开缝对风力机翼型空气动力学特性的影响

以S809翼型为研究对象,用CFD数值模拟计算的方法研究了在失速条件下,风力机翼型上下表面同时开缝的被动控制策略对翼型空气动力学特性的影响。采用基于速度耦合的SIMPLEC算法进行数值模拟,将四种常用的湍流模型(Spalart-Allmaras、k-e、k-w、k-w-SST)在12°和24°攻角下的计算结果和实验数据对比,得出了最优于翼型计算的湍流模型为k-w-SST。分析了缝隙位置、宽度和斜率对翼型气动性能的影响。结果表明:当开缝位置位于分离点附近时,翼型气动性能最优;当缝隙宽度为弦长的2%时,翼型气动性能最优;当缝隙和弦线的夹角为75°时,翼型气动性能最优,且在攻角超过24°时开缝对翼型的气动性能有不利影响。     

多段翼型吹气流动分离控制研究

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes粘性流动方程,采用数值模拟方法,分析了吹气控制对多段翼型气动性能的影响,阐述了吹气改善多段翼型流动的机理。采用有限体积法对雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程进行空间离散,时间方向推进采用二阶迎风格式,湍流模型采用SST k-ω模型。结果表明:在多段翼型基础上采取吹气控制可以获得很好的气动增升效果,三段翼型的最大升力系数可达4.98;吹气可改善多段翼型表面流动,减小其流动分离,增加升力;在同样的吹气口几何参数条件下,在一定范围内增大吹气动量系数可以提高多段翼型的升力系数;在多段翼型主翼后段和襟翼同时施加吹气流动控制可以获得更好的效果,升力系数比基本三段翼型(基本构型A)增加30.05%。     

圆形坚冰影响翼型气动性能的数值分析

本文用FLUENT软件模拟了结冰后NACA 0012翼型周围流场的变化,并与结冰前NACA 0012翼型的气动性能进行了对比.工作中首先以未结冰的NACA 0012翼型(干净翼型)为标准模型进行了数值验证计算,再以经过检验的方法计算结冰模型,并与结冰风洞试验数据进行了对比.本文计算攻角为0°～20°,温度为250.37K,雷诺数为2,400,000,冰型为圆形坚冰.通过对比升力阻力性能,发现与干净翼型相比,结冰翼型的最大升力系数大约减少了50%,阻力系数增加了约65%,失速攻角降低了4°.结冰后翼型提前失速是造成气动性能恶化的主要原因.     

褶皱幅度对仿生翼型滑翔气动特性的影响

蜻蜓翅膀具有独特的褶皱状形貌．研究者们致力于利用仿生学原理,设计在低雷诺数条件下具有更优气动性能的褶皱翼型．本文采用计算流体力学方法,求解二维不可压Navier-Stokes方程组,探讨了四种翼型（平板翼型、流线翼型、小幅度褶皱翼型和大幅度褶皱翼型）的气动表现．在低雷诺数条件下得到以下结果：(1) 较小幅度的褶皱结构有利于增加升力和减小阻力．(2) 雷诺数变化时褶皱翼型的升力系数呈非线性变化;在特定雷诺数区间,幅度相近的褶皱翼型会发生相对气动优势的转变．(3) 褶皱结构内的回流区通过减小粘性阻力,使得翼型总阻力下降．(4) 翼型前缘的极小区域会产生脉冲高升力,对升力表现产生较大影响．这些结果表明,调整褶皱幅度是实现褶皱翼型气动优化的有效方案．     

基于几何不确定性的翼型多目标稳健优化设计

提出在优化设计进程中引进基于各种不确定性波动的稳健优化设计思想, 进行多目标进化优化算法与代理模型技术在稳健优化设计中的应用研究. 提供翼型确定性优化和稳健性优化实例, 并对结果进行对比, 结果表明该稳健优化设计方法可以得到更有实际应用价值的翼型气动外形.      

基于气动特性翼型参数化方法的适用性研究

翼型的优化设计在飞机的研发生产过程中占据相当重要的地位,因为翼型的几何外形会直接影响到飞机的整体气动性能．合理选择恰当的翼型表达方式是翼型优化设计成功的关键之一,其中,参数化方法在近年来得到了广泛应用．针对翼型参数化方法,提出“几何鲁棒性”和“性能鲁棒性”作为评判方法优劣的重要参考标准．选取三种常用的翼型参数化方法--NURBS、CST和PARSEC方法,七种不同类型的翼型,采用四项指标作为系统的评判准则来研究各方法的拟合精度与多点扰动下的几何鲁棒性,并利用Foil Design软件计算气动性能的相关数据,研究各方法在多点扰动下的性能鲁棒性．经对比分析,这三种参数化方法对大部分翼型均具有良好的表达能力,且不同程度地体现了一定的几何鲁棒性与性能鲁棒性．     

变可信度模型管理优化设计方法在气动外形设计中的应用

在信赖域最优化方法的基础上,将梯度搜索方法与近似模型管理结构相结合,结合N-S方程与Euler方程,建立了一种用于气动外形设计的梯度AMF优化设计方法.该方法在气动优化中,通过对采用不同的流体控制方程的计算结果进行组织和管理,从而可以在优化迭代过程中将主要搜索过程集中在低可信度模型的计算上,并利用高可信度模型监控优化过程,使得最终的优化解收敛到高可信度模型上.本文采用梯度AMF气动优化设计方法进行翼型设计,取得了良好的设计效果,实际结果表明本文提出的方法具有可行性和适用性.     

基于CFD的斜置翼翼型选型研究

斜置翼飞行器是一种通过改变扫掠角而能在亚声速、跨声速、超声速三个速度段都能获得最优效率的宽速域飞行器.根据斜置翼的设计需求,其基本翼型应该是超临界翼型,翼型选择应在考虑翼型最佳气动效率的同时兼顾翼型内部有效体积和操稳特性.基于以上选型标准,先从NASA超临界翼型族中选出5种超临界翼型,然后运用商业CFD软件Fluent对这5种超临界翼型的气动特性进行计算.最后通过对比分析这5种翼型的气动特性、几何参数和操稳特性,选择性能较优的NASA SC(2)-0714翼型作为斜置翼的基本翼型.     

智能物面对非定常分离流的最优自适应控制

以低雷诺数二维大攻角翼型绕流为研究对象, 将非定常动边界计算流体力学方法与 最优控制方法有机结合, 研究二维不可压非定常流智能物面最优自适应流 动控制的理论与算法, 并将其用于固定攻角和俯仰振荡翼型绕流. 结果表明: 在给定合适的最优控制目标函数下, 智能物面可最优地实时改变形状, 得到能显著提高翼型性能的最优翼型. 最优翼型在非设计工况下的气动性能也比对照翼型有 所提高.     

平尾翼型后加载对飞机配平的影响研究

利用MGAERO 软件对搭配不同尾翼模型的某典型布局客机翼身组合体流场进行了计算,研究了平尾翼型后加载对全机配平的影响. 分析表明,采用后加载设计的平尾翼型在配平时升力和阻力损失较小,配合其他手段可以提高全机升阻比,进而改善全机配平后的气动性能. 这一结论从流场计算的角度揭示了客机平尾翼型采用后加载设计这一发展趋势的重要原因.     

Design optimization of unsteady airfoils with continuous adjoint method

In this paper, a new unsteady aerodynamic design method is presented based on the Navier-Stokes equations and a continuous adjoint approach. A basic framework of time-accurate unsteady airfoil optimization which adopts time-averaged aerodynamic coefficients as objective functions is presented. The time-accurate continuous adjoint equation and its boundary conditions are derived. The flow field and the adjoint equation are simulated numerically by the finite volume method (FVM). Feasibility and accuracy of the approach are perfectly validated by the design optimization results of the plunging NACA0012 airfoil.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils with energy supply

The possibility of controlling the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils with the help of one-sided pulsed-periodic energy supply is studied. The change in the flow structure near the airfoil and its aerodynamic characteristics are determined as functions of the magnitude of energy supply and of the energy-supply location by means of the numerical solution of two-dimensional unsteady equations of gas dynamics. It is demonstrated that external energy supply can substantially improve the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils with a high lift-to-drag ratio. The moment characteristics of the airfoil are found.     

APPLICATION OF VARIABLE-FIDELITY MODELS TO AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION

For aerodynamic shape optimization, the approximation management framework (AMF) method is used to organize and manage the variable-fidelity models. The method can take full advantage of the low-fidelity, cheaper models to concentrate the main workload on the low-fidelity models in optimization iterative procedure. Furthermore, it can take high-fidelity, more expensive models to monitor the procedure to make the method globally convergent to a solution of high-fidelity problem. Finally, zero order variable-fidelity aerodynamic optimization management framework and search algorithm are demonstrated on an airfoil optimization of UAV with a flying wing. Compared to the original shape, the aerodynamic performance of the optimal shape is improved. The results show the method has good feasibility and applicability.     

Airfoil design optimization based on lattice Boltzmann method and adjoint approach

We present a new aerodynamic design method based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the adjoint approach. The flow field and the adjoint equation are numerically simulated by the GILBM (generalized form of interpolation supplemented LBM) on non-uniform meshes. The first-order approximation for the equilibrium distribution function on the boundary is proposed to diminish the singularity of boundary conditions. Further, a new treatment of the solid boundary in the LBM is described particularly for the airfoil optimization design problem. For a given objective function, the adjoint equation and its boundary conditions are derived analytically. The feasibility and accuracy of the new approach have been perfectly validated by the design optimization of NACA0012 airfoil.     

Robust design of natural laminar flow supercritical airfoil by multi-objective evolution method

A transonic, high Reynolds number natural laminar flow airfoil is designed and studied. The γ-θ transition model is combined with the shear stress transport(SST)k-w turbulence model to predict the transition region for a laminar-turbulent boundary layer. The non-uniform free-form deformation(NFFD) method based on the non-uniform rational B-spline(NURBS) basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization.The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II(NSGA-II) is used as the search algorithm, and the surrogate model based on the Kriging models is introduced to improve the efficiency of the optimization system. The optimization system is set up based on the above technologies, and the robust design about the uncertainty of the Mach number is carried out for NASA0412 airfoil. The optimized airfoil is analyzed and compared with the original airfoil. The results show that natural laminar flow can be achieved on a supercritical airfoil to improve the aerodynamic characteristic of airfoils.     

一种可用于机翼优化设计中的气动噪声预测模型

发展了一种可用于翼型/机翼外形设计中的气动噪声快速预测方法。相较于传统的半经验噪声预测方法,该方法以两方程非线性k-ε湍流模型模化雷诺应力的雷诺平均方程为背景,考虑了升力系数、三维流动效应以及机翼几何参数等因素对后缘噪声的影响。而相对于直接数值模拟或声类比拟方法,该方法虽不能准确预测噪声强度,但其计算量小,能给出不同翼型/机翼的相对总声压级,以及总声压级随升力系数的变化情况,易于应用于翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中。通过计算分析二维NACA0012翼型几何参数或来流状态的改变所带来的气动噪声差异,与ANOPP软件及Brooks等计算结果进行对比,验证了该模型的可靠性。最后,计算分析二维、三维翼型/机翼气动噪声,凸显该方法在翼型/机翼气动外形优化设计中的应用价值。     

Effect of one-sided unsteady energy supply on aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils in a transonic flow

The possibility of controlling the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils in transonic flight regimes by means of one-sided pulsed-periodic energy supply is studied. Based on the numerical solution of two-dimensional unsteady gas-dynamic equations, the change in the flow structure in the vicinity of a symmetric airfoil at different angles of attack and the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil as functions of the amount of energy supplied asymmetrically (with respect to the airfoil) are determined. The results obtained are compared with the data calculated for the flow past the airfoil at different angles of attack without energy supply. It is found that a given lift force can be obtained with the use of energy supply at a much better lift-to-drag ratio of the airfoil, as compared to the case of the flow past the airfoil at an angle of attack. The moment characteristics of the airfoil are found. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 82–87, November–December, 2008.     

Robust airfoil optimization based on improved particle swarm optimization method

A robust airfoil optimization platform is constructed based on the modified particle swarm optimization method (i.e., the second-order oscillating particle swarm method), which consists of an efficient optimization algorithm, a precise aerodynamic analysis program, a high accuracy surrogate model, and a classical airfoil parametric method. There are two improvements for the modified particle swarm method compared with the standard particle swarm method. First, the particle velocity is represented by the combination of the particle position and the variation of position, which makes the particle swarm algorithm a second-order precision method with respect to the particle position. Second, for the sake of adding diversity to the swarm and enlarging the parameter searching domain to improve the global convergence performance of the algorithm, an oscillating term is introduced to the update formula of the particle velocity. At last, taking two airfoils as examples, the aerodynamic shapes are optimized on this optimization platform. It is shown from the optimization results that the aerodynamic characteristic of the airfoils is greatly improved in a broad design range.