敛扩张喷管可以提升爆震波速。