结构爆炸毁伤的浸没多介质有限体积物质点法

结构在爆炸载荷作用下的毁伤现象涉及强非线性激波、固体结构极端变形和破坏破碎、强流固耦合, 给数值计算方法带来了极大的困难与挑战. 针对结构爆炸毁伤问题, 建立了浸没多介质有限体积物质点法(iMMFV-MPM), 采用基于黎曼求解器的多介质有限体积法(MMFVM)模拟爆炸产物和空气的多介质流体, 采用物质点法(MPM)模拟固体结构, 并将提出的基于拉格朗日乘子的连续力浸没边界法(lg-CFIBM)扩展到多介质流体中以处理流固耦合边界条件. 该算法在每个时间步严格满足流固耦合界面处的速度边界条件及动量守恒方程, 不需要重构流固耦合界面, 能够有效地模拟近场爆炸下爆炸产物与结构的相互作用、激波与结构的相互作用和演化以及结构的动态断裂和拓扑变化. 利用iMMFV-MPM对近场爆炸下方形钢筋混凝土靶板的失效模式、外爆载荷下建筑物的毁伤现象以及多腔室内爆炸试验进行了模拟, 模拟结果与相关实验数据吻合良好, 验证了所建立的流固耦合算法的有效性及精度.      

近似不可压软材料动力分析的完全拉格朗日物质点法

物质点法(MPM)在模拟非线性动力问题时具有很好的效果, 其已被广泛应用于许多大变形动力问题的分析中. 然而传统的MPM在模拟不可压或近似不可压材料的动力学行为时会产生体积自锁, 极大地影响模拟精度和收敛性. 本文针对近似不可压软材料的大变形动力学行为, 提出一种混合格式的显式完全拉格朗日物质点法(TLMPM). 首先基于近似不可压软材料的体积部分应变能密度, 引入关于静水压力的方程; 之后将该方程与动量方程基于显式物质点法框架进行离散, 并采用完全拉格朗日格式消除物质点跨网格产生的误差, 提升大变形问题的模拟精度; 对位移和压强场采用不同阶次的B样条插值函数并通过引入针对体积变形的重映射技术改进了算法, 提升算法的准确性. 此外, 算法通过实施一种交错求解格式在每个时间步对位移场和压强场依次进行求解. 最后, 给出几个典型数值算例来验证本文所提出的混合格式TLMPM的有效性和准确性, 计算结果表明该方法可以有效处理体积自锁, 准确地模拟近似不可压软材料的大变形动力学行为.      

物质点法的理论和应用

物质点法采用质点离散材料区域, 用背景网格计算空间导数和求解动量方程,避免了网格畸变和对流项处理, 兼具拉格朗日和欧拉算法的优势, 非常适合模拟涉及材料特大变形和断裂破碎的问题. 本文详细论述了物质点法在基本理论、算法和软件开发方面的进展, 包括广义插值物质点法、接触算法、自适应算法、并行算法、与其他算法的杂交和耦合等. 系统地总结了物质点法在超高速碰撞、冲击侵彻、爆炸、动态断裂、流固耦合、多尺度分析、颗粒材料流动和岩土失效等一系列涉及材料特大变形问题中的应用,展示了其相对于传统数值计算方法的优势.     

极端变形问题的物质点法研究进展

物质点法采用了拉格朗日和欧拉双重描述,将物体离散为一组在固定于空间的网格(欧拉描述)中运动的质点(拉格朗日描述),有效地综合了拉格朗日法和欧拉法的优点,是分析冲击爆炸等极端变形问题的一种有效方法. 本文系统总结了本课题组近年来针对冲击、爆炸和流固耦合等极端变形问题在物质点法算法方面的研究进展,并简要介绍了开发的三维显式并行物质点法数值仿真软件MPM3D及其在超高速碰撞、侵彻、爆炸、边坡失效、金属切削和流固耦合等问题中的应用.     

一种强耦合预估-校正浸入边界法

为克服传统浸入边界法的质量不守恒缺陷,提出了一种用于可压缩流固耦合问题的强耦合预估-校正浸入边界法。通过阐述一般流固耦合系统的矩阵表示,推导了流固耦合系统的强耦合Gauss-Seidel迭代格式,进一步导出预估-校正格式,提出了预估-校正浸入边界法。该方法使用无耦合边界模型对流体进行预估,将流固耦合边界视为自由面,固体原本占据的空间初始化为零质量的单元,允许流体自由穿过耦合边界。对于流体的计算,使用带有minmod限制器的二阶MUSCL有限体积格式和基于Zha-Bilgen分裂的AUSM+-up方法,配合三阶Runge-Kutta格式推进时间步。在校正步骤中,通过一组质量守恒的输运规则来实现输运过程。输运算法可概括为将边界内侧的流体进行标记,根据标记顺序以均匀方式分割和移动流体,产生一个指向边界外侧的流动,最后在边界附近施加速度校正保证无滑移条件。标记和输运算法避免了繁琐的对截断单元的几何处理,确保了算法易于实现。对于固体的计算,分别采用一阶差分格式和隐式动力学有限元格式求解刚体和线弹性体,并利用高斯积分获得固体表面的耦合力。使用预估-校正浸入边界法计算了一维问题和二维问题。在一维活塞问题中,获得了压力分布、相对质量历史和误差曲线,并与其他方法进行了对比。在二维的激波冲击平板问题中,获得了数值模拟纹影和平板结构的挠度历史,并与实验结果进行了对比。研究表明,该方法区别于传统的虚拟网格方法和截断单元方法,能够精确地维持流场的质量守恒并易于实现,且具有一阶收敛精度,能够较准确地预测激波绕射后的流场以及平板在激波作用下的挠度,为开发流固耦合算法提供了一种新的思路。     

无网格法的理论及应用

详细论述了近年来迅速发展的无网格法的理论基础及其在各个领域内的应 用. 无网格法网格依赖性弱, 避免了传统的有限元、边界元等基于网格的数值方法 中可能出现的网格畸变和扭曲, 在一些有限元、边界元等方法难以较好处理的领域体现 出独特的优势. 以加权余量法为主线归纳了已有的30多种无网格法, 各类 无网格法的主要区别在于使用了不同的加权余量法和近似函数. 详尽介绍 了各种无网格近似方案(包括移动最小二乘近似、核近似和重构核近似、单位分 解近似、径向基函数近似、点插值近似、自然邻接点插值近似等)和无网格法 中常用的各类加权余量法(伽辽金格式、配点格式、局部弱形式、加权最小二乘 格式和边界积分格式等), 并讨论了数值积分方法和边界条件的处理等问题. 在 此基础上较系统地总结了无网格法在冲击爆炸、裂纹传播、超大变形、结 构优化、流固耦合、生物力学和微纳米力学等领域的应用, 展示了无网格法相 对于传统数值方法的优势.      

流固耦合分析的一种改进CBS有限元算法

针对流固耦合问题, 发展了一种基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)描述有限元法的弱耦合分区算法. 运用半隐式特征线分裂算法求解Navier-Stokes方程, 在压力Poisson 方程中引入质量源项以满足几何守恒律; 运用子块移动技术更新动态网格, 并配以光滑处理防止网格质量下降; 采用Newmark-β 法求解结构运动方程. 为保持流体-结构界面处速度和动量守恒, 利用修正结合界面边界条件方法求解界面处速度通量和动量通量. 运用本方法分别模拟了不同雷诺数下单圆柱横向和两向流致振动、串列双圆柱两向流致振动. 计算表明, 本文方法计算效率高, 计算结果与已有实验和数值计算数据吻合.     

基于ALE有限元法的流固耦合强耦合数值模拟

针对不同流固耦合问题,提出一种基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)有限元技术的分区强耦合算法.运用半隐式特征线分裂算法求解ALE描述下的不可压缩黏性流体Navier-Stokes方程.分别考虑一般平面运动刚体和几何非线性固体,采用复合隐式时间积分法推进结构运动方程,故可选用较大时间步长;进一步应用单元型光滑有限元法求解几何非线性固体大变形,获得更精确结构解且不影响计算效率.运用子块移动技术结合正交-半扭转弹簧近似法高效更新流体动网格;同时将一质量源项引入压力泊松方程满足几何守恒律,无需复杂构造网格速度差分格式.采用简单高效的固定点法配合Aitken动态松弛技术实现各场耦合,可灵活选择先进单场求解技术,具备较好程序模块性.运用本文算法分别模拟了H型桥梁截面颤振问题和均匀管道流内节气阀涡激振动问题.研究表明,数值结果与已有文献数据吻合,计算精度和求解效率均令人满意.     

非均质固体炸药冲击起爆的物质点法

将点火增长方程引入到物质点法中,编制了相应的计算程序MPM-SDT,并求解了冲击起爆问题.通过与传统算法和实验结果的比较,验证了物质点法应用于冲击起爆问题的可行性.物质点法避免了Lagrange法的网格畸变缠结和Euler法的对流误差.最后,对钨、铜、钢等材料破片撞击屏蔽炸药问题进行了多组数值模拟.3种材料对屏蔽炸药的...     

流体与结构相互作用问题的FE-SPH耦合模拟

应用有限元(FE)-光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)耦合法模拟了具有自由表面的不可压流体与结构的相互作用问题.流体和结构分别采用SPH法和有限元法同时求解,两者在交界面处的相互作用通过接触算法进行处理.为了避免隐式计算压力,通过引入人工压缩率,将不可压流体近似为人工可压缩流体.采用FE-SPH耦合法对弹性板在随时间变化的水压作用下的变形以及倒塌水柱冲击弹性结构两个问题进行了模拟.模拟结果与实验结果以及其他已有数值结果符合良好,说明FE-SPH耦合法用于流体与结构相互作用问题的模拟是可行和有效的.     

A hybrid immersed boundary and material point method for simulating 3D fluid–structure interaction problems

A numerical method is developed for solving the 3D, unsteady, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in curvilinear coordinates containing immersed boundaries (IBs) of arbitrary geometrical complexity moving and deforming under forces acting on the body. Since simulations of flow in complex geometries with deformable surfaces require special treatment, the present approach combines a hybrid immersed boundary method (HIBM) for handling complex moving boundaries and a material point method (MPM) for resolving structural stresses and movement. This combined HIBM & MPM approach is presented as an effective approach for solving fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems. In the HIBM, a curvilinear grid is defined and the variable values at grid points adjacent to a boundary are forced or interpolated to satisfy the boundary conditions. The MPM is used for solving the equations of solid structure and communicates with the fluid through appropriate interface‐boundary conditions. The governing flow equations are discretized on a non‐staggered grid layout using second‐order accurate finite‐difference formulas. The discrete equations are integrated in time via a second‐order accurate dual time stepping, artificial compressibility scheme. Unstructured, triangular meshes are employed to discretize the complex surface of the IBs. The nodes of the surface mesh constitute a set of Lagrangian control points used for tracking the motion of the flexible body. The equations of the solid body are integrated in time via the MPM. At every instant in time, the influence of the body on the flow is accounted for by applying boundary conditions at stationary curvilinear grid nodes located in the exterior but in the immediate vicinity of the body by reconstructing the solution along the local normal to the body surface. The influence of the fluid on the body is defined through pressure and shear stresses acting on the surface of the body. The HIBM & MPM approach is validated for FSI problems by solving for a falling rigid and flexible sphere in a fluid‐filled channel. The behavior of a capsule in a shear flow was also examined. Agreement with the published results is excellent. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the role of (weak) compressibility for fluid-structure interaction solvers

In the present study, a weakly compressible formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations is developed and examined for the solution of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems. Newtonian viscous fluids under isothermal conditions are considered, and the Murnaghan-Tait equation of state is employed for the evaluation of mass density changes with pressure. A pressure-based approach is adopted to handle the low Mach number regime, ie, the pressure is chosen as primary variable, and the divergence-free condition of the velocity field for incompressible flows is replaced by the continuity equation for compressible flows. The approach is then embedded into a partitioned FSI solver based on a Dirichlet-Neumann coupling scheme. It is analytically demonstrated how this formulation alleviates the constraints of the instability condition of the artificial added mass effect, due to the reduction of the maximal eigenvalue of the so-called added mass operator. The numerical performance is examined on a selection of benchmark problems. In comparison to a fully incompressible solver, a significant reduction of the coupling iterations and the computational time and a notable increase in the relaxation parameter evaluated according to Aitken's Δ² method are observed.     

可压缩流场中气泡脉动数值模拟

在应用边界元方法对气泡动力学的研究中, 绝大多数模型是建立在不压缩势流理论基础之上, 针对可压缩流场中气泡运动特性的研究很少. 从波动方程出发, 分别在气泡运动前期和后期对波动方程进行简化, 得到气泡运动局部和全局简化方程, 采用双渐进方法对简化方程进行匹配, 提出了考虑流场可压缩性的非球状气泡运动模型. 该模型的计算结果与Prospertti 等的解析结果吻合很好, 气泡脉动最大半径和内部最大压力随气泡脉动逐渐减小. 基于该模型对比了自由场中药包爆炸考虑可压缩性与不考虑可压缩性的计算结果, 发现考虑可压缩性气泡射流速度较小, 随后基于该模型计算了刚性边界下气泡的运动特性.     

Coupling between finite element method and material point method for problems with extreme deformation

As a Lagrangian meshless method, the material point method (MPM) is suitable for dynamic problems with extreme deformation, but its efficiency and accuracy are not as good as that of the finite element method (FEM) for small deformation problems. Therefore, an algorithm for the coupling of FEM and MPM is proposed to take advantages of both methods. Furthermore, a conversion scheme of elements to particles is developed. Hence, the material domain is firstly discretized by finite elements, and then the distorted elements are automatically converted into MPM particles to avoid element entanglement. The interaction between finite elements and MPM particles is implemented based on the background grid in MPM framework. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental data and the efficiency of this method is higher than that of both FEM and MPM.     

Moving immersed boundary method

A novel implicit immersed boundary method of high accuracy and efficiency is presented for the simulation of incompressible viscous flow over complex stationary or moving solid boundaries. A boundary force is often introduced in many immersed boundary methods to mimic the presence of solid boundary, such that the overall simulation can be performed on a simple Cartesian grid. The current method inherits this idea and considers the boundary force as a Lagrange multiplier to enforce the no‐slip constraint at the solid boundary, instead of applying constitutional relations for rigid bodies. Hence excessive constraint on the time step is circumvented, and the time step only depends on the discretization of fluid Navier‐Stokes equations, like the CFL condition in present work. To determine the boundary force, an additional moving force equation is derived. The dimension of this derived system is proportional to the number of Lagrangian points describing the solid boundaries, which makes the method very suitable for moving boundary problems since the time for matrix update and system solving is not significant. The force coefficient matrix is made symmetric and positive definite so that the conjugate gradient method can solve the system quickly. The proposed immersed boundary method is incorporated into the fluid solver with a second‐order accurate projection method as a plug‐in. The overall scheme is handled under an efficient fractional step framework, namely, prediction, forcing, and projection. Various simulations are performed to validate current method, and the results compare well with previous experimental and numerical studies.     

An immersed smoothed point interpolation method (IS‐PIM) for fluid‐structure interaction problems

An immersed smoothed point interpolation method using 3‐node triangular background cells is proposed to solve 2D fluid‐structure interaction problems for solids with large deformation/displacement placed in incompressible viscous fluid. In the framework of immersed‐type method, the governing equations can be decomposed into 3 parts on the basis of the fictitious fluid assumption. The incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations are solved using the semi‐implicit characteristic‐based split scheme, and solids are simulated using the newly developed edge‐based smoothed point interpolation method. The fictitious fluid domain can be used to calculate the coupling force. The numerical results show that immersed smoothed point interpolation method can avoid remeshing for moving solid based on immersed operation and simulate the contact phenomenon without an additional treatment between the solid and the fluid boundary. The influence from information transfer between solid domain and fluid domain on fluid‐structure interaction problems has been investigated. The numerical results show that the proposed interpolation schemes will generally improve the accuracy for simulating both fluid flows and solid structures.