平面金属飞层对碰区速度剖面的精密测试

采用线阵多普勒光纤探针测速技术（Doppler pins system,DPS）,对钨合金平面飞层对碰区速度剖面进行了精密测试研究,获得了4 mm长度范围内16个测点的速度-时间曲线。对速度曲线进一步处理后,给出了对碰区凸起轮廓发展演化过程、对碰区压力分布、材料表面是否发生破坏等丰富的实验参量和信息。实验结果表明,在本文实验装置构形下,冲击波对碰后发生规则反射,对碰后压力约为对碰前压力的2.5倍;冲击波对碰后的压力分布决定对碰区的凸起结构,钨合金飞层对碰区凸起为尖形结构。     

金属铅在斜冲击波对碰加载下动态行为的数值模拟

高强度冲击加载作用下金属材料的动态物理行为是当前冲击波领域基础研究和工程应用最为关注的焦点。采用光滑粒子法(SPH)开展不同位置起爆诱发的斜冲击波对碰加载金属铅的二维数值模拟研究,得到了金属铅内入射斜冲击波的角度和强度,并利用极曲线方法理论上导出发生马赫反射时的临界入射角和入射马赫数关系。根据计算结果可知,金属铅内入射斜波对碰后将发生马赫反射。随着起爆位置与金属铅表面距离的增加,不仅金属铅内入射冲击波强度和入射角增加,而且形成的马赫杆宽度也在增加。由自由面速度剖面给出了马赫杆宽度及张角,结果与理论预测的结果吻合较好。     

非线性弹性介质中冲击波斜反射的研究

本文讨论了各向同性非线性超弹性介质在平面小应变下的冲击波斜反射问题。给出了本构关系、简单波解和冲击波解,并作为例子求解了入射冲击波在自由面的斜反射问题。     

柱壳约束对散心冲击波空间分布的影响

结合实验和数值模拟，研究了散心冲击波在金属柱壳约束下沿有机玻璃内部的空间分布。进行了点起爆柱状炸药驱动飞片加载实验，采用Polyvinylidence Fluoride (PVDF)测试方法对有机玻璃内部的压力进行测试。实验结果显示:在冲击波传播过程中，在特定传播距离处，离中心轴越近，冲击波第一幅值压力越小，这是因为散心冲击驱动飞片成前凸形状，在飞片飞行过程中与有机玻璃碰撞面积越来越大，在远离对称轴部位冲击压力叠加累积效应更强引起的；但在随后的冲击波传播过程中，由于受到柱壳约束影响，离对称轴越近，冲击波幅值越小，这是由散心冲击波在约束柱壳边界反射与冲击波波阵面叠加的结果。通过对炸药网格大变形溢出柱壳翻转进行合理处理，对实验进行了数值模拟。数值模拟结果所得的冲击压力沿径向分布规律计算结果与实验结果定性相符。最后探讨了不同约束程度对这一规律的影响程度，结果表明，后续的冲击波幅值随着约束的增加而急剧增加。     

钢化玻璃冲击波毁伤效应测试结果分析

为研究爆炸冲击波对钢化玻璃的毁伤阈值,开展了钢化玻璃冲击波毁伤效应实验。对每一发实验进行了爆炸参数测试,获得了冲击波超压随时间变化历程的实验数据。通过对实验数据的处理与分析,得到了爆炸冲击波基本参数,包括正反射超压、冲击波到时、正压作用时间、正反射冲量、负反射超压、负压作用时间和负反射冲量等。将实验结果与CONWEP计算结果进行了比较,比较结果表明二者误差很小,证明冲击波测试结果准确可靠。对冲击波正负反射参数进行了比较,结果表明冲击波正反射参数明显高于冲击波负反射参数。     

爆轰波对碰加载下平面金属样品动载行为实验研究

进行冲击波对碰加载简易平面金属Sn和W样品实验,采用X射线照相和激光干涉测速系统进行联合诊断,给出了2种材料冲击波对碰区表面微喷及主体破碎物质的直观图像,研究了Sn和W样品对碰区动力学行为,并比较分析2种材料对碰区特征的异同,给出了定性物理解释,实验结果可为爆轰波对碰加载下材料动力学特性的理论研究提供数据支撑。     

空气冲击波遇运动刚壁反射时壁面超压的计算

本文分析了空气冲击波与运动刚壁的相互作用,给出了运动刚壁正反射或斜反射时壁面峰值反射超压的计算公式。当刚壁速度为零时,这些公式退化成空气冲击波遇固壁相互作用的计算公式。     

空中强爆炸冲击波地面反射规律数值模拟研究

为准确预测空中强爆炸产生的冲击波载荷分布，基于欧拉坐标系建立了能够模拟具有高密度比、高压力比的强激波问题的二维多介质流体数值方法。结合网格自适应技术，对1 kt TNT当量的空中强爆炸在不同爆炸高度下的冲击波地面反射过程进行了数值模拟，并考虑了真实气体状态方程和空气随高度不均匀分布的影响。计算得到了地面上距爆心投影点大尺度范围内的反射超压和冲量等冲击波载荷分布，并给出了冲击波载荷随爆高的变化规律。     

非线性弹性介质中冲击波斜反射的研究(Ⅱ)

利用前文结果求解了冲击波在固壁及滑动刚壁两种边界面上的斜反射问题。在滑动刚壁的情,很可能出现马赫反射图象。     

真实空气冲击波的正反射和正规反射

本文讨论了真实空气中冲击波的正反射和正规反射,并用H.L.Brade拟合的空气状态方程进行了计算。计算结果表明,当入射冲击波超压小于约20大气压时,反射冲击波的超压值和动压值实际上和理想气体计算结果一致,当入射冲击波较强时,则反射冲击波参数比理想气体结果显著增大。     

Head on collision of a planar shock wave with a dusty gas layer

The head-on collision of a planar shock wave with a dust-air suspension is studied numerically. In this study the suspension is placed inside a conduit adjacent to its rigid end-wall. It is shown that as a result of this collision two different types of transmitted shock waves are possible, depending on the strength of the incident shock wave and the dust loading ratio in the suspension. One possibility is a partially dispersed shock wave, the other is a compression wave. The flow fields resulting in these two options are investigated. It is shown that in both cases, at late times after the head-on reflection of the transmitted shock wave from the conduit end-wall a negative flow (away from the end-wall) is evident. The observed flow behavior may suggest a kind of dust particle lifting mechanism that could shed new light on the complex phenomenon of dust entrainment behind sliding shock waves.      

不同状态方程对固体介质中斜激波反射的影响

相比气体,固体介质在高压下的状态方程更为复杂,形式也多种多样.现有关于固体介质中激波反射的理论研究,一般直接采用某种状态方程,缺乏对采用不同状态方程得到的结果的对比.本项工作采用激波极曲线的理论分析方法,选择4种不同组合形式的状态方程(一次冲击激波采用线性的冲击波速度与粒子速度关系式,二次冲击激波采用Gr(u|¨)neisen状态方程;一次冲击和二次冲击激波均采用冲击波速度与粒子速度关系式:一次冲击激波采用线性冲击波速度与粒子速度关系式,二次冲击激波采用刚性气体状态方程;以及一次冲击激波和二次冲击激波均采用刚性气体状态方程),研究固体介质中的斜激波反射,比较了采用不同组合形式的状态方程对反射激波波后压力的影响.利用量纲分析方法讨论了简化状态方程达到较高精度的条件.此外,用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,对激波极曲线理论给出的结果进行了验证.本项工作可为固体介质中激波反射问题状态方程的选取提供一定的指导.     

Initial stage of the collision of blast waves

The collision of two blast waves is analyzed for the case of variable parameters of the gas behind the wave front and wave reflection at a plane, a cylindrical, and a spherical obstacle. The reflection of a blast wave from a nonmoving obstacle is investigated in detail. The problem of the collision of two shock waves with constant parameters behind the front is solved both in the symmetrical case (reflection from a nonmoving wall) and in the case of waves of different amplitudes by a system of algebraic relations for the compression shocks. The reflection of a strong point-source spherical shock wave from a wall has been treated in [1, 2]. The present article examines the initial stage of wave collision for an arbitrary distribution of the parameters behind the front.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 41–48, September–October, 1971.The authors are grateful to V. P. Korobeinikov for a discussion of the results and to V. P. Kolgan for furnishing the numerical solutions.     

Shock-tube experiments on the stability of regular reflection in the dual-solution domain

Regular reflection (RR) and Mach reflection (MR) are theoretically both possible in the dual-solution domain of oblique shock reflection. The physical difference between the two types of reflection is the pressure behind the reflected shock wave: that of MR is lower than that of RR for strong shock reflection. The magnitude relation of these pressures is inverted for weak shock reflection. In the present paper, we performed two kinds of experiment, depending on whether the oblique shock reflection is weak or strong. For strong shock reflection, we decreased the pressure behind the reflected wave of RR using a convex double-wedge. For weak shock reflection, we increased this pressure using a concave double-wedge. Thus, we investigated the stability of RR against pressure disturbances. The results indicate that RR in a shock tube is stable, in the dual-solution domain, for both weak and strong incident shocks.     

Effect of compression on wave diffraction by a floating elastic plate

In the present paper, the water wave diffraction by a two-dimensional floating elastic plate is analyzed in the presence of compressive force. The solutions in the cases of infinite and finite water depths are derived based on integro-differential equation method in the presence of compressive force under the assumption of small amplitude water wave theory and plate deflection. Further, wave diffraction by the floating elastic plate is analyzed under the assumption of shallow water approximation. The role of compressive force and its limiting values are obtained by using the hydroelastic analysis of the flexural gravity waves. The limiting values of oblique angle of incidence are obtained in different cases and the effect of compressive force on the oblique angle is analyzed. Effect of compressive force and angle of incidence on the hydroelastic behavior of the floating plate are studied by analyzing the reflection coefficients in different cases.     

A holographic interferometric study of shock wave focusing in a circular reflector

A holographic interferometric study was made of the focusing of reflected shock waves from a circular reflector. A diaphragmless shock tube was used for incident shock Mach numbers ranging from 1.03 to 1.74. Hence, the process of reflected shock wave focusing was quantitatively observed. It is found that a converging shock wave along the curved wall undergoes an unsteady evolution of mach reflection and its focusing is, therefore, subject to the evolution of the process of shock wave reflections. The collision of triple points terminates the focusing process at the geometrical focus. In order to interprete quantitatively these interferograms, a numerical simulation using an Eulerian solver combined with adaptive unstructured grids was carried out. It is found numerically that the highest density appears immediately after the triple point collision. This implies that the final stage of focusing is mainly determined by the interaction between shock waves and vortices. The interaction of finite strength shock waves, hence, prevents a curved shock wave from creating the infinite increase of density or pressure at a focal point which is otherwise predicted by the linear acoustic theory.     

Reflection of a spherical blast wave from a planar surface

Numerous authors have carried out rather extensive studies in the last twenty to thirty years of the problem of the interaction of shock and blast waves with obstacles in their paths. Owing to the complexity of the problem, they assumed certain limiting cases for the shock wave interactions in which the parameters behind the shock wave were usually taken to be constants. The first wave diffraction studies involving variable parameters behind the front were presented in [1, 2], wherein a development of the theory of “short waves” (blast waves at a substantial distance from the center of an explosion) and their reflection from a planar surface was given. The theory of short waves assumes that the jump in pressure at the wave front and the region over which the parameters vary are small. The problem concerning reflection of a blast wave from a surface was also considered in [3, 4], wherein a solution in the region behind the reflected wave was obtained at initial times. The initial stage in the reflection of a blast wave from a planar, cylindrical, or spherical surface (the one-dimensional case) was studied in [5]. In this paper we investigate the interaction of a spherical blast wave, resulting from a point explosion, with a planar surface; we consider both regular and non-regular reflection stages. In solving this problem we use S. L. Godunov's finite-difference method. We obtain numerical solutions for various values of the shock strength at the instant of its encounter with the surface. We present the pressure fields in the flow regions, the pressure distribution over the surface at various instants of time, and the trajectories of the triple point. The parameter values at the front of the reflected wave are compared with results obtained from the theory of regular reflection of shock waves.