定向井有杆抽油系统动态性能分析方法

由于杆管间库仑摩擦的影响,定向井有杆泵抽油系统动态参数预测模型是一个非线性的偏微分方程,求解复杂。鉴于此,提出了一种新的分析方法。该方法以定向井有杆抽油系统中的抽油杆柱作为研究对象,根据三次样条插值模拟得到的定向井的井眼轨迹,利用静力有限元法计算出了油管对抽油杆柱的支反力,进而得出了杆柱与油管之间的库仑摩擦力;给出了杆柱单元的受力分析;建立了有限元形式的杆柱系统动力学方程并利用状态空间法对其进行了数值求解,获得了悬点示功图。文末给出了两口油井的预测实例,并将预测结果与实测结果进行了对比。对比结果表明本文所提的分析方法是正确和有效的。     

单裂缝中携砂液流动规律研究

裂缝中携砂液流动是一种固液两相流,携砂液的运移与支撑剂的铺置是水力压裂裂缝保持导流能力的关键.本文基于FLUENT流体计算软件,采用双流体模型,将颗粒看作拟流体,携砂液按照牛顿流体处理,分析了支撑剂体积分数α_s、阿基米德数Ar、颗粒雷诺数Re以及裂缝入口边界对流动规律的影响.研究结果表明:携砂液在裂缝中的流动过程中,发展成为支撑剂体积分数不同的四个区域,包括砂堤区、颗粒悬浮区、颗粒滚流区和无砂区;支撑剂的沉降程度随着支撑剂体积分数和阿基米德数的增加而增加,而随着雷诺数增加而降低;入口为网眼型时,进入裂缝后过流面积的增加导致流速突降,使得支撑剂更容易在入口处产生堆积,在同一入口流速下,较均匀入口的工况铺砂高度大.     

分层有杆抽油系统诊断模型的反问题计算法

建立了分层有杆抽油系统的诊断模型 ,研究了在实心抽油杆与空心抽油杆的界面处空心泵对应力波的影响 ,给出了抽油杆柱不同杆段的波动方程的显示差分格式 ,提出了一种诊断模型的反问题计算法。用此算法可在缺少一个边界条件的情况下求解诊断模型 ,获得抽油系统各个工况下抽油杆柱任意截面的受力状态 ,从而可绘制出分层有杆抽油系统的空心泵示功图和管式泵示功图。将此算法与模式识别技术相结合就可对分层有杆抽油系统的故障进行诊断。     

西安交大与中原油田合作研制ZYJD-86型抽油井综合测试系统

西安交大和中原油田合作研制的“ZYJD-86型抽油机井综合测试系统”鉴定会,于1986年11月在中原油田通过部级技术鉴定。该综合测试系统,主要由数字示功仪和数字抽油井液面探测仪两部分组成。它采用先进的测试技术进行数据采集和变换处理,并与微机直接连接,可以测试油井有杆泵抽油系统的     

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基于射孔完井水平裂缝中支撑剂均匀充填，考虑充填层强度、油层和流体 物性以及裂缝的渗流条件，研究了地应力及渗流引起的附加应力联合作用的支撑剂充填层渗 流模型和力学模型，并进行现场应用. 研究表明，所建立的模型对压裂油井支撑剂回采出砂 状况分析具有较高的符合率，油井总体符合率、不出砂井符合率和出砂井符合率分 别为84.66\%, 84.18\%和88.10\%, 为大庆油田压裂油井防砂措施实施方案制定提 供了决策支持，有利于提高措施有效率.     

水平井砾石充填数值模拟研究进展

综述了水平井数值模拟研究的最新进展,内容包括：水平井砾石充填 机理及技术难题、充填过程中平衡砂床高度、临界流速的计算模型,描述了筛管/井筒环空砂 浆流动、冲管/筛管环空纯携砂液流动以及它们之间流体的交换和向地层的滤失过程. 重点介 绍了$\alpha$波充填过程中流动数学模型的研究现状及影响水平井砾石充填的各个 因素和存在的问题.     

结构鲁棒优化的非概率集合理论凸方法

以传统的优化理论为基础，考虑含不确定结构参数的情况，提出了非概率凸集合理论的 结构优化方法. 将结构优化列式中的目标函数与约束条件所含有的不确定参数用凸集合 定量化，只需知道其所在范围的边界，降低了以往处理不确定性问题概率方法需要知道不确 定参数的均值、方差或概率分布密度等详细统计信息的要求. 提出的鲁棒优化方法在使 目标函数达到设计要求的同时，结构还能承受结构参数在其所在范围内变化引起结构性能的 变异. 通过优化问题中普遍使用的10杆平面桁架和一个72杆空间桁架实例，给出了当 结构参数为名义值时结构的优化结果，以及结构参数具有不确定性时的优化结果，力求表明 所介绍的方法的可行性和优越性.     

中小柔度钢压杆稳定性设计的通用公式

中小柔度钢压杆稳定性设计的通用公式赵显慧，赵加祯（山西省吕梁煤炭工业学校，汾阳０３２２００）文［１］提出了考虑稳定性的压杆截面直接设计方法，但对型钢压杆设计计算失效．本文提出的通用公式则较完美地解决了这类问题，和文［２］提出的大柔度钢压杆稳定性设计通...     

含水率对非饱和钙质砂动力特性影响的试验研究

使用经过系统标定的霍普金森压杆试验装置对不同含水率钙质砂进行了在准一维应变条件下的动态压缩试验，试样的平均应变率为209～1 137 s?1。试验结果表明:半导体应变片灵敏系数和压杆弥散关系的标定对试验结果的准确性具有重要影响；当钙质砂应变小于0.025时潮湿试样的切向模量高于干燥试样，而在应变大于0.025时则相反；潮湿钙质砂的切线模量随含水率的增加先减后增。通过分析非饱和钙质砂在锁变后其轴向应力应变曲线及侧压力系数的变化规律，提出了非饱和钙质砂锁变现象的模型。     

2MeV注入器磁场设计与计算

用数值计算方法对２ＭｅＶ注入器上的外加螺线管线圈进行了设计和计算，最后提出在阳极杆部分另加外一反向线圈，得到了较佳结果，同时也给出了整个区域的磁场分布和在磁场作用下的电子束传输的束包络轨迹及束流参数等。     

防砂井挡砂介质堵塞规律实验及堵塞程度定量预测模型

防砂井挡砂介质堵塞造成降产已成为困扰油气井防砂的关键问题。已开展的大量堵塞规律研究主要涉及机理和定性描述,尚未形成可用的堵塞程度定量预测方法。针对这一问题,本文在广泛应用的砾石充填防砂条件下,利用挡砂介质堵塞评价驱替实验装置,进行了砾石层堵塞机理和规律实验,着重考察了砾石层堵塞渗透率比随驱替时间、砾砂中值比、流体流速、流体粘度、粘土含量、细质含量等生产条件的定量变化规律。根据实验数据,首先拟合砾石充填层堵塞渗透率比随时间的定量关系,引入综合堵塞系数和单项堵塞系数表征各生产条件对堵塞规律的影响,然后拟合了堵塞系数与各生产参数的经验关系,整合得到一个根据防砂参数和生产条件预测砾石充填层堵塞程度随时间变化规律的定量模型。结果表明,不同生产条件砾石层渗透率在投产早期下降较快,然后下降速度减缓并趋于基本不再变化,达到堵塞平衡状态。具体变化规律由防砂参数和生产条件控制。使用实际防砂井资料进行了模型应用案例分析,结果和规律与现场实际基本相符。该模型进一步修正后可用于防砂井动态产能预测与评价。     

Numerical Simulation of the Movement of Saltwater under Skimming and Scavenger Pumping in the Pleistocene Aquifer of Gaza and Jericho Areas, Palestine

The Pleistocene aquifers are important sources of water supply in both the Gaza and Jericho areas of Palestine. The aquifers are saline with freshwater lenses floating on saline bodies of water. It is important to investigate how to exploit these freshwater lenses without causing unnecessary mixing of the fresh and saline waters. The objective of this research is to investigate the feasibility of applying skimming and scavenger pumping as a means to exploit the freshwater lenses and to control saline water upconing in the aquifers. This study is the first to examine the movement of fresh and saline waters underneath skimming and scavenger wells in the aquifers of Gaza and Jericho. Two simulation models that couple density-dependent fluid flow and solute transport have been used to simulate and predict the movement of saltwater under different hydrogeological and operational conditions of skimming and scavenger wells in the two aquifers. The results show (for the Jericho Aquifer) that: the location of well screen has a strong control on the steady-state position of the fresh/saline water transition zone; the upconing mechanism appears to continue under skimming pumping until saline water enters the well screen even when the pumping rate is reduced; and for better salinity control it is necessary to place well screen against the gravel layers only and locate one screen segment in the saline water zone. The study shows (for the Gaza coastal aquifer) that the most important parameters affecting the movement of saline water under scavenger pumping are the relationship between recharge and pumping rates, the location of the well screen within the saturated thickness, the vertical permeability; and the transverse dispersivity. This study shows that saltwater upconing in Gaza aquifer can be controlled by operating a second well in the saline water zone so that the optimal ratio between saline water and freshwater pumping is 1:2 respectively.     

Finite Element Analysis of Two- and Three-dimensional Flows Around Box-type Bridge Sections

Multilayer seepage model is proposed instead of three dimensional model. Optimum theory based on multilayer finite element formulation is applied to planning the efficient flow rate and pumping well layout. The Sakawa-Shindo method is used for the optimum control calculation. As a numerical example, calculations are carried out to determine an optimum pumping flow for use where a cut-off wall and pumping wells are combined.     

Lagrangian Transport and Chaotic Advection in Two-Dimensional Anisotropic Systems

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) are a promising concept to make geothermal power generation available in many regions worldwide. However, in current EGSs generally only a fraction of the geothermal reservoir is effectively accessed by the production fluid, resulting in suboptimal performance. Recent studies in the literature on a two-dimensional Darcy flow in a circular reservoir driven by reoriented injector–producer wells demonstrated that well configurations and pumping schemes designed on the basis of chaos theory enable efficient distribution of the production fluids throughout the entire reservoir. Key to this is accomplishment of chaotic advection, i.e. the rapid dispersion and stretching of material fluid regions, by a “proper” flow forcing. However, these studies concern isotropic reservoirs, while geothermal reservoirs typically are highly anisotropic. Our theoretical/computational study expands on said studies by investigating the impact of anisotropy on fundamental aspects of the Lagrangian transport of production fluids. This reveals that anisotropy generically eliminates key organizing mechanisms in the Lagrangian transport, viz. symmetries, and thus tends to promote disorder and, inherently, chaotic advection. However, symmetries are partially preserved—and thus order and coherence partially restored—in non-generic cases such as pumping schemes employing an even number of injector–producer wells and well configurations aligned with the anisotropy. Symmetry associated with well alignment in fact appears crucial to an intriguing “order within chaos” observed only in such cases: prolonged confinement of fluid to subregions of chaotic areas.     

Observations on sand jets in viscoplastic fluids

Sand jet in non-Newtonian viscoplastic fluid is associated with a number of industrial and engineering applications, including sand capping for the reclamation of oilsands tailings ponds and sediment deposition into soft mud. In this study, several experiments were carried out by depositing circular sand jets vertically into viscoplastic fluids, known as Laponite gel. The deformation regimes of sand jets in the gel were investigated. The yield-gravity parameter of the deformed sand drop in the gel was computed.     

Unsteady Flow to Wells Partially Penetrating in Two-Layered Aquifers

The unsteady flow of water to well in a layered aquifer with an interlayer flow is examined in this paper. The system studied comprises an aquifer consisting of two productive layers of finite thickness that are in a perfect hydraulic contact and a well which partially penetrates in one of the layers. Each layer is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic and the water contained in the aquifer is of identical physical properties and small compressibility.The analytical solutions are derived for the case when the system is characterised by equality of hydraulic diffusivity of layers. These solutions give the results accurate enough for practical applications and allow to estimate the effects of partial penetration and contrast in parameters of formation on distribution of the flow potential both at large distances from wells and at the wells.The obtained solutions also provide a basis for predicting the interlayer flow arising from the performance of a pumping well as well as between a pair of wells which have an open interval located in different layers of the aquifer. Two cases have been analysed: (1) a pumping pair of wells which is used to prevent water inflow to the productive well, and (2) a pumping-injection pair of wells providing the demanded mixing of water from adjacent layers. Some examples of flow patterns and specially computed diagrams are given to illustrate the operation of such systems.     

Formation Mechanism of Cracks in Saturated Sand

The formation mechanism of “water film” (or crack) in saturated sand is analyzed theoretically and numerically. The theoretical analysis shows that there will be no stable “water film” in the saturated sand if the strength of the skeleton is zero and no positions are choked. It is shown by numerical simulation that stable water films initiate and grow if the choking state keeps unchanged once the fluid velocities decrease to zero in the liquefied sand column. The developments of “water film” based on the model presented in this paper are compared with experimental results.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40025103 and 10202024) and Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Process, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

基于ANN的定向井有杆抽油系统悬点示功图特征参数的计算

有杆抽油系统悬点示功图的特征参数是合理选择地面机电设备的主要依据.由于井下工况的复杂性和部分参数难以确定,使得基于求解高维时变非线性方程的传统方法的计算结果存在偏差.本文将传统方法和神经网络相结合,给出了一种能比较精确地确定定向井有杆抽油系统悬点示功图特征参数的方法,避免了建立和求解复杂的非线性动力学方程.首先依据传统方法,计算出简化悬点示功图的特征参数.然后考虑抽油杆柱弹性振动、抽油杆与油管之问的库仑和粘性摩擦、气体和供液能力等因素的影响,利用BP神经网络和RBF神经网络建立了不同工况下悬点示功图特征参数的计算模型.利用现场实测数据对建立的神经网络进行了训练和测试.测试结果表明了本文方法的正确性和有效性.