热力耦合作用下碳质千枚岩强度演化规律分析

温度场与应力场是影响碳质千枚岩地层引水隧洞围岩强度的重要因素。设定2因素4水平16组试验，依据单轴与三轴试验结果，探讨热力耦合作用下碳质千枚岩应力-应变曲线性态与破坏模式，得到了峰值强度变化规律；基于Mohr–Coulomb强度准则(M–C)与Heok–Brown强度准则(H–B)，分别建立了热力耦合作用下Mohr–Coulomb–Thermal法(M–C–T)和Heok–Brown–Thermal法(H–B–T)两种破坏强度计算方法。试验结果与理论分析表明，随围压增大与温度升高，碳质千枚岩从脆性破坏逐渐转为延性破坏，黏聚力、单轴抗压强度和参数n随温度升高呈线性增大，内摩擦角受温度影响不显著。通过试验值与计算对比分析，M–C–T法和H–B–T法均能较好地量化热力耦合作用下碳质千枚岩强度演化规律；误差分析表明，前者计算误差为-28.5%～7.7%，后者为-8.9%～5.6%,H–B–T法计算结果离散程度较小，稳定性更高，且更偏向于安全。     

位错载氢运动对材料氢脆行为的影响

位错载氢运动会导致金属结构材料中氢原子的再分布和氢损伤的加剧,但目前仍缺乏相关实验数据支撑。本文首先对比了高锰钢预充氢后在四种应变速率(1×10^–3 s^–1,1×10^–4 s^–1,1×10^–5 s^–1和1×10^–6 s^–1)下的断口特征,随后结合理论计算探究了不同应变速率下位错载氢对金属材料氢脆行为的影响。结果表明较慢应变速率(1×10^–5 s^–1 and 1×10^–6 s^–1)下拉伸的试样具有比较快应变速率(1×10^–3 s^–1和1×10^–4 s^–1)拉伸时更高的氢脆敏感性和更大的断口脆性区面积。这是因为较慢应变速率下拉伸时,氢可以随位错运动,导致在塑性变形过程中形成更大的氢原子扩散距离和脆性区深度。此外,在更慢的应变速率(1×10     

多物理场耦合作用分析的近场动力学理论与方法

广义来说,近场动力学(peri-dynamics, PD)是假设每个物质点在承受一定范围内的非接触相互作用下,研究整个物理系统演化过程的理论,为涉及非连续和非局部相互作用的问题提供了一个统一的数学框架,具有广泛的适用性.在简要介绍诸多工程对于多物理场模型和数值计算软件的迫切需求后,针对现有商用软件在处理结构非连续演化问题时遇到的瓶颈,引入近场动力学理论和方法.概述近场动力学固体力学模型,系统阐述近场动力学扩散模型和近场动力学多物理场耦合建模的研究现状和进展,主要涉及电子元器件、电子封装和岩土工程领域的多物理场耦合建模,包括热–力、湿–热–力、热–氧、热–力–氧、力–电、热–电、力–热–电、多孔介质的水–力流固相互作用等非耦合、半耦合与完全耦合模型,强调发展耦合方程数值解法的重要性.最后对扩散问题和多物理场耦合问题的近场动力学理论模型、数值算法和工程应用做进一步展望.     

TA2合金激光熔覆自润滑复合涂层组织与摩擦学性能

以三种不同质量分数配比为40%Ti–19.5%Ti C–40.5%WS_2、40%Ti–25.2%Ti C–34.8%WS_2、40%Ti–29.4%Ti C–30.6%WS_2的复合粉末为预置原料,采用激光熔覆技术在钛合金TA2表面原位合成自润滑耐磨复合涂层.系统地分析了涂层的物相、组织、显微硬度及其摩擦学性能与机理.结果表明:三种涂层的显微硬度分别为HV_(0.5)927.1、HV_(0.5)1007.5和HV_(0.5)1052.3,相对于基体(HV_(0.5)180)有极大的提高;三种涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率分别为0.41和30.98×10~(–5) mm~3/(N·m);0.30和18.92×10~(–5) mm~3/(N·m)以及0.34和15.98×10~(–5) mm~3/(N·m).WS_2质量分数为34.8%和30.6%的预置粉末制备的涂层表现出较好的耐磨减摩性能,其磨损机理为轻微的塑性变形和黏着磨损.     

Drag models for simulating gas–solid flow in the turbulent fluidization of FCC particles

This paper examines the suitability of various drag models for predicting the hydrodynamics of the turbulent fluidization of FCC particles on the Fluent V6.2 platform.The drag models included those of Syamlal–O’Brien,Gidaspow,modified Syamlal–O’Brien,and McKeen.Comparison between experimental data and simulated results showed that the Syamlal–O’Brien,Gidaspow,and modified Syamlal–O’Brien drag models highly overestimated gas–solid momentum exchange and could not predict the formation of dense phase in the fl...     

超疏水材料表面液-气界面的稳定性及演化规律

超疏水表面功能材料在防污、流动减阻等领域具有重要应用,其中液–气界面的稳定性是关系到该种材料性能发挥的关键因素。微结构液–气界面的稳定性主要体现在浸润状态转变过程,浸润状态恢复过程和气泡形态演化过程三个方面。在压强变化、气体扩散等多种因素作用下,液–气界面会发生失稳现象,并以不同的形态变化方式进行演化发展。该文首先总结了三类液–气界面稳定性问题。在不同的演化阶段,液–气界面具有不同的位置和形状,体现出不同的稳定性。然后,分别针对液滴系统和水下浸没系统,考虑了几种主要的影响因素,综述了目前国内外关于超疏水微结构液–气界面稳定性研究的主要进展,总结液–气界面的演化机制。最后,展望了该领域中存在的主要科学问题。     

线性与非线性流固耦合动力学数值方法的进展及应用

本文综述了线性与非线性流固耦合问题数值方法的进展及工程应用。讨论了四种数值分析方法：(1)混合有限元–子结构–子区域数值模型,以求解有限域线性流固耦合问题,如流体晃动,声腔–结构耦合,流体中的压力波,化工容器的地震响应,坝水耦合等;(2)混合有限元–边界元数值模型,以求解涉及无限域的线性流固耦合问题,如大型浮体承受飞机降落冲击,船舰的炮击回应等;(3)混合有限元–有限差分(体积)数值模型,以求解不涉及破浪和两相分离的非线性流固耦合问题;(4)混合有限元–光滑粒子数值模型,以求解涉及破浪和两相分离的非线性流固耦合问题。文中推荐分区迭代求解过程,以便应用现有的固体及流体求解器,于毎一时间步长分别求解固体及流体的方程,通过耦合迭代收敛,向前推进以达问题求解。文中选用的工程应用例子包含气–液–壳三相耦合,液化天然气船水晃动,人体步行冲击引起的声腔–建筑结构耦合,大型浮体承受飞机降落冲击的瞬态动力回应,涉及破浪和两相分离的气–翼耦合及结构于水上降落的冲击。数值分析结果与可用的实验或计算结果作了比较,以说明所述方法的精度及工程应用价值。文中列出了基于流固耦合的波能采积装置模型,以应用线性系统的共振及非线性系统的周期解原理,有效地采积波能。本文列出了231篇参考文献,以便读者进一步研讨所感兴趣方法。     

Effect of wheelset flexibility on wheel–rail contact behavior and a specific coupling of wheel–rail contact to flexible wheelset

The fexibility of a train's wheelset can have a large effect on vehicle–track dynamic responses in the medium to high frequency range.To investigate the effects of wheelset bending and axial deformation of the wheel web,a specifi coupling of wheel–rail contact with a fexible wheelset is presented and integrated into a conventional vehicle–track dynamic system model.Both conventional and the proposed dynamic system models are used to carry out numerical analyses on the effects of wheelset bending and axial deformation of the wheel web on wheel–rail rolling contact behaviors.Excitations with various irregularities and speeds were considered.The irregularities included measured track irregularity and harmonic irregularities with two different wavelengths.The speeds ranged from 200 to400km/h.The results show that the proposed model can characterize the effects of fexible wheelset deformation on the wheel–rail rolling contact behavior very well.     

Study on the subgrade deformation under high-speed train loading and water–soil interaction

It is important to study the subgrade characteristics of high-speed railways in consideration of the water–soil coupling dynamic problem,especially when high-speed trains operate in rainy regions.This study develops a nonlinear water–soil interaction dynamic model of slab track coupling with subgrade under high-speed train loading based on vehicle–track coupling dynamics.By using this model,the basic dynamic characteristics,including water–soil interaction and without water induced by the high-speed train loading,are studied.The main factors-the permeability coefficien and the porosity-influencin the subgrade deformation are investigated.The developed model can characterize the soil dynamic behaviour more realistically,especially when considering the influenc of water-rich soil.     

超疏水材料表面液—气界面的稳定性及演化规律

超疏水表面功能材料在防污、流动减阻等领域具有重要应用,其中液–气界面的稳定性是关系到该种材料性能发挥的关键因素.微结构液–气界面的稳定性主要体现在浸润状态转变过程,浸润状态恢复过程和气泡形态演化过程三个方面.在压强变化、气体扩散等多种因素作用下,液–气界面会发生失稳现象,并以不同的形态变化方式进行演化发展.该文首先总结了三类液–气界面稳定性问题.在不同的演化阶段,液–气界面具有不同的位置和形状,体现出不同的稳定性.然后,分别针对液滴系统和水下浸没系统,考虑了几种主要的影响因素,综述了目前国内外关于超疏水微结构液–气界面稳定性研究的主要进展,总结液–气界面的演化机制.最后,展望了该领域中存在的主要科学问题.     

研发数字孪生体——计算力学从数值模拟和仿真升华到新的分支之一

数字孪生体（digital twin，简称DT）概念的提出，开启了在虚拟的数字时空中以影伴实对实物的研究。本文以飞机结构DT的实施，从设计–制造–运行–维护–退役的5个阶段，分析了计算力学从数值模拟和仿真阶段升华到DT阶段，揭示了全寿命周期过程亟待解决的诸多问题。提炼出8个关键技术：动因、诀窍、途径、牵连、动态、转换、前推和层次。从深度和广度上展望了计算力学DT发展的自身深化和侧向迁移等。     

A note on the definition of fractional derivatives applied in rheology

It is known that there exist obivious differences between the two most commonly used definitions of fractional derivatives—Riemann–Liouville (R–L) definition and Caputo definition. The multiple definitions of fractional derivatives in fractional calculus have hindered the application of fractional calculus in rheology. In this paper, we clarify that the R–L definition and Caputo definition are both rheologically imperfect with the help of mechanical analogues of the fractional element model (Scott–Blair model). We also clarify that to make them perfect rheologically, the lower terminals of both definitions should be put to ∞. We further prove that the R–L definition with lower terminal a →∞ and the Caputo definition with lower terminal a →∞ are equivalent in the differentiation of functions that are smooth enough and functions that have finite number of singular points. Thus we can define the fractional derivatives in rheology as the R–L derivatives with lower terminal a →∞ (or, equivalently, the Caputo derivatives with lower terminal a →∞) not only for steady-state processes, but also for transient processes. Based on the above definition, the problems of composition rules of fractional operators and the initial conditions for fractional differential equations are discussed, respectively. As an example we study a fractional oscillator with Scott–Blair model and give an exact solution of this equation under given initial conditions.     

线性与非线性流固耦合动力学数值方法的进展及应用（英文）

本文综述了线性与非线性流固耦合问题数值方法的进展及工程应用.讨论了四种数值分析方法:(1)混合有限元–子结构–子区域数值模型,以求解有限域线性流固耦合问题,如流体晃动,声腔–结构耦合,流体中的压力波,化工容器的地震响应,坝水耦合等;(2)混合有限元–边界元数值模型,以求解涉及无限域的线性流固耦合问题,如大型浮体承受飞机降落冲击,船舰的炮击回应等;(3)混合有限元–有限差分(体积)数值模型,以求解不涉及破浪和两相分离的非线性流固耦合问题;(4)混合有限元–光滑粒子数值模型,以求解涉及破浪和两相分离的非线性流固耦合问题.文中推荐分区迭代求解过程,以便应用现有的固体及流体求解器,于毎一时间步长分别求解固体及流体的方程,通过耦合迭代收敛,向前推进以达问题求解.文中选用的工程应用例子包含气–液–壳三相耦合,液化天然气船水晃动,人体步行冲击引起的声腔–建筑结构耦合,大型浮体承受飞机降落冲击的瞬态动力回应,涉及破浪和两相分离的气–翼耦合及结构于水上降落的冲击.数值分析结果与可用的实验或计算结果作了比较,以说明所述方法的精度及工程应用价值.文中列出了基于流固耦合的波能采积装置模型,以应用线性系统的共振及非线性系统的周期解原理,有效地采积波能.本文列出了231篇参考文献,以便读者进一步研讨所感兴趣方法.     

Explicit frequency equations of free vibration of a nonlocal Timoshenko beam with surface effects

Considerations of nonlocal elasticity and surface effects in micro-and nanoscale beams are both important for the accurate prediction of natural frequency. In this study, the governing equation of a nonlocal Timoshenko beam with surface effects is established by taking into account three types of boundary conditions: hinged–hinged, clamped–clamped and clamped–hinged ends. For a hinged–hinged beam, an exact and explicit natural frequency equation is obtained. However, for clamped–clamped and clamped–hinged beams, the solutions of corresponding frequency equations must be determined numerically due to their transcendental nature. Hence, the Fredholm integral equation approach coupled with a curve fitting method is employed to derive the approximate fundamental frequency equations, which can predict the frequency values with high accuracy. In short,explicit frequency equations of the Timoshenko beam for three types of boundary conditions are proposed to exhibit directly the dependence of the natural frequency on the nonlocal elasticity, surface elasticity, residual surface stress, shear deformation and rotatory inertia, avoiding the complicated numerical computation.     

Nonlinear vibration analysis of fractional viscoelastic Euler–Bernoulli nanobeams based on the surface stress theory

The nonlinear vibrations of viscoelastic Euler–Bernoulli nanobeams are studied using the fractional calculus and the Gurtin–Murdoch theory. Employing Hamilton's principle, the governing equation considering surface effects is derived. The fractional integro-partial differential governing equation is first converted into a fractional–ordinary differential equation in the time domain using the Galerkin scheme. Thereafter, the set of nonlinear fractional time-dependent equations expressed in a state-space form is solved using the predictor–corrector method. Finally, the effects of initial displacement, fractional derivative order, viscoelasticity coefficient, surface parameters and thickness-to-length ratio on the nonlinear time response of simply-supported and clamped-free silicon viscoelastic nanobeams are investigated.     

粘接–映射混合算法及其对颗粒材料中板的振动特性分析

结构与颗粒材料相互作用广泛存在于各工程领域,其研究过程中涉及的连续–离散耦合计算方法面对诸多挑战.本文提出了粘接–映射混合算法来研究连续体与离散介质耦合动力学问题.将连续体模型划分为内部区域及与颗粒接触的边界区域.边界区域采用粘接算法模拟连续体外部形状并使用高效的球形接触判断准则;提出一种包含Rayleigh阻尼映射的有限元映射质点弹簧算法来精确计算连续体内部区域内力和变形.二者相结合构成粘接–映射混合算法,并引入计算机集群和GPU(图形处理器)并行技术,对埋没于颗粒材料中受激振动固支方板的连续–离散耦合动力学问题进行了数值仿真研究.结果表明,粘接–映射混合算法有利于双层级并行算法的程序实现及优化,并在连续–离散耦合界面进行快速接触判断的同时实现对颗粒材料中方板位移、变形、振动形态等参数的研究.通过定幅扫频和定频变幅方式考察激振力频率和幅值对振动板非线性动力学行为的影响并观察到二倍周期现象,同时给出了该连续–离散耦合系统中颗粒体系的能量耗散特性.     

球形WC增强铁基复合等离子堆焊层的组织与摩擦学性能

为提高304不锈钢的摩擦学性能,将质量分数为30%和60%的球形WC添加到铁基复合粉末,采用等离子堆焊技术在其表面制备了WC增强铁基复合涂层.分析其显微组织结构、物相和显微硬度,在恒定载荷(50 N)和滑动速度(20 mm/s)下进行干摩擦磨损试验,研究其干滑动摩擦学性能.结果表明:富含Cr的固溶强化奥氏体、高硬度的Cr7C3和WC增强相的存在,提高了WC增强铁基堆焊层的硬度,30%WC和60%WC涂层的显微硬度达到HV0.2665和HV0.2724,比铁基涂层提高了21.1%和31.9%,是304基体的3.7和4倍;30%WC和60%WC涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率分别为0.59和2.639×10~(–6) mm~3·N~(–1)·m~(–1),0.42和1.111×10~(–6) mm~3·N~(–1)·m~(–1).30%WC和60%WC涂层均表现出优异的耐磨性能,其磨损机理分别为黏着磨损和二体磨粒磨损的混合机制,和三体磨粒磨损.     

可视化渗透破坏实验装置研发及土力学实践探索

传统土力学实验无法展现土体内部渗透变形，使学生难以直观理解土体渗流的基本原理。利用人工合成透明土材料，融合粒子示踪、断层成像和数字图像处理等技术，研发了可视化渗透破坏实验装置。以砂砾石管涌为例，直观展现了土体渗透破坏孕育–发生–发展–破坏全过程颗粒运移特征，论证了实验装置的可靠性。在此基础上，提出了以学生自主创新为主体，实验技术教研平台、实验课程学习平台和产学合作协同育人平台“三台一体”新的教学模式。     

Analysis of choked two-phase flows of gas and particle in a C-D nozzle

Particle–gas two-phase flows show significantly different behaviors compared to single gas flow through a convergent–divergent nozzle. Non-equilibrium effects, thermal and velocity lag results to the inefficiency of nozzle performance. In the present studies, theoretical analysis and numerical simulations were carried out to investigate particle–gas flows in a C-D nozzle. Homogeneous equilibrium model that no lag in velocity and temperature occurs between particles and gas phase was used to derive mass flow rate and sound speed of multiphase flows. Two-phase flows are regarded as isentropic flows that isentropic relations can be used for homogeneous equilibrium model. Discrete phase model(DPM) where interaction with continuous phase and discrete random walk model were considered was used to calculate particle–gas flows. Particle mass loadings were varied to investigate their effects on choking phenomena of particle–gas flows. Mass flow rate and sound speed of mixture flows were theoretically calculated by homogeneous equilibrium model and compared with numerical results. Shock wave structure and particle number density were also obtained to be different at different particle mass loading and operating pressure conditions.     

A comparative study of piezoelectric unimorph and multilayer actuators as stiffness sensors via contact resonance

Piezoelectric bar-shaped resonators were proposed to act as hardness sensors in the 1960 s and stiffness sensors in the 1990 s based on the contact impedance method.In this work, we point out that both multilayer and unimorph(or bimorph) piezoelectric actuators could act as stiffness/modulus sensors based on the principle of mechanical contact resonance. First, the practical design and the performance of a piezoelectric unimorph actuator–based stiffness sensor were presented. Then the working principle of piezoelectric multilayer actuator–based stiffness sensors was given and verified by numerical investigation. It was found that for these two types of resonance-based sensors, the shift of the resonance frequency due to contact is always positive, which is different from that of the contact impedance method. Further comparative sensitivity study indicated that the unimorph actuator–based stiffness sensor is very suitable for measurement on soft materials, whereas the multilayer actuator–based sensor is more suitable for hard materials.