基于爆炸地震波分析3次爆炸事件的主要特征

主要分析全球地震台网牡丹江和白家疃地震台记录的2006年10月9日、2009年5月25日和2013年2月12日的3次爆炸事件。主要通过3次事件P震相振幅比和功率谱比值估计了3次事件的能量比,采用互相关方法计算了3次事件的相关系数,对比震相波形探讨3次事件发生的相对位置。2013年的爆炸事件与2009年的爆炸事件相比,三分向最大单振幅比值和功率谱比值平均分别为2.2和2.6;与2006年的爆炸事件相比,三分向P震相最大单振幅比值和功率谱比值平均分别为11.1和13.9。该结果暗示了2013年爆炸事件释放的能量高于2009年爆炸事件的2倍,高于2006年爆炸事件的10倍。在2~4 Hz频段内,2013年爆炸事件与2006年爆炸事件、2009年爆炸事件三分向波形的最大相关系数平均分别为0.90和0.99。相关性分析结果表示,3次爆炸事件在能量的主要集中频段高度相关,这表明3次爆炸事件发生的位置相距很近。相对位置分析表明,2013年爆炸事件发生的位置在2009年爆炸事件发生位置的东偏南方向。     

基于能量的平稳地震动功率谱转换关系持时取值研究

功率谱密度函数与反应谱的转换关系广泛应用于随机振动分析和人工地震动合成过程中,地震动持时对转换结果有着重要的影响。依据傅里叶幅值谱精确计算输入能量谱方法,并结合功率谱与幅值谱的关系,建立了与功率谱相对应的输入能量谱。以大量地震动记录统计得到的输入能量谱作为参考,提出了功率谱与设计谱转换过程中持时的确定方法。以Ⅱ类场地为例,选择了多条天然地震动记录和谱匹配时域调整记录进行统计计算,确定了合理的持时取值,通过人工合成记录验证了持时取值的合理性。     

考虑半覆水圆弧相变场地特征的地下多点地震动模拟方法与程序开发

建立了同时引入土壤介质相变和半覆水圆弧地形因素的场地模型，并给出了地下多点地震动模拟的理论框架，开发了依据本文理论的程序并予以可靠性验证。首先，基于探明的波场分布得到了SV波入射半覆水圆弧相变场地的频域解；其次，获得依据频域解的场地传递函数并求解出地下自功率谱，建立了基于所得到的地下相干函数的地下互功率谱，由此构建出地下功率谱矩阵；最后，实现频域模型向时域信号转化（即多点地震动时程曲线），进而基于上述理论进行可视化程序开发。通过数值算例进一步阐明了本研究的意义，结果表明，（1）地下与地表多点地震动在能量分布上存在显著差异，说明了研究的必要性；（2）生成地震动的拟合功率谱和拟合相干函数与理论值吻合较好，表明了结果的合理性；（3）可视化程序界面简洁，参数输入及调整方便，后处理结果显示清晰，反映出程序的便捷及适用性。     

矩形截面高层建筑横向风激励时程模拟

提出了一种改进的矩形高层建筑横风向脉动激励模拟方法。从牛顿第二定理出发,将沿建筑高度分布的横风向加速度和楼层质量转化为沿楼层高度分布的横风向惯性力计算公式;考虑横风向力谱竖向相干函数,由此导出了沿建筑高度方向分布的横风向脉动力互谱,进而采取谐波合成法模拟出了沿建筑高度分布的横风向脉动力时程数据。结果表明:横风向振动响应与结构固有频率相关,结构前2阶模态频率所对应的横风向加速度响应功率谱约占80%,且第2阶模态频率占主导;当在结构2/3高度增加粘滞阻尼器时,第2阶模态频率所对应的结构加速度功率谱值降低约为43.1%,减震效果明显。因此,结构横风向加速度分析至少考虑前2阶模态的影响。     

壁湍流猝发过程中速度分量的相位差对雷诺应力影响的实验研究

用IFA300恒温热线风速仪和×形二分量热线探针,以采样间隔小于最小湍流时间尺度的分辨率,精细测量了风洞中平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的瞬时流向、展向速度分量的时间序列信号.用子波分析辨识壁湍流相干结构猝发事件的能量最大准则,确定壁湍流相干结构猝发事件的时间尺度;用条件相位平均技术提取了相干结构猝发过程中流向、展向脉动速度分量条件相位平均波形,用互相关方法研究了相干结构猝发过程中流向、展向脉动速度分量条件相位平均波形的相位差关系及其对雷诺应力的影响,发现在缓冲层和对数律区,展向脉动速度与流向脉动速度的条件相位平均波形具有不同的相位;当两者相位基本一致时,雷诺应力达到正的最大值,此时湍流相干结构的产生非常活跃;当两者相位差分别集中在90°和270°附近时,雷诺应力的幅值减小并接近于零,此时湍流相干结构的产生和猝发都得到了抑制.     

地下爆炸地震强度与当量的比例关系

为了研究爆炸地震耦合强度与爆炸当量的关系,针对某一硬岩介质,在相同爆炸深度条件下,进行了系列不同爆炸当量的小当量化学爆炸试验,爆炸源附近的介质特性相同。应用近场地表记录的其中两次爆炸当量相差一倍的试验数据,比较研究了他们的爆炸震源函数折合速度势振幅谱比,得到他们的地震耦合强度地震矩M0比值近似等于2,与他们的爆炸当量比值相等,因此得到同爆炸深度的地下爆炸地震强度与爆炸当量成正比的结论。     

基于单个压电振子的湍流边界层主动控制

利用安装在壁面上的单个压电振子周期振荡,采用开环主动控制方案,实现了对平板湍流边界层相干结构猝发的主动控制和壁湍流减阻.根据不同的输入电压幅值和频率,完成了10种工况的实验.在压电振子下游2mm处,用热线风速仪和迷你热线单丝探针,精细测量湍流边界层不同法向位置瞬时流向速度信号的时间序列,分析了在Re_?=2183压电振子振动对湍流边界层平均速度剖面、减阻率和相干结构猝发过程的影响.实验结果表明,施加控制的工况使平均速度剖面对数律层上移,产生减阻效果;压电振子振幅越大,减阻率越高,减阻效果越明显;通过对施加控制前后流向瞬时速度的多尺度湍涡结构脉动动能的尺度分析,当压电振子振动频率与壁湍流能量最大尺度的猝发频率相近时,减阻率达到最大,为25%,说明控制壁湍流能量最大尺度相干结构的猝发是实现壁湍流减阻的关键;通过对比相干结构猝发的流向速度分量条件相位平均波形,发现施加控制的工况中相干结构猝发流向速度分量的波形幅值明显降低,且流向速度在扫掠后期高速阶段迅速衰减,缩短了高速流体的下扫过程,说明压电振子的振动能抑制相干结构的高速流体下扫过程,减弱高速流体与壁面的强烈剪切过程,并使近壁区域相干结构的振幅显著减弱,迁移速度加快,从而减小壁面摩擦阻力.      

旋转振荡板尾流的控制研究

桥跨结构发生颤振时的旋涡尾流可由二维强迫旋转振荡板绕流模拟. 在弦厚比B/H = 5的振荡板两侧对称地放置两个宽度比均为b/H = 0.33的窄条, 对尾流的锁频旋涡脱落进行控制. 采用数值模拟和实验验证方法, 对旋涡场、尾流平均和脉动速度, 以及板所受扭转力矩和升力进行研究, 研究的振幅范围β = 0° ~ 10°, 振频范围f_eH/V_∞ = 0 ~ 0.0857, 雷诺数Re = V_∞H/V = 2800. 窄条位置分为板的前缘、中央和尾缘3种, 控制参数为窄条横向坐标y/H. 根据实验结果, 当窄条位置y/H在一定范围, 振幅β = 0° ~ 7.5°, 振频f_eH/V_∞ = 0 ~ 0.08时, 有控制和无控制尾流脉动速度功率谱主峰的比值远低于1, 最低可达0.3左右. 根据数值模拟结果, 当中央控制件位于y/H = ±1附近时, 在振幅β = 0° ~ 7.5°, 和一定频率范围内, 脉动扭转力矩均方根和升力均方根都有大幅下降, 最多可分别降低43%和80%. 引入第一和第二涡黏系数, 将尾流无规则脉动形成的湍流法向和切向应力, 分别与扰动速度幅值的法向和切向梯度相联系, 得到线性稳定性方程. 稳定性分析表明, 施加控制后, 最大扰动放大因子ω_{i max}大幅降低, 扰动增长的频率范围显著收窄. 窄条改变尾流速度剖面形状并增大湍流涡黏系数, 从而减弱尾流的不稳定性.      

混联Ⅰ型惯容系统基于李鸿晶谱的地震响应分析

针对设有混联Ⅰ型惯容系统的耗能结构基于李鸿晶谱的响应分析较为繁琐的问题，提出求解地震响应的简明封闭解法，并研究了惯容系统基本参数对减震性能的影响。首先，建立惯容系统和结构之间的微分型本构关系，并运用复模态法和虚拟激励法获得结构系列响应的统一解。其次，将结构系列响应的功率谱密度函数精确转化为复特征值及结构自振频率平方和表示的二次分解式，进而获得响应0阶～2阶谱矩的简明封闭解。最后，通过数值算例验证了所提方法的正确性及计算的高效性，对惯容系统参数的研究表明，当惯容系数和阻尼系数越大，结构减震效果越好，而刚度系数对结构的减震效果取决于惯容系统名义圆频率与结构自振圆频率的比值，当两者比值为0.9时减震效果最好。     

基于箭形累积损伤的裂纹尖端力学:奇异性分级和多尺度分段

在适度的空间和时间尺度组合下,裂纹既可在几个月中蠕变几个纳米,也能在几秒钟内扩展10km.虽然裂纹的尖端没有实际的质量,但是它能通过激活周围的物质而处于高能量状态.依赖于材料的损伤方向,激活质量的减少和增加可发生在尺度转变之前或之后.每个尺度区的分段阈值被假定为与裂纹尖端速度的平方a~2和激活质量密度M的乘积有关:W=M_(↓↑)a_(↑↓)~2和D=M~(↓↑)a_(↑↓)~2.W和D分别被称为直接吸收和自耗散能量密度.正如下标/上标符号所示,激活的质量密度M_(↓↑)和M~(↓↑)与裂纹尖端速度a变化趋势相反,既可增加也可减少.a~2和M的互补效应隐含着常用于宇宙物理学建模的膨胀和/或收缩的物理过程.在用于尺度敏感的裂纹尖端的行为时,激活的质量密度有相同的解释.分段时的多尺度可以由…皮观、纳观、微观和宏观…组成.因此,形象地说,材料损伤过程可以通过裂纹扩展过程中非均匀的总体和局部能量的传递来模拟.疲劳裂纹扩展引起的材料损伤被用来阐释由大到小和由慢到快的尺度/时间序,热力学中的冷→热和有序→无序转换.这一过程正巧与宇宙演化的箭形方向相反,宇宙演化遵循小→大和快→慢,而热力学相反,遵循热→冷和无序→有序.为了表示由损伤萌生所造成的类裂缝型缺陷的不均匀性,提出了一个被称为裂纹尖端力学(crack tip mechanics,CTM)的新模式.涉及的范围是模拟原子列之间的界面裂纹或连续体中分叉的切口.假如需要的话,尺寸和时间的范围可以复盖从皮观到宏观甚至更大.虽然采用疲劳裂纹来说明CTM的基本原理,在宇宙物理学背景中与直接吸收和自耗散相关的膨胀和收缩的情况可以描述裂纹周围激活质量的行为,它们可看为能量的汇或源.奇异性被用来捕获能量的源或汇的特性,物理上,两者作为界面的一部分,从数学上看则是不连续的线的一部分.能量从一种形式变为另一种形式取决于能量吸收或耗散的箭形损伤时间,这之中牵涉到尺度分段和奇异性强度的联合应用.材料组分随时间的劣化是根据指定的设计寿命导出的,从而使材料的响应与加载率的时间历史匹配.2024-T3铝板的皮观/纳观/微观/宏观开裂模型用来说明什么地方可以增加结构的寿命部分.皮观/纳观/微观/宏观/结构系统的性能随时间劣化可以用9个尺度转变物理参数来描述:纳观/微观区有3个(μ_(na/mi)~*,σ_(na/mi)~*,d_(na/mi)~*),微观/宏观区有3个(μ_(mi/ma)~*,σ_(mi/ma)~*,d_(mi/ma)~*),皮观/纳观区有3个(μ_(pi/na)~*,σ_(pi/na)~*,d_(pi/na)~*).下标pi,na,mi,ma和struc分别表示皮观、纳观、微观、宏观和结构.只要知道两个相连的尺度敏感参数,在较低尺度的时间相关的局部物理参数就完成了分析连续体的形式论,虽然它们并不需要用实验来知道.更具体地说,根据皮观→纳观→微观→宏观分别有1.25/1.00/0.75/0.50的λ奇异性强度,皮观裂纹、纳观裂纹、微观裂纹和宏观裂纹的转变特征是从时间箭形的指定的寿命预期来确定的.附加的0.25强度的奇异性可用于结构元件.回想起来,λ=0.5相应于断裂力学中的应力分量与r~(0.5)成反比,r是与宏观裂纹尖端的距离.微观裂纹、纳观裂纹和皮观裂纹分别赋予r~(-0.75),r~(-1.0),r~(-1.25)的奇异性.箭形时间(以年为单位)取决于问题的定义.设备的关键部件可用1.5~±/2.5~±/3.5~±/5.5~±寿命分布和总寿命为13~±年(a)的皮观/纳观/微观/宏观尺度来设计运行.上标±表示多于或少于实际运行的时间.累进损伤被假定为发生在皮观→纳观→微观→宏观方向.同样的方案用于20年总寿命的2024-T3铝板的疲劳损伤,按照1.5~±/2.5~±/3.5~±/5.5~±/7.0~±的方式将它的寿命分布在皮观、纳观、微观、宏观和结构的尺度上,这样的指定只是满足在每个尺度范围内损伤内部材料结构所用的能量匹配,因此可以强制执行在总寿命的跨度内精确的时间相关的材料性能劣化过程.     

Algorithms of common solutions to quasi variational inclusion and fixed point problems

The purpose of this paper is to present an iterative scheme for finding a common element of the set of solutions to the variational inclusion problem with multivalued maximal monotone mapping and inverse-strongly monotone mappings and the set of fixed points of nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert space.Under suitable conditions, some strong convergence theorems for approximating this common elements are proved. The results presented in the paper not only improve and extend the main results in Korpelevich（Ekonomika i Matematicheskie Metody,1976,12（4）：747-756）,but also extend and replenish the corresponding results obtained by Iiduka and Takahashi（Nonlinear Anal TMA,2005,61（3）：341-350）,Takahashi and Toyoda（J Optim Theory Appl,2003, 118（2）：417-428）,Nadezhkina and Takahashi（J Optim Theory Appl,2006,128（1）：191- 201）,and Zeng and Yao（Taiwanese Journal of Mathematics,2006,10（5）：1293-1303）.     

Numerical discussions on complete empirical correlation in Langtry''s transition model

Recently, introducing a transition predicting model into the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) environment has been paid more and more attention. Langtry proposed a correlation-based transition model in 2006, which was built strictly on local variables. However, two core correlations in the model had not been published until 2009. In this paper, after considerable analyses and discussions of the mechanism of this transition model and a series of numerical validations in the skin friction coefficient of flat plate boundary layers, a new correlation based on free-stream turbulence intensity is developed, and the empirical correlation of the transition onset momentum thickness Reynold number aiming at the hypersonic transition is improved. Low-speed/transonic airfoils and a hypersonic double wedge flat are tested to prove the reliability and practicability of this correlation.     

Numerical discussions on complete empirical correlation in Langtry＇s transition model

Recently, introducing a transition predicting model into the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） environment has been paid more and more attention. Langtry proposed a correlation-based transition model in 2006, which was built strictly on local variables. However, two core correlations in the model had not been published until 2009. In this paper, after considerable analyses and discussions of the mechanism of this transition model and a series of numerical validations in the skin friction coefficient of flat plate boundary layers, a new correlation based on free-stream turbulence intensity is developed, and the empirical correlation of the transition onset momentum thickness Reynold number aiming at the hypersonic transition is improved. Low-speed/transonic airfoils and a hypersonic double wedge fiat are tested to prove the reliability and practicability of this correlation.     

Vector potential–vorticity relationship for the Stokes flows: application to the Stokes eigenmodes in 2D/3D closed domain

The unsteady dynamics of the Stokes flows, where , is shown to verify the vector potential–vorticity ( ) correlation , where the field is the pressure-gradient vector potential defined by . This correlation is analyzed for the Stokes eigenmodes, , subjected to no-slip boundary conditions on any two-dimensional (2D) closed contour or three-dimensional (3D) surface. It is established that an asymptotic linear relationship appears, verified in the core part of the domain, between the vector potential and vorticity, , where is a constant offset field, possibly zero.     

Oscillating Solutions and Large ω-limit Sets in a Degenerate Parabolic Equation

The paper deals with positive solutions of the initial-boundary value problem for with zero Dirichlet data in a smoothly bounded domain . Here is positive on (0,∞) with f(0) = 0, and λ₁ is exactly the first Dirichlet eigenvalue of −Δ in Ω. In this setting, (*) may possess oscillating solutions in presence of a sufficiently strong degeneracy. More precisely, writing , it is shown that if then there exist global classical solutions of (*) satisfying and . Under the additional structural assumption , s > 0, this result can be sharpened: If then (*) has a global solution with its ω-limit set being the ordered arc that consists of all nonnegative multiples of the principal Laplacian eigenfunction. On the other hand, under the above additional assumption the opposite condition ensures that all solutions of (*) will stabilize to a single equilibrium.      

An evolutionary optimization of diffuser shapes based on CFD simulations

An efficient and robust algorithm is presented for the optimum design of plane symmetric diffusers handling incompressible turbulent flow. The indigenously developed algorithm uses the CFD software: Fluent for the hydrodynamic analysis and employs a genetic algorithm (GA) for optimization. For a prescribed inlet velocity and outlet pressure, pressure recovery coefficient C (the objective function) is estimated computationally for various design options. The CFD software and the GA have been combined in a monolithic platform for a fully automated operation using some special control commands. Based on the developed algorithm, an extensive exercise has been made to optimize the diffuser shape. Different methodologies have been adopted to create a large number of design options. Interestingly, not much difference has been noted in the optimum C values obtained through different approaches. However, in all the approaches, a better design has been obtained through a proper selection of the number of design variables. Finally, the effect of diffuser length on the optimum shape has also been studied. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Propeller tip and hub vortex dynamics in the interaction with a rudder

In the present paper, the interaction mechanisms of the vortices shed by a single-screw propeller with a rudder installed in its wake are addressed; in particular, following the works by Felli et al. (Exp Fluids 6(1):1–11, 2006a, Exp Fluids 46(1):147–1641, 2009a, Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on particle image velocimetry: Piv09, Melbourne, 2009b), the attention is focused on the analysis of the evolution, instability, breakdown and recovering mechanisms of the propeller tip and hub vortices during the interaction with the rudder. To investigate these mechanisms in detail, a wide experimental activity consisting in time-resolved visualizations, velocity measurements by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) along horizontal chordwise, vertical chordwise and transversal sections of the wake have been performed in the Cavitation Tunnel of the Italian Navy. Collected data allows to investigate the major flow features that distinguish the flow field around a rudder operating in the wake of a propeller, as, for example, the spiral breakdown of the vortex filaments, the rejoining mechanism of the tip vortices behind the rudder and the mechanisms governing the different spanwise misalignment of the vortex filaments in the pressure and suction sides of the appendage.     

QALE‐FEM for modelling 3D overturning waves

A further development of the QALE‐FEM (quasi‐arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element method) based on a fully nonlinear potential theory is presented in this paper. This development enables the QALE‐FEM to deal with three‐dimensional (3D) overturning waves over complex seabeds, which have not been considered since the method was devised by the authors of this paper in their previous works (J. Comput. Phys. 2006; 212 :52–72; J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2009; 78 :713–756). In order to tackle challenges associated with 3D overturning waves, two new numerical techniques are suggested. They are the techniques for moving the mesh and for calculating the fluid velocity near overturning jets, respectively. The developed method is validated by comparing its numerical results with experimental data and results from other numerical methods available in the literature. Good agreement is achieved. The computational efficiency of this method is also investigated for this kind of wave, which shows that the QALE‐FEM can be many times faster than other methods based on the same theory. Furthermore, 3D overturning waves propagating over a non‐symmetrical seabed or multiple reefs are simulated using the method. Some of these results have not been found elsewhere to the best of our knowledge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.