Steady‐state solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using discrete least‐squares meshless method

A fractional step method for the solution of the steady state incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is proposed in this paper in conjunction with a meshless method, named discrete least‐squares meshless (DLSM). The proposed fractional step method is a first‐order accurate scheme, named semi‐incremental fractional step method, which is a general form of the previous first‐order fractional step methods, i.e. non‐incremental and incremental schemes. One of the most important advantages of the proposed scheme is its capability to use large time step sizes for the solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. DLSM method uses moving least‐squares shape functions for function approximation and discrete least‐squares technique for discretization of the governing differential equations and their boundary conditions. As there is no need for a background mesh, the DLSM method can be called a truly meshless method and enjoys symmetric and positive‐definite properties. Several numerical examples are used to demonstrate the ability and the efficiency of the proposed scheme and the discrete least‐squares meshless method. The results are shown to compare favorably with those of the previously published works. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bending analyses of 1D orthorhombic quasicrystal plates

The meshless Petrov–Galerkin method (MLPG) is applied to plate bending analysis in 1D orthorhombic quasicrystals (QCs) under static and transient dynamic loads. The Bak and elasto-hydrodynamic models are applied for phason governing equation in the elastodynamic case. The phason displacement for the orthorhombic QC in the first-order shear deformation plate theory depends only on the in-plane coordinates on the mean plate surface. Nodal points are randomly distributed over the mean surface of the considered plate. Each node is the center of a circle surrounding this node. The coupled governing partial differential equations are satisfied in a weak-form on small fictitious subdomains. The spatial variations of the phonon and phason displacements are approximated by the moving least-squares (MLS) scheme. After performing the spatial MLS approximation, a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for nodal unknowns is obtained. The system of the ODEs of the second order is solved by the Houbolt finite-difference scheme. Our numerical examples demonstrate clearly the effect of the coupling parameter on both static and dynamic phonon/phason deflections.     

弹性力学的一种边界无单元法

首先对移动最小二乘副近法进行了研究，针对其容易形成病态方程的缺点，提出了以带权的正交函数作为基函数的方法－改进的移动最小二乘副近法，改进的移动最小二乘逼近法比原方法计算量小，精度高，且不会形成病态方程组，然后，将弹性力学的边界积分方程方法与改进的移动最小二乘逼近法结合，提出了弹性力学的一种边界无单元法，这种边界无单元法法是边界积分方程的无网格方法，与原有的边界积分方程的无网格方法相比，该方法直接采用节点变量的真实解为基本未知量，是边界积分方程无网格方法的直接解法，更容易引入界条件，且具有更高的精度，最后给出了弹性力学的边界无单元法的数值算例，并与原有的边界积分方程的无网格方法进行了较为详细的比较和讨论。     

Collocated discrete least‐squares (CDLS) meshless method: Error estimate and adaptive refinement

Meshless methods are new approaches for solving partial differential equations. The main characteristic of all these methods is that they do not require the traditional mesh to construct a numerical formulation. They require node generation instead of mesh generation. In other words, there is no pre‐specified connectivity or relationships among the nodes. This characteristic make these methods powerful. For example, an adaptive process which requires high computational effort in mesh‐dependent methods can be very economically solved with meshless methods. In this paper, a posteriori error estimate and adaptive refinement strategy is developed in conjunction with the collocated discrete least‐squares (CDLS) meshless method. For this, an error estimate is first developed for a CDLS meshless method. The proposed error estimator is shown to be naturally related to the least‐squares functional, providing a suitable posterior measure of the error in the solution. A mesh moving strategy is then used to displace the nodal points such that the errors are evenly distributed in the solution domain. Efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed error estimator and adaptive refinement process are tested against two hyperbolic benchmark problems, one with shocked and the other with low gradient smooth solutions. These experiments show that the proposed adaptive process is capable of producing stable and accurate results for the difficult problems considered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Local boundary integral equations for orthotropic shallow shells

A meshless local Petrov–Galerkin (MLPG) formulation is presented for bending problems of shear deformable shallow shells with orthotropic material properties. Shear deformation of shells described by the Reissner theory is considered. Analyses of shells under static and dynamic loads are given here. For transient elastodynamic case the Laplace-transform is used to eliminate the time dependence of the field variables. A weak formulation with a unit test function transforms the set of governing equations into local integral equations on local subdomains in the plane domain of the shell. Nodal points are randomly spread in that domain and each node is surrounded by a circular subdomain to which local integral equations are applied. The meshless approximation based on the moving least-squares (MLS) method is employed for the implementation. Unknown Laplace-transformed quantities are computed from the local boundary integral equations. The time-dependent values are obtained by the Stehfest’s inversion technique.     

ELASTO－PLASTICITY ANALYSIS BASED ON COLLOCATION WITH THE MOVING LEAST SQUARE METHOD

A meshless approach based on the moving least square method is developed for elasto-plasticity analysis, in which the incremental formulation is used. In this approach, the displacement shape functions are constructed by using the moving least square approximation, and the discrete governing equations for elasto-plastic material are constructed with the direct collocation method. The boundary conditions are also imposed by collocation. The method established is a truly meshless one, as it does not need any mesh, either for the purpose of interpolation of the solution variables, or for the purpose of construction of the discrete equations. It is simply formulated and very efficient, and no post-processing procedure is required to compute the derivatives of the unknown variables, since the solution from this method based on the moving least square approximation is already smooth enough. Numerical examples are given to verify the accuracy of the meshless method proposed for elasto-rdasticity analysis.     

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提出了将杂交边界点法和双重互易法结合求解势问题的一种新的算法. 将势问题的解分为通解和特解两部分，通解使用 杂交边界点方法求解，特解则利用局部径向基函数近似. 该方法输入数据只是求解域上离散 的点，不需要额外的方程来计算域内物理量，后处理十分简便. 数值算例表明了该方法的稳 定性和有效性.     

Meshless Galerkin analysis of Stokes slip flow with boundary integral equations

This paper presents a novel meshless Galerkin scheme for modeling incompressible slip Stokes flows in 2D. The boundary value problem is reformulated as boundary integral equations of the first kind which is then converted into an equivalent variational problem with constraint. We introduce a Lagrangian multiplier to incorporate the constraint and apply the moving least‐squares approximations to generate trial and test functions. In this boundary‐type meshless method, boundary conditions can be implemented exactly and system matrices are symmetric. Unlike the domain‐type method, this Galerkin scheme requires only a nodal structure on the bounding surface of a body for approximation of boundary unknowns. The convergence and abstract error estimates of this new approach are given. Numerical examples are also presented to show the efficiency of the method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Error estimate and adaptive refinement for incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations using the discrete least squares meshless method

In this paper, an adaptive refinement strategy based on a node‐moving technique is proposed and used for the efficient solution of the steady‐state incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The value of a least squares functional of the residual of the governing differential equation and its boundary conditions at nodal points is regarded as a measure of error and used to predict the areas of poor solutions. A node‐moving technique is then used to move the nodal points to the zones of higher numerical errors. The problem is then resolved on the refined distribution of nodes for higher accuracy. A spring analogy is used for the node‐moving methodology in which nodal points are connected to their neighbors by virtual springs. The stiffness of each spring is assumed to be proportional to the errors of its two end points and its initial length. The new positions of the nodal points are found such that the spring system attains its equilibrium state. Some numerical examples are used to illustrate the ability of the proposed scheme for the adaptive solution of the steady‐state incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The results demonstrate a considerable improvement of the results with a reasonable computational effort by using the proposed adaptive strategy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analyzing the 2D fracture problems via the enriched boundary element-free method

In this paper, the enriched boundary element-free method for two-dimensional fracture problems is presented. An improved moving least-squares (IMLS) approximation, in which the orthogonal function system with a weight function is used as the basis function, is used to obtain the shape functions. The IMLS approximation has greater computational efficiency and precision than the existing moving least-squares (MLS) approximation, and does not lead to an ill-conditioned system of equations. Combining the boundary integral equation (BIE) method and the IMLS approximation, a boundary element-free method (BEFM), for two-dimensional fracture problems is obtained. For two-dimensional fracture problems, the enriched basis function is used at the tip of the crack, and then the enriched BEFM is presented. In comparison with other existing meshless boundary integral equation methods, the BEFM is a direct numerical method in which the basic unknown quantity is the real solution of the nodal variables, and the boundary conditions can be implemented easily, which leads to a greater computational precision. When the enriched BEFM is used, the singularity of the stresses at the tip of the crack can be shown better than that in the BEFM. For the purposes of demonstration, some selected numerical examples are solved using the enriched BEFM.     

弹性静力问题的无网格弱-强形式结合法

基于改进的移动最小二乘(MLS)二阶导数近似,建立了一种求解弹性静力问题的无网格弱-强形式结合法(MLS-MWS)。该方法采用节点离散求解域,通过MLS构造形函数,将求解域划分为边界域和内部域,并分别使用控制方程的局部弱形式和强形式来建立离散系统方程。对强形式中涉及的近似函数二阶导数计算,提出了一种将其转化为求两次一阶导数的方法,与传统方法相比,该方法计算简单、精度高。MLS-MWS法结合了弱、强形式无网格法的优点,Neumann边界条件容易满足,并且只需在边界区域进行积分。文中应用该方法分析了两个弹性力学平面问题,分析结果表明本文方法具有良好的精度和收敛性。     

断裂力学问题的杂交边界点方法

提出了一种求解断裂力学的新的边界类型无网格方法-杂交边界点法.以修正变分原理和移动最小二乘近似为基础,同时具有边界元法和无网格法的优良特性,求解时仅仅需要边界上离散点的信息.该文将杂交边界点方法应用到弹性断裂问题中,将移动最小二乘方法中的基函数扩充,能更好的模拟裂纹尖端应力场的奇异性,推导了求解断裂力学的杂交边界点法方程,与传统的元网格方法相比,文中方法具有后处理简单,计算精度高的优点.数值算例表明了该方法的稳定性和有效性.     

计算含动边界非定常流动的无网格算法

在无网格算法中考虑了含动边界的流动问题,研究了可以计算处理包含一定位移及扭转动边界非定常流动的算法.创建了无网格算法的动点法则,并引入抗扭方法对弹簧方法进行改进来处理离散点运动,提高了方法的可用度及精度.发展了求解基于无网格的ALE方程组的算法,在点云离散的基础上采用曲面逼近计算空间导数及HLLC格式计算数值通量,运用四步龙格-库塔法进行时间推进.在跨、超音速条件下,计算模拟了典型翼型简谐振动流场,计算结果与实验结果及文献对比吻合,验证了该算法的正确性.     

加权最小二乘无网格法

在最小二乘法和移动最小二乘近似的基础上提出了加权最小二乘无网格法．该方法除节点外又引入了一些辅助点，控制方程在所有节点和辅助点处的残差用最小二乘法予以消除，边界条件用罚函数法引入．另外对移动最小二乘近似进行了改进，并给出了最小二乘法中泛函的简化格式，因而提高了计算效率．与配点法相比，新方法精度高，稳定性好，并且系数矩阵是对称正定矩阵．与Galerkin法相比，该方法不需要进行高斯积分，因而计算量小．算例表明该方法具有效率高、精度高和稳定性好等优点，并且易于实现．     

壳结构的无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin方法

无网格近似函数具有高度光滑性,能够很好的逼近曲壳表面及其位移场。无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin方法不论插值还是离散都不需要单元,是一种真正的无网格方法。本文基于无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin方法的基本原理,采用移动最小二乘插值,利用控制微分方程弱形式,建立了Mindlin壳结构的无网格局部Petrov-Galerkin分析方法,用屋顶壳、受夹圆柱壳、几何非线性圆柱壳作为计算实例分析了求解精度、收敛性和稳定性,并与精确解和有限元计算结果进行了对比,表明该方法计算精度高及收敛性好。     

一种求解三维声腔声压分布问题的无网格法

利用传统有限元法求解声压分布问题常常受到污染误差和色散误差的困扰。加权最小二乘无网格法（MWLS）是一种基于移动最小二乘（MLS）近似的无网格方法,求解声腔声压分布问题具有低色散、高精度的特点。然而传统的MLS近似有时容易产生病态矩阵,利用加权正交基函数构建改进的移动最小二乘（IMLS）近似,得到的系统方程为非病态的。本文基于改进的加权最小二乘无网格法（IMWLS）求解三维声腔内部声压分布。计算得到的声压分布和声压频响曲线都与参考值十分吻合,峰值误差和污染误差都比FEM的小,计算成本相比无单元伽辽金法显著降低。计算结果表明IMWLS相比传统的FEM,能在更高的频段内达到高精度,并且相比EFGM能大幅提高计算效率。     

模拟裂纹扩展的单位分解扩展无网格法

单位分解扩展无网格法(PUEM)是一种求解不连续问题的新型无网格方法.其基于单位分解思想,通过在传统无网格法的近似函数中加入扩展项来反映由裂纹所产生的不连续位移场.详细描述了水平集方法,PUEM不连续近似函数的构造及控制方程的离散.针对裂纹扩展问题,提出了一种十分简单的水平集更新算法;讨论了不同的节点数、高斯积分阶次以及围线积分区域对应力强度因子计算结果的影响,并给出了合理的参数;模拟了边裂纹和中心裂纹的扩展问题,并与XFEM的数值结果进行了比较.数值算例表明,本文方法具有较高的计算精度,是模拟裂纹扩展非常有效的方法,具有广阔的应用前景.     

A conservative semi‐implicit method for coupled surface–subsurface flows in regional scale

A semi‐implicit method for coupled surface–subsurface flows in regional scale is proposed and analyzed. The flow domain is assumed to have a small vertical scale as compared with the horizontal extents. Thus, after hydrostatic approximation, the simplified governing equations are derived from the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations for the surface flow and from the Darcy's law for the subsurface flow. A conservative free‐surface equation is derived from a vertical integral of the incompressibility condition and extends to the whole water column including both, the surface and the subsurface, wet domains. Numerically, the horizontal domain is covered by an unstructured orthogonal grid that may include subgrid specifications. Along the vertical direction a simple z‐layer discretization is adopted. Semi‐implicit finite difference equations for velocities and a finite volume approximation for the free‐surface equation are derived in such a fashion that, after simple manipulation, the resulting discrete free‐surface equation yields a single, well‐posed, mildly nonlinear system. This system is efficiently solved by a nested Newton‐type iterative method that yields simultaneously the pressure and a non‐negative fluid volume throughout the computational grid. The time‐step size is not restricted by stability conditions dictated by friction or surface wave speed. The resulting algorithm is simple, extremely efficient, and very accurate. Exact mass conservation is assured also in presence of wetting and drying dynamics, in pressurized flow conditions, and during free‐surface transition through the interface. A few examples illustrate the model applicability and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A one-dimensional moving grid solution for the coupled non-linear equations governing multiphase flow in porous media. 1: Model development

A straightforward moving grid finite element method is developed to solve the one-dimensional coupled system of non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs) governing two- and three-phase flow in porous media. The method combines features from a number of self-adaptive grid techniques. These techniques are the equidistribution, the moving grid finite element and the local grid refinement/coarsening methods. Two equidistribution criteria, based on solution gradient and curvature, are employed and nodal distributions are computed iterativcly. Using the developed approach, an intermingle-free nodal distribution is guaranteed. The method involves examination of a single representative gradient to facilitate the application of moving grid algorithms to solve a non-linear coupled set of PDEs and includes a feature to limit mass balance error during nodal redistribution. The finite element part of the developed algorithm is verified against an existing finite difference model. A numerical simulation example involving a single-front two-phase flow problem is presented to illustrate model performance. Additional simulation examples are given in Part 2 of this paper. These examples include single and double moving fronts in two- and three-phase flow systems incorporating source/sink terms. Simulation sensitivity to the moving grid parameters is also explored in Part 2.     

基于局部移动Kriging无网格方法的层合板自由振动分析

利用基于局部移动Kriging插值无网格法对层合板自由振动进行了数值分析,基于一阶剪切层合理论导出了层合板振动的控制方程和边界条件,进一步得到了自由振动的离散化特征方程。由于Kriging插值函数具有Kronecker delta函数性质,可以直接施加本质边界条件。通过本文给出的方法,对不同边界条件、不同跨厚比、不同材料参数和铺设角度的层合板的振动频率进行了计算,均得到满意结果。最后用该方法对层合板的铺设角度进行优化设计,得到了与已有文献完全一致的优化结果。数值结果充分表明了无网格Kriging方法分析层合板自由振动问题的有效性和高精确度。