噪声对三势阱系统混沌性质的影响

本文研究了在两种不同信嗓比的复合激励作用下，三讲系统的物理性质。通过概率密度函灵数及平均相轨线的分析，指出该系统在这两种情况下作所谓的混沌随机运动。     

岩体不连续间距数学模型的一个修正函数

不连续间距对岩体性质具有十分重要的意义。基于无限长测量线得到的岩体不连续间距的负幂指数分布是最重要的一种概率分布密度, 为纠正因用有限长测量线而带来的不连续间距的分布误差, 本文提出了一个封闭形式的修正函数。结果表明, 该法可显著减少不连续间距的相对误差, 从而可以采用较短的测量线来测量岩体的不连续间距。     

Effect of Shape on Inertial Particle Dynamics in a Channel Flow

Particle dynamics in a channel flow are investigated using large eddy simulation and a Lagrangian particle tracking technique. Following validation of single-phase flow predictions against DNS results, fluid velocities are subsequently used to study the behaviour of particles of differing shape assuming one-way coupling between the fluid and the particles. The influence of shape- and orientation-dependent drag and lift forces on both the translational and rotational motion of the particles is accounted for to ensure accurate representation of the flow dynamics of non-spherical particles. The size of the particles studied was obtained based on an equivalent-volume sphere, and differing shapes were modelled using super-quadratic ellipsoid forms by varying their aspect ratio, with their orientation predicted using the incidence angle between the particle relative velocity and the particle principal axis. Results are presented for spherical, needle- and platelet-like particles at a number of different boundary layer locations along the wall-normal direction within the channel. The time evolution and probability density function of selected particle translational and rotational properties show a clear distinction between the behaviour of the various particles types, and indicate the significance of particle shape when modelling many practically relevant flows.     

Variations in steepness of the probability density function of beam random vibration

Dynamic behaviour of a beam, subjected to stationary random excitation, has been investigated for the situation in which the response is different from the model of a Gaussian random process. The study was restricted to the case of symmetric non-Gaussian probability density functions of beam vibrations. There are two possible causes of deviations of the system response from the Gaussian model: the first, nonlinear behaviour, concerns the system itself and the second is external when the excitation is not Gaussian. Both cases have been considered in the paper. To clarity the conclusions for each case and to avoid interference of these different types of system behaviour, two beam structures, clamped-clamped and cantilevered, have been studied. A numerical procedure for prediction of the nonlinear random response of a clamped-clamped beam under the Gaussian excitations was based on a linear modal expansion. Monte Carlo simulation was undertaken using Runge–Kutta integration of the generalised coordinate equations. Probability density functions of the beam response were analysed and approximated making use of different theoretical models. An experimental study has been carried out for a linear system of a cantilevered beam with a point mass at the free end. A pseudo-random driving signal was generated digitally in the form of a Fourier expansion and fed to a shaker input. To generate a non-Gaussian excitation a special procedure of harmonic phase adjustment was implemented instead of the random choice. In so doing, the non-Gaussian kurtosis parameter of the beam response was controlled.     

Direct numerical simulation of confined swirling jets

This study investigates the Lagrangian acceleration and velocity of fluid particles in swirling flows via direct numerical simulation. The intermittency characteristics of acceleration and velocity of fluid particles are investigated at different swirl numbers and Reynolds numbers. The flatness factor and trajectory curvature are used to analyse the effect of Lagrangian intermittency. The joint probability density function of Lagrangian acceleration and turbulence intensity is shown to explain the augmentation effect of Lagrangian intermittency by the strongly swirling levels under the relatively low intensity of turbulence. In addition, the correlation between the Lagrangian acceleration and the turbulence intensity is enhanced as the swirl level increases. It shows the important effect of swirl on the motion behaviour of fluid particles in the strongly swirling flows.     

Micromechanical definition of an entropy for quasi-static deformation of granular materials

A micromechanical theory is formulated for quasi-static deformation of granular materials, which is based on information theory. A reasoning is presented that leads to the definition of an information entropy that is appropriate for quasi-static deformation of granular materials. This definition is based on the hypothesis that relative displacements at contacts with similar orientations are independent realisations of a random variable. This hypothesis is made plausible based on the results of Discrete Element simulations. The developed theory is then used to predict the elastic behaviour of granular materials in terms of micromechanical quantities. The case considered is that of two-dimensional assemblies consisting of non-rotating particles with an elastic contact constitutive relation. Applications of this case are the initial elastic (small-strain) deformation of granular materials. Theoretical results for the elastic moduli, relative displacements, energy distribution and probability density functions are compared with results obtained from the Discrete Element simulations for isotropic assemblies with various average numbers of contacts per particle and various ratios of tangential to normal contact stiffness. This comparison shows that the developed information theory is valid for loose systems, while a theory based on the uniform-strain assumption is appropriate for dense systems.     

复杂用户网络在移动通信方面的应用研究

在传统的移动蜂窝系统研究中,所有用户都假设具有相同的行为,即他们以相等的概率打出/接听电话,以及他们以相同的移动性在网络内移动. 还有,基础用户网络假设为一个全互联的网络, 这暗示着所有的用户都互相认识,且以同一概率进行相互通讯. 但在现实的环境中,每个用户有各自的熟人(包括家人、亲戚、朋友和同事)通讯录,其通讯录的大小也视乎个别用户而有所不同. 此外,由于用户的移动性取决于各种各样的因素(如工作性质等),不同用户的移动程度也不尽相同. 为了估计移动系统更接近实际的性能,我们使用无尺度网络作为潜在的用户网络模型,即一个用户的熟人数目服从幂律分布,并且研究在3种移动性(即零移动性、相同移动性和幂律移动性)下的移动系统.最后, 通过计算机仿真来估计系统的性能指标(如承载话务量和阻塞率等).结果表明, 用户网络结构以及用户移动性都会对移动系统的性能产生影响.      

A transient-network model describing the rheological behaviour of concentrated dispersions

Attractive forces acting between particles in dispersions may cause a three-dimensional structure to be built up. A temporary-network model is postulated that describes the rheological behaviour of such systems. Chains of particles are assumed to be created and broken by thermal actions and by applied deformation. The relation between the network structure and the macroscopic stress tensor is deduced. One of the main model features is that no use is made of the common assumption of affinity of the motion of the chain vectors with the gradient of the macroscopic velocity field. Instead, the chain deformations are assumed to depend on the forces acting on them, i.e. their deformations depend on their stiffness and on the applied deformation, whereas fracture of chains may cause stress relaxation in the rest of the network. The chains may behave as highly non-linear springs, whereas the probability that the chains will break in some time interval may be an explicit function of the chain length itself. Integral equations are derived, from which the stress-tensor components can be calculated in any flow experiment, that obeys creeping-flow conditions. Analytical expressions are obtained for the relaxation spectrum of such systems in terms of the microscopic parameters.     

二维联合概率分布函数构造方法对结构串联系统可靠度影响分析

简要介绍了两种构造联合分布函数近似方法：基于Pearson相关系数的近似方法P和基于Spearman相关系数的近似方法S。推导了基于直接积分方法的串联系统失效概率计算公式,提出了两构件功能函数间负相关时串联结构系统失效概率上限值的计算公式。以理论联合概率分布函数是二维极值分布为例研究了两种近似方法在串联系统可靠度计算中的精度。结果表明,两种近似方法能够有效地计算串联结构系统可靠度,且精度很高,为不完备概率信息条件下串联结构系统可靠度分析提供了一条有效的途径。当两构件的功能函数正相关时,两种近似方法误差随串联系统失效概率的减小而增加,但近似方法与精确方法系统失效概率的差别最大也不会超过2倍;当两构件的功能函数负相关时,两种近似方法误差随系统失效概率的减小而减小,但两种近似方法的失效概率几乎与精确解一样。此外,两种近似方法误差不是随构件间相关性的增加而单调增加,而是存在一极大值。     

Incompressible flows with combustion simulated by a preconditioning method using multigrid acceleration and MUSCL reconstruction

A numerical algorithm for the steady state solution of three‐dimensional incompressible flows is presented. A preconditioned time marching scheme is applied to the conservative form of the governing equations. The preconditioning matrix multiplies the time derivatives of the system and circumvents the eigenvalue‐caused stiffness at low speed. The formulation is suitable for constant density flows and for flows where the density depends on non‐passive scalars, such as in low‐speed combustion applications. The k–ε model accounts for turbulent transport effects. A cell‐centred finite volume formulation with a Runge–Kutta time stepping scheme for the primitive variables is used. Second‐order spatial accuracy is achieved by developing for the preconditioned system an approximate Riemann solver with MUSCL reconstruction. A multi‐grid technique coupled with local time stepping and implicit residual smoothing is used to accelerate the convergence to the steady state solution. The convergence behaviour and the validation of the predicted solutions are examined for laminar and turbulent constant density flows and for a turbulent non‐premixed flame simulated by a presumed probability density function (PDF) model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of precession on velocity measurements in a strong laboratory vortex

A strong laboratory vortex is generated in a cylindrical cell using a rotating disk and stretched by pumping the fluid out through a hole in the centre of the top of the cell. The velocity field is measured by means of laser Doppler anemometry and Doppler ultrasonic anemometry which are both non intrusive methods. The vortex exhibits a slight precession which induces temporal fluctuations of the velocity at the measurement point. Due to the centrifugal force, the tracers concentrate in a tubular region around the vortex, leading to spatial variations of the measurement counting rate. Under these two effects, the probability density function (PDF) of the one point velocity exhibits a strong non-Gaussian behaviour. In order to access the details of the velocity profile of the vortex in its own system of reference, the influence of the vortex precession, of the spatial variations of the concentration in tracers and of the intrinsic measurement dispersion is investigated and a model is proposed. It allows to recover statistically the characteristics of the vortex and to deduce the trajectory of its centre from the instantaneous velocity profiles. Received: 5 August 1998/Accepted: 20 February 1999     

RANDOM VARIABLE WITH FUZZY PROBABILITY

IntroductionThematteroffuzzyrandomisusuallyclassifiedintothreeparts:fuzzyevent_exactitudeprobabilitymodel,crispevent_fuzzyprobabilitymodel,fuzzyevent_fuzzyprobabilitymodel.Uptonow ,themajorityofresearchesandachievementsareaboutthefirstmodel,buttherearefewresearchesandachievementsaboutthesecondmodel[1- 4].Whenresearchingthesecondmodel,thefuzzyprobabilityaboutcertainbasiceventsmustbegivenfirst,andthefuzzinessofvariablesiscausedbythefuzzyprobabilityaboutthesebasicevents.Theabove_mentionedrelation…     

不确定性参数系统振动控制闭环特征值的上、下界估计

用凸模型理论讨论参数不确定性系统的振动控制问题。把不确定系统的振动控制转化为确定性问题来处理，然后讨论不确定参数对闭环特征值的影响，提出了闭环系统特征值上、下界的计算公式。     

Equations and a fast algorithm for determining the probability of failure initiated by flaws

Powerful equations and an efficient algorithm are proposed for determining the probability of failure of loaded components with complex shape, containing multiple types of flaws. The equations are based on the concept ‘conditional individual probability of initiating failure’ characterising a single flaw given that it is in the stressed component. The proposed models relate in a simple fashion the conditional individual probability of failure characterising a single flaw (estimated by a Monte Carlo simulation) to the probability of failure characterising a population of flaws. The derived equations constitutes the core of a new statistical theory of failure initiated by flaws in the material, with important applications in optimising designs by decreasing their vulnerability to failure initiated by flaws during overloading or fatigue cycling.Methods have also been developed for specifying the maximum acceptable level of the flaw number density and the maximum size of the stressed volume which guarantee that the probability of failure initiated by flaws remains below a maximum acceptable level. An important parameter referred to as ‘detrimental factor’ is also introduced. Components with identical geometry and material, with the same detrimental factors are characterised by the same probability of failure. It is argued that eliminating flaws from the material should concentrate on types of flaws characterised by large detrimental factors.The equations proposed avoid conservative predictions resulting from equating the probability of failure initiated by a flaw in a stressed region with the probability of existence of the flaw in that region.     

基于概率密度演化方法的随机结构可靠度分析

随机结构反应的概率密度演化方法能够给出随机荷载作用下随机结构反应的概率密度函数。在此基础上，根据给定的正常使用位移限值要求，直接进行积分给出了随机结构的正常使用可靠度及其失效概率。在实例分析中，与一类情况下的精确解答及基于反应正态分布假定的二阶矩方法分析结果进行了比较。研究表明：基于密度演化方法的随机结构可靠度分析具有很高的精度，而二阶矩方法的可靠度分析结果则往往具有一定的偏差，在失效概率较低时可能给出虚假的失效概率。     

The effect of uncertain material properties on free vibrations of thin periodic plates

Thin periodic plates with uncertain properties in a periodicity cell are investigated. To describe dynamics of these plates the non-asymptotic tolerance modelling method, cf. Wo?niak and Wierzbicki (Averaging techniques in thermomechanics of composite solids. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Cz?stochowskiej, Cz?stochowa, 15), Wo?niak et al. (eds.) (Thermomechanics of microheterogeneous solids and structures. Tolerance averaging approach. Wydawnictwo Politechniki ?ódzkiej, ?ód?, 16), for those plates is applied. The governing equations of tolerance models based on this method take into account the effect of period lengths on the overall behaviour of the plate. Hence, the additional effects of the periodicity can be analysed, as higher order vibrations. Moreover, properties of the plate in the periodicity cell are determined uncertainly. To analyse an influence of random variables of the properties with a fixed probability distribution on vibrations of the plate the Monte Carlo analysis is applied.     

基于Monte-Carlo方法的结构系统可靠度计算及敏度分析

基于可靠性分析理论,将结构失效概率对随机变量均值的敏度表示成失效概率与正则化随机变量在失效域上期望的乘积,并利用敏度分析的结果给出了结构线性等效安全余量的表达式.通过等概率转换,使得该方法可以应用于服从任意分布的随机变量.该方法在给出失效概率的同时,能够给出失效概率对随机变量均值的敏度,而无需重新对结构进行计算,提高了...