Nonaxisymmetric elastoplastic impact of a parabolic body on a spherical shell

A method is proposed to calculate a spherical shell under nonaxisymmetric impact of a massive body. The motion of the shell is described by momentless equations, which are solved using the Laplace transformation and an asymptotic expansion of the required quantities in a small parameter. The contact interaction force P(t) was determined for the elastoplastic model of local bearing deformation for a parabolic impactor. Plots of the solution are given. The validity of the results is confirmed by good agreement between the solution and the limiting cases — an axisymmetric impact and an impact on a half-space.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 181–186, January–February, 2005.     

On the derivation of an admissibility condition for phase boundary propagation in an SMA bar based on a 3-D formulation

There is some considerable difficulty in determining the solution uniquely for a propagating phase boundary in shape memory alloy (SMA) bar. In this paper, we establish an admissibility condition starting from a three-dimensional (3-D) internal-variable formulation to resolve this issue. We adopt a 3-D formulation in literature which is based on a constitutive model with specific forms of the Helmholtz free energy and dissipation rate. Then the 3-D dynamical equations are reduced to the 1-D rod equations for three phase regions (coupled with the radial effect and surface condition) by using two small parameters. Connection conditions at the phase interfaces are determined. By considering the traveling-wave solution for the rod system, we eventually derive three conditions across a sharp phase boundary corresponding to the 1-D sharp-interface model, including the two usual jump conditions and an additional condition. The third condition is then used to supplement the 1-D sharp-interface model to study an impact problem. The unique solution is constructed analytically for all possible impact velocity, including three kinds of wave patterns according to different levels of the impact velocity. The results are compared with those obtained by the maximal dissipation rate criterion.     

The role of external influences in the formation of waves on the surface of a flowing-down film of a viscous fluid

The example of two non-stationary forces is used to study the impact of external influences leading to the occurrence of additional ponderomotive forces on the wave regimes of the film freely flowing down a vertical surface. The first case describes a ferromagnetic fluid film affected by the magnetic field, and the second case touches upon a dielectric fluid film affected by the electric field. For the given forces, in the case of small flow rates, the problem is reduced to the solution of a model equation for the perturbation of the film thickness. The numerical solutions of the problem are obtained, and several characteristic scenarios of evolution of periodical perturbations are considered. It is shown that changes in the boundaries of the region of linear stability of the unperturbed flow with a flat free surface under the influence of ponderomotive forces have a great impact on the flow.     

基于多变量小样本的渗流代理模型及产量预测方法

多孔介质渗流过程中存在的多尺度、多变量、多物理场耦合的非线性渗流问题给复杂渗流机理的表征及数学模型求解提出了巨大的挑战, 综合考虑地下多孔介质耦合渗流过程中关键力学问题的渗流模型往往需要在计算效率和计算精度之间权衡. 近年来, 基于油田多数据的渗流代理模型为高效求解多变量非线性渗流问题提供了思路, 而渗流代理模型在实际油田中的应用往往由于记录不全, 操作不当等因素受到小样本数据的限制. 针对这一问题, 本文提出了一种基于地质?油藏?工艺的多数据小样本渗流代理模型的产量预测方法. 通过填补缺失值, 独热编码分类数据, 数据对数化及标准化等一系列数据预处理方法, 形成了油田产量预测数据库; 经过随机劈分数据集、十折交叉验证, 测试了三种渗流代理模型的预测效果. 结果表明, 三种代理模型的决定系数均超过0.8, 模型预测结果与实际数据较为吻合; 对于小样本多变量的油田数据, 合适的数据预处理方法对模型预测效果影响显著; 经过数据标准化后, 随机森林算法表现最好, 能快速准确预测石油产量(均方误差0.12, 决定系数0.87).      

Higher-order impact modeling of sandwich structures with flexible core

In this study, a higher-order impact model is presented to simulate the response of a soft-core sandwich beam subjected to a foreign object impact. A free vibration problem of sandwich beams is first solved, and the results are validated by comparing with numerical finite element modeling results of ABAQUS and the solution by Frostig and Baruch [Frostig, Y., Baruch, M., 1994. Free vibration of sandwich beams with a transversely flexible core: a high order approach. Journal of Sound and Vibration 176(2), 195–208]. Then a foreign object impact process is incorporated in the higher-order model, and the contact force and deflection history as well as the propagation of transverse normal, shear, and axial stresses during the impact are analyzed and discussed. The validity of the model in the impact response predictions is demonstrated by comparing with finite element solutions of LS-DYNA. The calculated stresses caused by a foreign object impact are then used to assess failure locations, failure time, and failure modes in sandwich beams, which are shown to compare well with the available experimental results. The effects of impact mass, initial velocity, core stiffness, and core height on the impact stresses generated in the beams are discussed. The influences of impact mass and initial velocity on the contact force history are close to those by the linearized impact solution, but the proposed higher-order impact model captures the non-linear impact process and different generated stresses. Compared to the fully backed sandwich case, the core height shows a great influence over the impact process of a simply supported sandwich system, in which the global behavior of the sandwich is dominant; while the core stiffness shows minor effect over the impact process. The higher-order impact model of sandwich beams developed in the study provides accurate predictions of the generated stresses and impact process and can be used effectively in design analysis of anti-impact structures made of sandwich materials.     

球头弹体侵彻舰船板架加强筋时的攻角变化简化理论模型

舰船板架结构加强筋对于弹体侵彻着角与攻角变化有较大影响,而目前对此尚无理论模型。本文开展板架加强筋对弹体攻角变化的理论研究。针对刚性球头弹体侵彻舰船板架结构加强筋问题,将加强筋简化为刚塑性梁模型,建立了侵彻过程力学模型,给出了弹体剩余速度、着角和攻角变化的求解公式。公式表明弹体攻角与着角的变化与弹体初始速度、初始着角、初始攻角以及加强筋极限弯矩有关。通过编程求解理论公式,发现初始着角对于侵彻结束攻角和着角变化的影响大于初始攻角;初始着角超过某一值后,攻角改变会急剧增大,而当初始着角超过另一极限值后会发生弹体跳飞;初始速度越高,弹体侵彻结束后着角和攻角变化越小;加强筋的极限弯矩对弹体攻角改变有较大影响。     

The asymptotic solution of a dynamic buckling problem in elastic columns

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具有恒定冲击载荷的梯度泡沫金属材料设计

多胞材料可通过大变形大量地吸收冲击能量，引入密度梯度可进一步提高其耐撞性。梯度多胞材料的宏观力学响应对材料密度分布极为敏感，不同类型的细观构型的影响也极为不同。已有的研究工作主要局限在对给定的密度梯度分析其动态响应，较少对耐撞性设计方法进行研究。本文针对梯度闭孔泡沫金属材料，基于非线性塑性冲击波模型发展了耐撞性反向设计方法，以维持冲击物受载恒定为目标，运用级数法获得了简化模型和渐近解。利用变胞元尺寸法构建了连续梯度变化的三维Voronoi细观有限元模型，并利用ABAQUS/Explicit有限元软件对理论设计进行数值验证。结果表明，反向设计理论简化模型的渐近解对于梯度闭孔泡沫金属材料的耐撞性设计是有效的，所提出的耐撞性设计方法在控制冲击吸能过程和冲击物受载方面具有指导意义。     

A nonlinear visco-elastoplastic impact model and the coefficient of restitution

A visco-elastoplastic model for the impact between a compact body and a composite target is presented. The model is a combination of a nonlinear contact law that includes energy loss due to plastic deformation and a viscous element that accounts for energy losses due to wave propagation and/or damping. The governing nonlinear equations are solved numerically to obtain the response. A piecewise linear version of the model is also presented, which facilitates analytical solution. The model predictions are compared to those of the well-known and commonly used Hunt–Crossley model. The effects of the various impact parameters, such as impactor mass, velocity, plasticity, and damping, on the impact response and coefficient of restitution are investigated. The model appears to be suitable for a wide range of impact situations, with parameters that are well defined and easily calculated or measured. Furthermore, the resulting coefficient of restitution is shown to be a function of impact velocity and damping, as confirmed by published experimental data.     

A simplified approximate model of compressible hypervelocity penetration

A simplified approximate model considering rod/target material’s compressibility is proposed for hypervelocity penetration. We study the effect of shockwaves on hypervelocity penetration whenever the compressibility of the rod is much larger, analogously, and much less than that of the target, respectively. The results show that the effect of shockwaves is insignificant up to 12 km/s, so the shockwave is neglected in the present approximate model. The Murnaghan equation of state is adopted to simulate the material behaviors in penetration and its validity is proved. The approximate model is finally reduced to an equation depending only on the penetration velocity and a simple approximate solution is achieved. The solution of the approximate model is in agreement with the result of the complete compressible model. In addition, the effect of shockwaves on hypervelocity penetration is shown to weaken material’s compressibility and reduce the interface pressure of the rod/target, and thus the striking/protective performance of the rod/target is weakened, respectively. We also conduct an error analysis of the interface pressure and penetration efficiency. With a velocity change of 1.6 times the initial sound speed for the rod or target, the error of the approximate model is very small. For metallic rod–target combinations, the approximate model is applicable even at an impact velocity of 12 km/s.     

STOCHASTIC DISCRETE MODEL OF TWO-STAGE ISOLATION SYSTEM WITH RIGID LIMITERS

The possible intermittent impacts of a two-stage isolation system with rigid limiters have been investigated. The isolation system is under periodic external excitation disturbed by small stationary Gaussian white noise after shock. The maximal impact Poincare map is proposed based on the multi-body dynamics with unilateral constrains. Then in the period after shock, the zero order approximate stochastic discrete model and the first order approximate stochastic model are developed. The real isolation system of an MTU diesel engine is used to evaluate the established model. After calculating of the numerical example, the effects of noise excitation on the isolation system are discussed. The results show that the property of the system is complicated due to intermittent impact. The difference between zero order model and the first order model may be great. The effect of small noise is obvious. The results may be expected useful to the naval designers.     

Shear of fibrous suspensions between coaxial cylinders

The shear of fiber suspensions between coaxial cylinders is examined. The model of a suspension constructed in [1, 2] is used in the solution. The solution is sought by the method of series expansion in a small parameter. The first approximation found is compared with experiments [3, 4] and with the solution of the problem of core flows in a pipe [2].     

Impact of a strip of compressible liquid on a barrier

The exact solution of the plane problem of the impact of a finite liquid strip on a rigid barrier is obtained in the linearized formulation. The velocity components, the pressure and other elements of the flow are determined by means of a velocity potential that satisfies a two-dimensional wave equation. The final expressions for them are given in terms of elementary functions that clearly reflect the wave nature of the motion. The exact solution has been thoroughly analyzed in numerous particular cases. It is shown directly that in the limit the solution of the wave problem tends to the solution of the analogous problem of the impact of an incompressible strip obtained in [1]. A logarithmic singularity of the velocity parallel to the barrier in the corner of the strip is identified. A one-dimensional model of the motion, which describes the behavior of the compressible liquid in a thin layer on impact and makes it possible to obtain a simple solution averaging the exact wave solution, is proposed. Inefficient series solutions are refined and certain numerical data on the impact characteristics for a semi-infinite compressible liquid strip, previously considered in [2–4] in connection with the study of the earthquake resistance of a dam retaining water in a semi-infinite basin, are improved. The solution obtained can be used to estimate the forces involved in the collision of solids and liquids. It would appear to be useful for developing correct and reliable numerical methods of solving the nonlinear problems of fluid impact on solids often examined in the literature [5].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 138–145, November–December, 1990.The results were obtained by the author under the scientific supervision of B. M. Malyshev (deceased).     

Inelastic impact dynamics of ships with one-sided barriers. Part II: experimental validation

This paper is the second part of a two-part study of impact interaction of a ship roll motion with one-sided ice barrier. The first part was devoted to analytical and numerical simulations for the case of inelastic impact. The analytical approach was based on Zhuravlev and Ivanov non-smooth coordinate transformations. Extensive numerical simulations were carried out for all initial conditions covered by the ship grazing orbit for different values of excitation amplitude and frequency of external wave-induced roll moment. The basins of attraction of safe operation revealed the coexistence of different response regimes such as non-impact periodic oscillations, modulated impact motion, period added impact oscillations, chaotic impact motion and roll-over dynamics. This part presents an experimental investigation conducted on a small ship model in a tow tank. In particular, the experimental tests reveal complex dynamic response characteristics such as multi-frequency wave motion caused by the wave reflection from the tank end wall. Measured results show a good agreement with the predicted results by for small angles of the barrier relative to the ship unbiased position. However, deviation becomes significant as the angle increases. This deviation is mainly attributed to the uncertainty of the coefficient of restitution, which is found to depend on the velocity of impact in addition to the geometry and material properties of the model and barrier.     

Accelerated void growth in porous ductile solids containing two populations of cavities

This paper presents an analytical and numerical study of accelerated void growth in porous ductile solids arising from the presence of two populations of cavities very different in size. It is based on the model problem of some hollow sphere made of porous plastic material and subjected to hydrostatic tension. The central hole plays the role of a typical big cavity of the first population while those dispersed in the matrix stand for the small cavities of the second one. The behavior of the matrix is supposed to obey Gurson's famous “homogenized” model for porous ductile solids (Gurson, A.L., 1977. Continuum theory of ductile rupture by void nucleation and growth: part I — yield criteria and flow rules for porous ductile media. ASME J Engng Materials Technol 99, 2–15). The analytic solution of this model problem shows that the small voids located near the big one grow twice as fast as the latter void. This suggests that in a subsequent step, these small cavities may reach coalescence prior to the big ones, thus creating spherical shells of ruined matter around the cavities of the first population and leading to accelerated growth of the latter cavities; this scenario is in agreement with experimental evidence. Since this subsequent step is not amenable to a complete analytic solution, it is studied numerically. Finally, a simplified model reproducing the two steps of void growth (prior to coalescence of the small voids and after it has started) is developed on the basis of the analytical solution for the first step and some elements of a similar solution for the second one. The results derived from this simplified model are in good quantitative agreement with those obtained through the complete numerical simulations.     

Closed-form solution for shock wave propagation in density-graded cellular material under impact

Density-graded cellular materials have tremendous potential in structural applications where impact resistance is required. Cellular materials subjected to high impact loading result in a compaction type deformation, usually modeled using continuum-based shock theory. The resulting governing differential equation of the shock model is nonlinear, and the density gradient further complicates the problem. Earlier studies have employed numerical methods to obtain the solution. In this study, an analytical closed-form solution is proposed to predict the response of density-graded cellular materials subjected to a rigid body impact. Solutions for the velocity of the impinging rigid body mass, energy absorption capacity of the cellular material, and the incident stress are obtained for a single shock propagation. The results obtained are in excellent agreement with the existing numerical solutions found in the literature. The proposed analytical solution can be potentially used for parametric studies and for effectively designing graded structures to mitigate impact.     

Shear and Bending Response of a Rigid Plastic Circular Plate Struck Transversely by a Mass*

ABSTRACT

A theoretical analysis is presented for the dynamic plastic behavior of a fully clamped rigid, perfectly plastic circular plate struck transversely by a rigid mass at the center. It is shown that the maximum permanent transverse deformation predicted by a theoretical solution, with combined transverse shear and bending, is similar to that from a bending-only solution when the ratio of shear strength to bending capacity υ is sufficiently large. However, when the strength parameter υ is small, the transverse shear deformation dominates the response and the maximum deformation from a combined shear and bending solution increases sharply with a decrease in υ. It is also found that the transverse shear deformation becomes more important with an increase in the dimensionless mass ratio β and is sensitive to the dimensionless radius ρ₀ of the impact area.     

Fluid-solid coupling mathematical model of contaminant transport in unsaturated zone and its asymptotical solution

IntroductionThetransportofcontaminantsinunsaturatedzonehascausedmuchattention .Inearly1960s,contaminationproblemsofsoilandgroundwaterhadbeenstudiedathomeandabroad[1].Andinrecentyears ,thetransformationandtransportationofcontaminantshavebeendeeplystudiedinthefieldsofhydrogeology ,petroleumengineering ,environmentalengineeringandsoon[2 ,3].Somecontaminanttransportmodelshavebeenpresentedsofar.Forexample ,Paker[4 ]etal.presentedaconstitutivemodelgoverningparametersofwater,gasandcontaminantswhenth…     

泡沫子弹冲击固支单梁的耦合分析模型

使用泡沫金属子弹进行冲击可以模拟爆炸载荷的作用, 这一加载技术已被应用于防护结构的抗冲击性能测试中, 然而泡沫子弹作用于被测试结构上的真实载荷以及二者间的相互作用过程尚不明晰. 本文以泡沫子弹冲击固支梁的情形为例, 开展了对该冲击过程的理论分析和数值模拟研究. 基于泡沫材料的冲击波模型与固支单梁的结构冲击动力学响应模型, 构建了描述泡沫子弹冲击固支梁过程的耦合分析模型. 给出了不同响应阶段下子弹和单梁的动力学控制方程, 并采用Runge-Kutta方法得到了方程的数值解. 基于三维Voronoi技术, 建立了泡沫子弹冲击固支单梁的有限元模型并进行了数值模拟. 通过与有限元模拟结果的对比发现, 相较于经典的脉冲加载模型, 耦合分析模型能更好地预测泡沫子弹和单梁的速度变化规律, 也能准确地预测子弹对单梁的真实冲击压强. 当泡沫子弹的初始动量相同时, 由于子弹自身的压溃行为, 子弹的初始冲击速度、密度和长度的改变都会对冲击过程产生影响. 最后, 通过耦合分析模型分别分析了泡沫子弹的密度、长度、初速度对冲击压强的峰值、衰减速度和持续时间的影响, 并针对具有不同特征的目标模拟载荷给出了泡沫子弹的筛选策略. 所构建的耦合分析模型为研究泡沫子弹与被测试结构之间的相互作用规律以及泡沫子弹的设计提供了理论基础.