民用飞机发动机吊挂静力试验技术研究

根据民用飞机发动机吊挂部段静力试验技术需求,研制了一套用于吊挂部段静力试验的试验系统,解决了吊挂支持模拟、加载边界模拟等关键技术;采用载荷偏移与力偶施加相结合的方法施加力矩;设计了加载杠杆施加试验小载荷.顺利完成了吊挂应急着陆、航向侧移相关的三种危险工况试验.试验结果表明,试验系统工作稳定可靠,吊挂在应急着陆等工况下未发生有害塑性变形,其强度、刚度满足设计要求.试验结果可作为该吊挂部段强度、刚度性能的评定依据,同时为有限元建模提供数据支持.     

High-temperature tensile and creep tester for wire

To provide test facilities for determining the tension and short-time creep properties of small-diameter tungsten wire at high temperatures, special equipment has been designed and built, employing rf (radio frequency) heating as the means of attaining temperatures up to 2600° C. This paper describes the problems which had to be solved in designing and building the equipment, and gives results to tests made after the equipment was assembled. The equipment had to meet these requirements: it had to be capable of providing tension and short-time creep data on tungsten wire in sizes from 0.001 in. diam to 0.009 in. at temperatures up to 2600° C, it had to provide an autographic stress-strain curve for the tension tests, the loading rate during tension tests had to be constant, and all of this had to be done in good vacuum. Basically the equipment consists of a loading frame which supports a calibrated beam-type load dynamometer, a synchronous electric-clock motor for applying the load, rf equipment for attaining the desired temperature, an X-Y recorder for recording stress-strain curves, and a two-color automatic optical pyrometer for measuring the temperature. The test arrangement is mounted on a vacuum base plate under a bell jar. For creep testing, the flexible beam is replaced by a rigid beam, and load is applied by means of dead weights. Creep strain is measured with a cathetometer or Optron.     

正弯矩和拉力共同作用下刚性组合节点承载力计算方法

框架结构中某柱发生失效会造成梁跨度增加,进而导致梁的内力增大、跨中挠度变大,作用在失效柱上方节点的荷载组合也由负弯矩转变为同时存在的拉力和正弯矩．针对此工况,本文对在正弯矩和拉力作用下的刚性钢-混凝土组合节点进行内力分析,采用内力平衡法推导了拉弯承载力公式,并与相应的组合梁及钢梁的公式进行对比．同时利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立组合节点的有限元分析模型,得到不同参数下钢-混凝土组合节点的拉弯相关曲线,并与本文所提出的公式的计算结果进行了对比,两者吻合较好,为刚性组合节点在拉力和正弯矩共同作用下的拉弯受力设计提供了一定的参考依据．     

飞机转顶基座及支架结构静力试验技术研究

根据飞机空中试验用转顶基座及金属支架结构静力试验技术需求,研制了一套试验系统,解决了转顶基座及金属支架结构支持模拟、加载边界模拟等关键问题。对载荷进行等效处理,设计加载假件,采用载荷偏移与力偶施加相结合的方法施加力矩,分别完成了五级风载荷下4种工况的设计载荷试验和极限载荷试验,以及八级风载荷下其中第4工况的极限载荷试验。考核了结构的危险部位应力值及结构安全余量。试验结果表明,该试验系统工作稳定可靠,转顶基座及金属支架在设计载荷试验工况下未发生有害塑性变形,其强度、刚度满足设计要求。上述试验结果可作为该结构强度、刚度性能的评定依据,同时为后续结构研究的有限元建模提供数据支持。     

Analyses and evaluations for composite-moment frames with SMA PR-CFT connections

This paper describes seismic performance and evaluation for composite-moment frames (C-MF) with a new type of bolted connections. The study is purely analytical and explores the effort needed to establish new connection parameters without large-scale physical testing. The innovative aspects of this research are in the use of partial restraint (PR) connections between steel beams and concrete-filled tube (CFT) columns that utilize a combination of low-carbon steel and shape memory alloy (SMA) components as the main force transfer elements in the connections. The intent is to utilize the recentering provided by super-elastic shape memory tension bars to reduce building damage and residual drift after a major earthquake, and the energy dissipation of low-carbon steel components in parallel. Accurate modeling and computational efficiency were achieved through the use of a simplified joint element which includes all connection strength and deformation components. Four- and six-story C-MF models were designed for a high seismic zone in the western USA. Two connection types and three column systems installed at these prototype frame models were investigated through nonlinear pushover and dynamic analyses. The C-MF models with new bolted connections were compared to those with traditional welded connections. The results of numerical analysis demonstrate that C-MF with new PR connections show superior structural performance as indicated by small residual deformation and better distribution of the demand over the height of the structure.     

A Study on the Evaluation of the Fracture Process Zone in CCNBD Rock Samples

The safety of many civil and mining concrete and rock structures including pre-existing crack networks is fundamentally affected by the mechanical behaviour of the material under static and cyclic loading. In cyclic loading case, cracks can grow at a lower load level compared to the monotonic case. This phenomenon is called fatigue due to subcritical crack propagation and depends on the behaviour of the fracture process zone (FPZ). This study presents the results of laboratory diametrical compression tests performed on Brisbane tuff disc specimens to investigate their mode-I (tensile) fracture toughness response to static and cyclic loading and relevant FPZ. The FPZ and fracture toughness response to cyclic loading was found to be different from that under static loading in terms of the ultimate load and the damage mechanisms in front of the chevron crack. A maximum reduction of the static fracture toughness (K _IC ) of 42 % was obtained for the highest amplitude increasing cyclic loading test. Detailed scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations were performed on the surfaces of the tips of the chevron notch cracks, revealing that both loading methods cause FPZ development in the CCNBD specimens. When compared with monotonic FPZ development, the main difference with the cyclically loaded specimens was that intergranular cracks were formed due to particle breakage under cyclic loading, while smooth and bright cracks along cleavage planes were formed under static loading. Further, the SEM images showed that fatigue damage in Brisbane tuff is strongly influenced by the failure of the matrix because of both intergranular and transgranular subcritical fracturing.     

钢管混凝土柱-钢梁节点的力学性能分析

基于弹塑性有限元理论建立了钢管混凝土柱-钢梁节点荷载-位移全过程非线性有限元模型,在单元分析中采用改进的AUL表述推导得到梁柱单元刚度矩阵方程,同时考虑了材料的物理非线性和单元的几何非线性,并编制了非线性有限元程序NLFEACFST。采用该模型对相关研究者和作者进行的节点试验进行了分析,理论计算结果与试验结果比较表明,该模型具有很好的适用性和精度。在理论分析模型得到试验结果验证的基础上,对典型的中柱节点进行了荷载-位移全过程非线性特性分析,并对影响节点承载力和荷载-位移骨架曲线的因素进行了参数分析,为进一步从理论研究钢管混凝土框架结构的力学性能创造了条件。     

Test method for measuring strength of a curved sandwich beam

A fixture for testing curved sandwich beams in flexure was designed and evaluated. The test specimen is a continuous sandwich beam consisting of a central circular 90° region connected by two straight legs. The fixture was designed according to the four-point flexure principle to produce a pure bending moment in the curved region. The validity of the test fixture in producing the desired loading was examined by fitting a curved aluminum bar of similar bending stiffness as the sandwich beams considered. Strain gage readings were successfully compared to predictions from curved homogeneous beam theory. In addition, the deflection of the beam at the loading points was analyzed using straight and curved beam theory for the various sections of the beam, and predictions were compared to measured load-displacement response. Good agreement was achieved between experimental and analytical results lending confidence to the test principle. Curved sandwich beams consisting of glass/polyester face sheets over a PVC foam core were tested to failure and the loading response of the beams and their failure behavior are discussed. It was found that the beams failed at the upper face/core interface due to radial tension stress.     

Mechanical characterisation of a viscoplastic material sensitive to hydrostatic pressure

The present paper deals with the characterisation of the static mechanical behaviour of an energetic material all along its lifespan. The material behaviour is viscoplastic, damageable and sensitive to hydrostatic pressure. For such materials, existing models have generally been developed in the framework of transient dynamic behaviour. These models are not suitable for a static study. Therefore a specific experimental protocol and an associated model are developed. Characterisation is derived from both uniaxial compressive, tensile tests and triaxial tests. Plastic behaviour is described by means of a parabolic yield criterion and a new hardening law. Non-associated plastic flow rule and isotropic damage complete the model. The performance of the model is illustrated through the simulation of various loading paths.     

超静定连续梁弹塑性过程分析的单位荷载法

讨论了分析超静定连续梁弹塑性受力和变形全过程的单位荷载法,运用该方法分析了集中荷载作用下一次超静定两跨连续梁的弹塑性加载和变形全过程．根据受力变形的特点,集中荷载作用下两跨连续梁的弹塑性加载过程可分为四个阶段,分别是弹性阶段、集中荷载作用点附近塑性区扩展阶段、集中荷载作用点保持为塑性铰而附近区域线性卸载阶段、两跨连接点附近塑性区扩展直至形成第二个塑性铰阶段．给出了加载过程中各阶段的弯矩内力和竖向位移随外荷载而变化的解析公式．研究结果表明：在相同的单跨荷载工况下,连续梁的变形过程不同于单跨一次超静定梁,其塑性铰形成顺序不同,静定结构形成顺序不同,但塑性极限破坏荷载相同．     

An evaluation of a combined isotropic-kinematic hardening model for representation of complex strain-path changes in dual-phase steel

This paper aims at evaluating an elastoplastic constitutive model which accounts for combined isotropic-kinematic hardening for complex strain-path changes in a dual-phase steel, DP800. The capability of the model to reproduce the transient hardening phenomena under two-stage non-proportional loading has been assessed through numerical simulations of sequential uniaxial tension and notched tension/shear tests. Finite element simulations with shell elements were performed using the explicit non-linear FE code LS-DYNA. Numerical predictions of the stress–strain response were compared to the corresponding experimental data. The results from the experiments demonstrated that prior plastic deformation has certainly influenced the subsequent work-hardening behaviour of the material under biaxial or shear deformation modes. Furthermore, the numerical simulations from the two-stage uniaxial tension–notched tension and uniaxial tension–shear tests predicted the general trends of the experimental results such as transitory hardening and overall work hardening. However, some discrepancies were found in accurately describing the transient hardening behaviour subsequent to strain path changes between the experiments and numerical simulations.     

Hydrodynamic response of tension-leg platforms—A model

The tension-leg platform (TLP) is a hybrid type of offshore platform, fixed for the vertical degrees of freedom and compliant for the horizontal degrees of freedom. The platform structure is connected to the sea-bed foundation by vertical moorings (tension legs) which are kept in tension under all conditions by the excess buoyancy over weight of the platform. Hydrodynamic analysis is an important stage of the design of these structures; model tests are usually done for this purpose. This paper gives the details of an experimental study to analyze the behavior of a 1:50 TLP model subjected to the action of regular and irregular waves. Platform motions in surge, sway and heave directions were measured using accelerometers. Tether tensions were measured using specially developed load cells. Details of instrumentation, testing and analysis to obtain response amplitude operators (RAOs) are explained. The connection of tether to the column, arrangement for adjusting pretension from top, connection of load cell to the tether and provision for changing the angle of incidence of waves are some special features of this experimental study. The work reported will serve as a useful practical guide for similar types of experimental study. In addition, the conclusions on the comparison of RAOs of the model for regular and irregular waves will be useful in planning hydrodynamic model tests.     

Modelling of crack growth by fracture damage zone

The strain energy density (SED) criterion is applied for analyzing the full range of mixed mode fracture from tensile to shear loading. A fracture damage zone (FDZ) local to the crack tip is defined and discussed in connection with the influence of crack geometry, loading and local material property. The size of FDZ tends to change continuously from statically to cyclically applied load conditions. It can be estimated from the uniaxial mechanical properties of the material. Both experimental and analytical results are examined for subcritical crack growth under static loading that depends on the type steel structures the fracture behavior of which could be represented by a single curve for the given specimen geometry.     

Failure behavior of composite sandwich structures under local loading

Usually when analyzing the mechanical response of foam-cored fiber-reinforced composite sandwich structures to localized static loading, the face sheets are treated as a linear-elastic material and no damage initiation and growth is considered. However, practice shows that at higher indentation magnitudes damage develops in the face sheet in the area of contact with the indentor, which could lead to local failure of the face laminate due to the loss of bending stiffness and strength. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to develop a damage model for predicting the local failure in the composite face sheet and its influence on the load–displacement behavior of sandwich structures under local loading. For this purpose, the Hoffman failure criterion is incorporated into a finite element modeling procedure using the ABAQUS program system. Results deducted from the modeling procedure are compared with experimental data obtained in the case of static indentation tests performed on sandwich beam specimens using steel cylindrical indentors. It is shown that taking into account the damage in the face sheet leads to a substantial improvement in the performance of the model when simulating the mechanical behavior of the sandwich structures at higher indentation values.     

考虑刚度折减的多棱锥型套接钢管杆挠度及附加弯矩研究

多棱锥型钢管杆广泛应用于城市周边输电线路，管与管之间通常采用法兰连接，套接连接应用不大。鉴于目前对于多棱锥型套接钢管杆挠度的计算方法研究相对较少，本文根据梁的挠曲线微分方程理论，结合套接节点刚度折减，推导出在常见荷载(弯矩M、水平力P和均布力q)作用下多棱锥型套接钢管杆挠度和附加弯矩的计算方法。最后，选取典型套接钢管杆进行对比分析，得出了一些重要结论。本文对套接钢管杆挠度计算进行细致的研究，可作为输电线路钢管杆套接连接设计的参考     

A3钢损伤累积过程的声发射监测

研究Ａ３结构钢，损伤累积过程中的声发射特性，对其在静、动载荷下声发射参数进行了分析。声发射振铃的上升、下降与材料内部的损伤程度有关。在一定的条件下，可以根据声发射信号的强弱、上升及下降的趋势，判别材料内部的损伤程度．     

Non-linear behaviour of foams under static and impact three point bending

The influence of impregnation on mechanical properties of polyurethane foams at room temperature has been experimentally evaluated in both static and impact loading conditions. The impregnation layer increases the flexural modulus and changes the foam behaviour at impact. For un-impregnated foam the energy absorbed to fracture is equal to the impact energy, while for the impregnated specimens the energy absorbed to fracture is approximately 80% of the impact energy, which indicated that the other part of the impact energy was consumed for internal damage. The same amount of energy was reached for both static and impact tests, but different shapes of energy versus displacement curves were obtained. For notched specimens under impact load, the effect of impregnation is cancelled and identical behaviour was obtained for un-impregnated and impregnated specimens.     

Influence of spacing parameters on the wind loading of solar array

Boundary layer wind tunnel tests were conducted to investigate the effects of different spacing parameters on the wind loading of ground and roof mounted solar arrays. On the ground mounted array the effect of lateral and longitudinal spacing between panels was investigated. On the roof mounted array the effect of array perimeter gap from the building edge was investigated. Based on the results obtained, the magnitude of force and moment coefficients on the ground mounted array decreased across panel rows as a result of sheltering effect from the neighboring upwind panels. The largest reduction of wind load coefficients was observed on the second row panels but the amount of reduction dropped quickly afterwards, becoming minimal after the fourth row. It was also observed that panels located in the outer array column could be subjected to relatively higher wind loads compared to panels located in the inner array columns. Increasing the lateral spacing between array columns was observed to have minimal effect on the force and moment coefficients. However, the wind load coefficients increased as the longitudinal spacing between panel rows was increased. The wind load coefficients on the roof mounted array decreased with increasing perimeter gap from the building edge.     

Numerical analysis of the dual actuator load test applied to fracture characterization of bonded joints

The dual actuator load test was numerically analyzed in order to assess its adequacy for fracture characterization of bonded joints under different mixed-mode loading conditions. This test enables asymmetric loading of double cantilever beam specimens, thus providing a large range of mixed-mode combinations. A new data reduction scheme based on specimen compliance, beam theory and crack equivalent concept was proposed to overcome several difficulties inherent to the test. The method assumes that the dual actuator test can be viewed as a combination of the double cantilever beam and end loaded split tests, which are used for pure modes I and II fracture characterization, respectively. A numerical analysis including a cohesive mixed-mode damage model was performed considering different mixed-mode loading conditions to evaluate the test performance. Some conclusions were drawn about the advantages and drawbacks of the test.