应用阵面追踪法对散心爆轰波传播的数值模拟

考虑到爆轰波阵面曲率及化学反应区宽度的作用 ,由修正Hugoniot关系式解析求解了波后状态 ,应用阵面追踪法 (FTM)数值模拟了曲面散心爆轰波的传播。计算给出的散心爆轰波走时及波阵面上物理量都达到了波阵面曲率的一阶精度。     

玄武岩中裂隙分布形式对声波传播的影响

复杂岩体含有大量的裂隙,这些裂隙尺寸及其分布形式等对弹性波传播都有很大的影响.本文加工了含单个裂隙、双裂隙和三个裂隙的玄武岩岩样单元对其进行组合,进行了25kHz、 50kHz、 400kHz、 600kHz和1000kHz 等5种频率的声波测试.通过考虑垂直或平行波传播方向的裂隙长度,来探索裂隙分布形式和不同裂隙长度对弹性波传播的影响,研究玄武岩的频散效应和波的衰减.结果表明:裂隙方向与波传播方向夹角对弹性波传播有很大的影响.当裂隙方向与波传播方向垂直时,散射效应最大;而当裂隙方向与波传播方向平行时,影响最小.上述结果可为理论模型和数值分析提供依据.     

垂直断层破碎带对Rayleigh波传播与场地地震动反应的影响

采用基于时域粘弹性人工边界的Rayleigh波输入方法,对具有不同宽度、不同剪切波速的垂直断层破碎带的场地进行了Rayleigh波作用下的动力时程反应分析,研究了垂直断层的宽度与剪切波速变化对Rayleigh波传播及场地地震动反应的影响。计算结果表明:在Rayleigh波入射一侧的中远场地表面,断层宽度与剪切波速的变化对地面峰值位移反应影响很小;在Rayleigh波入射一侧的断层角点以及距角点较近处,随着断层宽度的增大或剪切波速的减小,峰值位移反应均增大;在另一侧中远场地面的峰值位移反应随着断层宽度的增大或剪切波速的减小而减小,且水平位移峰值减小的程度略大于竖向位移峰值。由此可以看到,软弱的断层破碎带对通过的Rayleigh波有削弱作用,且破碎带越宽或剪切波速越小削弱作用越明显。     

具有表面效应的压电半空间中的表面波

纳米科技的快速发展使压电纳米结构在纳米机电系统中得到广泛应用,形成了诸如纳米压电电子学等新的研究方向.与传统的宏观压电材料相比,在纳米尺度下压电材料往往呈现出不同的力学特性,而造成这种差异的原因之一便是表面效应.本文基于Stroh公式、Barnett-Lothe积分矩阵及表面阻抗矩阵,研究计入表面效应的任意各向异性压电半空间中的表面波传播问题,导出了频散方程.针对横观各向同性压电材料,假设矢状平面平行于材料各向同性面,发现Rayleigh表面波和B-G波解耦,并得到各自的显式频散方程.结果表明,Rayleigh表面波的波速小于偏振方向垂直于表面的体波,而B-G波的波速小于偏振方向垂直于矢状平面的体波.以PZT-5H材料为例,用数值方法考察表面残余应力和电学边界条件对表面波频散特性的影响发现:表面残余应力只对第一阶Rayleigh波有明显的影响;电学开路情形的B-G波比电学闭路情形的B-G波传播快.本文工作可为纳米表面声波器件的设计或压电纳米结构的无损检测提供理论依据.     

圆柱形爆轰波的二维数值模拟

基于带化学反应的二维Euler方程,对圆柱形爆轰波的直接起爆和传播过程进行了二维数值模拟研究,拟分析起爆条件和初始压强对圆柱形爆轰波形成和传播的影响。研究发现,圆柱形爆轰波起爆成功向外传播的过程中,新的三波结构的生成标志着爆轰波进入稳定传播阶段。在起爆能量足够的情况下,起爆半径(曲率)的大小决定着三波结构初始形成时的数目和传播半径,起爆压强对其基本不产生影响;起爆半径大(曲率小)时,三波结构初始形成时的传播半径大、数目多,圆柱形爆轰波进入稳定传播阶段的传播距离长;数值模拟中,初始压强的提高,有助于圆柱形爆轰在较短的传播距离内进入稳定传播阶段。     

考虑阻尼的无限长小垂度缆索弹性波的传播

缆索结构被广泛应用于电气、土木、海洋和航空工程等领域,随着缆索在工程中的应用长度越来越长,高阶振动越来越明显,研究时应该考虑扰动沿着缆索的传播.现有对缆索弹性波传播的研究中,通常不考虑阻尼项,然而阻尼对于波的传播有着重要影响.文章考虑阻尼的影响,发展了包含阻尼项的三维弹性缆索运动方程.通过求解上述含阻尼项的运动方程,分别考察了面内面外弹性波的频率关系、相速度和群速度等自由传播特性,进而通过计算无限长弹性缆索在初始余弦型脉冲作用下的位移响应,分析扰动沿着该缆索的传播规律,考察波的色散现象以及阻尼对于缆索弹性波传播的影响.结果表明,考虑阻尼后,面内波和面外波均为色散波,面内波在曲率的作用下,为高度色散波.此外,在阻尼的影响下,波的峰值在传播过程不断减小,且波的后缘端点响应总是高于前缘端点响应.     

用动光弹方法研究隧道岩爆的爆破扰动机理

利用动态光弹性方法,以Lamb模型为依据,研究了不同荷载形式下,模型内应力波的传播、相互作用规律以及刻槽的拦截效应。实验结果与弹性动力学解答基本一致:(1)倾斜冲击荷载作用下,模型内传播的有P波、S波和Rayleigh波,其中P波和Rayleigh波对岩爆有突出贡献;(2)等差条纹图的分布规律,可以合理解释岩爆高发区段与开挖面的位置关系;(3)模型表面的刻槽,可以实现对Rayleigh波的大量拦截,说明隧道表面切槽的岩爆控制方法理论上是可行的。     

各向异性弹性体光滑接触界面上的滑移脉冲波

利用Stroh公式,Fourier分析和奇异积分方程技术研究了两各向异性弹性半空间光滑接触可分离界面上滑移脉冲波的存在及其传播特性。结果表明,如果至少能在一种介质中存在Rayleigh波,且其波速小于两种介质中的最小极限速度,则滑移脉冲波就可以存在。这种脉冲波传播速度不确定,可在最小极限波速与较低的Rayleigh波速之间取值,而该取值范围又取决于无界面分离情况下的第一、第二滑移波的解。分离区大小取决于扰动的强度,界面法向力和质点速度在分离区两端有 1 /2奇异性。     

三维位移场(U,V,W)实时观测的云纹干涉法

本文将一特殊布置的云纹干涉系统和一垂直入射试件栅的麦克尔逊干涉系统组和起来,利用云纹干涉系统测量两个面内位移分量U、V,垂直入射的麦克尔逊干涉系统测量离面位移分量 W。调节云纹干涉系统中入射光的入射角,使正、负一级衍涉波的传播方向偏离开试件栅法向一微小角度,从而使一级衍涉波的频谱点与麦克尔逊干涉系统中的零级衍涉波的频谱点在频谱面上分开。利用小反射镜的反射来改变一级衍射波的传播方向,从而使我们在三个彼此分开的成像面上同步实时观测到三维位移场的条纹图。文中给出了严格的理论推导和实验验证。     

流动系统中爆轰波传播特性的数值模拟

基于带化学反应的二维Euler方程,采用氢气/空气的9组分19步基元反应简化模型,对充有当量 比的氢气/空气预混气体的矩形爆轰流场中爆轰波的传播过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了均匀来流对爆轰波传 播的影响。数值结果表明,在均匀来流的影响下,上游方向上的燃烧强度大于C-J爆速,下游方向上的燃烧强 度小于C-J爆速;上游方向传播的爆轰波的阵面压力大于下游方向传播的爆轰波的阵面压力。所以,经典的 C-J爆轰理论并不适用于流动系统中爆轰波传播特性的研究。     

Propagation of Rayleigh waves on curved surfaces

The propagation and properties of Rayleigh waves on curved surfaces are investigated theoretically. The Rayleigh wave dispersion equation for propagation on a curved surface is derived as a parabolic equation, and its penetration depth is analyzed using the curved surface boundary. Reciprocity is introduced to model the diffracted Rayleigh wave beams. Simulations of Rayleigh waves on some canonical curved surfaces are carried out, and the results are used to quantify the influence of curvature. It is found that the velocity of the surface wave increases with greater concave surface curvature, and a Rayleigh wave no longer exists once the surface wave velocity exceeds the bulk shear wave velocity. Moreover, the predicted wave penetration depth indicates that the energy in the Rayleigh wave is transferred to other modes and cannot propagate on convex surfaces with large curvature. A strong directional dependence is observed for the propagation of Rayleigh waves in different directions on surfaces with complex curvatures. Thus, it is important to include dispersion effects when considering Rayleigh wave propagation on curved surfaces.     

超声瑞利波测试材料表面载荷应力的实验研究

实验研究了利用超声瑞利波传播特性测试材料表面应力的方法.在测试过程中采用回振法测声速,以分辨应力作用引起声速的徽小变化;并设计夹具实现探头与试样之间的稳定耦合和弹性接触,精简了实验机构,提高了实验精度.研究结果表明,在应力作用下,平行和垂直于应力方向传播的瑞利波发生了相应的变化:应力较小时,声速随应力变化较快;随着应力...     

初应力对压电层状结构声表面波传播性能的影响

研究了压电层状结构中初应力对广义Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波传播相速度和机电耦合性能的影响,通过求解含初应力的运动微分方程,对自由界面电学开路和短路两种情况得到了相应的相速度方程。给出了具体的数值算例,所得结果对于提高和改善声表面波器件性能有参考意义。     

Thermoelastic surface waves on an exponentially graded half-space

In this paper, we consider the propagation of Rayleigh surface waves in a functionally graded isotropic thermoelastic half-space, in which all thermoelastic characteristic parameters exponentially change along the depth direction. The propagation condition is established in the form of a bicubic equation whose coefficients are complex numbers while the analytical solutions (eigensolutions) of the thermoelastodynamic system are explicitly obtained in terms of the characteristic solutions. The concerned solution of the Rayleigh surface wave problem is subsequently expressed as a linear combination of the three eigensolutions while the secular equation is established in an implicit form. The explicit secular equation is written when an isotropic and homogeneous thermoelastic half-space is considered and some numerical simulations are given for a specific material.     

Squirt-Flow in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media: Propagation of Rayleigh Waves

Propagation of attenuated waves is studied in a squirt-flow model of porous solid permeated by two different pore regimes saturated with same viscous fluid. Presence of soft compliant microcracks embedded in the grains of stiff porous rock defines the double-porosity formation. Microcracks and pores respond differently to the compressional effect of a propagating wave, which induces the squirt-flow from microcracks to pores. Elastodynamics of constituent particles in porous aggregate is represented through a single-porosity formulation, which involves the frequency-dependent complex moduli. This formulation is deduced as a special case of double-porosity formation allowing the wave-induced flow of pore-fluid. This squirt-flow model of porous solid supports the attenuated propagation of two compressional waves and one shear wave. Superposition of these body waves, subject to stress-free surface, defines the propagation of Rayleigh wave. This wave is governed by a complex irrational dispersion equation, which is solved numerically after rationalising into an algebraic equation. For existence of Rayleigh wave, a complex solution of the dispersion equation should represent a leaky wave, which decays for propagation along any direction in the semi-infinite medium. A numerical example is solved to analyse the effects of squirt-flow on phase velocity, attenuation and polarisation of the Rayleigh waves, for different combinations of parameters. Numerical results suggest the existence of an additional (second) Rayleigh wave in the squirt-flow model of dissipative porous solids.     

The propagation of initially plane waves in nonhomogeneous viscoelastic media

In this study, the propagation of an initially plane wave in a linear isotropic nonhomogeneous viscoelastic medium, where the nonhomogeneity varies transversely to the direction of propagation, is investigated. For this purpose, first the propagation of waves in a linear isotropic viscoelastic medium of arbitrary inhomogeneity is studied by employing the notion of singular surfaces. The characteristic equation governing wave velocities, and the growth and decay equations describing the change of the strength of the discontinuity as the wave front moves are obtained.In the second part of this work, the propagation of initially plane waves is studied for three types of inhomogeneities by employing the findings established in the first part. The first kind of inhomogeneity considered is of axisymmetrical type where the wave propagation velocity depends on the radial coordinate only, increasing linearly up to a certain radial distance and remaining constant thereafter. The second kind is also axisymmetrical with a wave velocity distribution decreasing linearly till a given value of the radial coordinate. In the third one, the wave velocity is assumed to vary linearly over a given interval along a certain coordinate axis only, which is perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and remain constant outside. The ray and wave front analyses are carried out and the decay or growth of stress and velocity discontinuities are studied for each of the three cases.     

Complex surface rays associated with inhomogeneous skimming and Rayleigh waves

The Rayleigh wave, that propagates at the free surface of semi-infinite anisotropic medium, is composed of three inhomogeneous partial waves, each propagating along the surface with a different attenuation along the depth. Since this wave does not exhibit an attenuation on the surface, let us call it the homogeneous Rayleigh wave. The associated slowness corresponds to the real solution of the Rayleigh dispersion equation. Besides this classical solution, an infinite number of complex solutions of the Rayleigh dispersion equation exits. For such particular Rayleigh waves, the slowness vector, i.e. the identical component on the surface of the slowness of each partial waves, is taken to be complex. Thus, these Rayleigh waves are attenuated on the surface and as shown here, their attenuation is normal to the ray direction (or the energy velocity direction). Similarly to the infinite inhomogeneous plane waves which can be associated with complex rays, we call these waves, inhomogeneous Rayleigh waves. We use the inhomogeneous skimming waves, which are inhomogeneous plane waves, and the inhomogeneous Rayleigh waves to explain differently the usual diffraction phenomena on the free surface which cannot be explained by the real ray theory. For example, the arrival time of the wave packet observed beyond the cusp is in perfect accordance with the arrival time of some specific inhomogeneous Rayleigh waves. We show that these results are in agreement with the computation of the Green function. They apply to the theory of surface waves in linear elastodynamics with intrinsic anisotropy as well as to the theory of surface waves in linearised (incremental) elastodynamics with strain-induced anisotropy (also known as small-amplitude waves superimposed on the large static homogeneous deformation of a non-linear solid).     

川藏公路地质环境与整治改建方案的思考

川藏公路由于地质环境复杂、建设标准低、后遗病害多,抗灾能力差,泥石流、滑坡、山崩、雪害、水毁等自然灾害频繁发生,公路阻车断道严重。国家投入巨资进行整治改建,并取得了明显的效果,但由于自然环境特殊、影响因素复杂,许多特大型、大型工程地质病害问题还没有可行、可靠的解决方案。本文通过分析川藏公路沿线的地质环境和灾害特点,总结历年整治改建和经验的教训,提出川藏公路建设的途径、可能达到的目标和应采用的原则。     

横观各向同性液体饱和多孔介质中平面波的传播

基于孔隙介质的Ｂｉｏｔ理论１，研究了横观各向同性液体饱和多孔介质中平面波的传播特性。首先导出了波传播的特征方程并给出了其解析解，结果显示：有４种不同波速的平面体波传播；第一准纵波，第二准纵波，准横波和反平面横波。文中给出了波速和衰减的解析表达式，数值计算了频散曲线和衰减曲线，并讨论了各类准体波位移之间的耦合关系。