小问题

３１３．如图１所示，３个相同的均质圆柱，重量为Ｑ，半径ｒ＝１０ｃｍ，搁置在水平倾角均为α的对称夹板ＯＡ，ＯＢ上，且ＯＡ＝ＯＢ＝１００ｃｍ，各接触处摩擦系数均为μ＝３／３，圆心Ｏ１，Ｏ２连线水平，α＝６０°，若不计夹板自重，试求维持系统平衡时，作用在板...     

工具痕迹鉴定中的光学技术研究

工具痕迹由于形成的原因不同，其表面形成的原因不同，其表面形貌呈现多样性，从尺度范围上，大致可分为两类；一类痕迹尺度范围较大，一般在毫米级以上，可称为宏观痕迹；第二类痕迹尺度范围较小，一般在微米级，可称为微观痕迹，利用光学投影，缩束显微，二维调制图像模数转换及低通滤波去噪算法，小波变换，智能模板相位复原等处理技术。可精确，快速地得到工具痕迹鉴定所需的形貌信息，这成为用于识别，诊断领域中的光学图像处理新技术。本文介绍上述技术特点。并且提供了典型的应用实例。     

弹性力学空间问题的复变函数解

弹性力学空间问题的复变函数解贾普荣（西北工业大学，西安７１００７２）１基本方程对于弹性力学一般的空间问题，位移和应力分量可用伽辽金的３个双调和函数表出￣［１］。设ｆ＿１（ｘ，ｙ，ｚ），ｆ＿２（ｘ，ｙ，ｚ），ｆ＿３（ｘ，ｙ，ｚ）为双调和函数，即位移分量...     

非均质土层下基桩的动力稳定性研究

本文根据桩在轴向谐振力作用下，探讨了非均质层下基桩的动力稳定性问题，分析了各种地基土横向抗力系数K以及桩的几何特征，激振频率，桩土阻尼对桩动力稳定性的影响，结果表明，随地基土层的不同，基桩的动力不稳定区域将发生不同的变化，随桩径，桩长的增大，基桩的动力不稳定区域将逐渐减小，表明地基土的横向抗力对桩的动力稳定性起加强作用，桩土阻尼对基桩的动力稳定性影响较大，得出了一些有价值的结论，可为工程设计提供参考依据。     

考虑适应现象的心理物理定律及其在力学中的应用

在心理学中，刺激量感觉量之间的关系，没有考虑到感觉适应的影响，适应现象是各种感觉都普遍具有现象，建立一种考虑适应作用的心理物理学定律，是很有必要的，利用心理物理学定律，分析材料的力学性能，被称为“软机械”方法曾被应用于评价食品的质量，在本中，我们讨论如何应用这部“软机械”，测定材料的“硬”指标－软科学性能。     

单源低能离子束辅助沉积类金刚石薄膜摩擦性能的研究

目前，制备类金刚石薄膜的方法很多，然而其中的多数在沉积过程中都需要基本具有比较高的温度，这不不可避免地会对耐温性较差的材料造成损伤，或使机械零部件发生变形和尺寸变化，因此，利用单源低能离子束辅助沉积法制备了非晶碳薄膜，并且利用喇曼光谱和俄歇电子能谱研究了薄膜的结构，发现了其为无定形的类金刚石薄膜，薄膜中的碳原子成键主要ｓｐ＾２杂化键，研究表明，随着离子能量和束流的增大，薄膜的显微硬度，摩擦系数和寿     

铝合金材料剪切断裂实验分析

金属材料受载作用发生断裂，断裂面形式有拉断，剪断和拉剪混合型，由于剪断过程中塑性变形较为复杂，问题的研究难度大，观点争论多，本文对LY12－M铝合金材料复合型平面应变载荷状态下的几种断裂试验结果作了分析，认为在II型，近II型时发生的剪切型断裂，启裂点在裂尖附近应力三维度取最大值处，剪断的开裂方向则与启裂点上最大剪应力方向有关，同时对LC9R超强铝合金作常规破坏试验，该材料在拉伸，扭转与压缩试验时均呈剪切断裂，断裂面沿最大剪应力方位，破坏剪应力随试件应力三维度的降低而增大，综合分析试验结果得到了一些有用的结论。     

大型相关失效工程网络系统可靠度的近似算法

为避开失效模式(或系统可靠路径)的NP难题(non—polynomial increase hard problem)，提出递推分解算法，降低大型工程网络系统可靠度分析中的计算复杂性，同时，将改进的多维正态变量积分公式，引入递推分解算法之中，计算多失效模式(或系统可靠路径)的联合概率，并最终计算工程网络系统的失效概率和可靠度，对于特别复杂的工程网络系统，采用上下界的方法，给出具有很高精度的可靠度近似值。实例分析表明，本文提出的方法，具有较高的精度和计算效率。     

润滑油极压抗磨添加剂的复合效应及其与固体润滑剂和表面改性层…

随着现代科学技术的进步，机器设备正日益向高速，重载和高精度的方向发展。因此，如何改善材料的摩擦损性能和机器零件的润滑状态，以延长机器设备的使用寿命，已经受到摩擦学工作者的广泛关注，在基础润滑油中加入各种添加剂是改善其润滑性能的重要方法，而对材料表面进行改行处理则是改善其摩擦磨损性能的有效方法，若将这两种方法配合使用，可能获得更好的实用效果，然而有关的研究工作还很不深入和系统，基于这情况，对润滑油极     

动力学,振动与控制学科未来的发展趋势

对近年来动力学，振动与控制的研究进展作了简要回顾，概述了非线性动力学与振动主动控制这两个研究热点的现状，提出了世纪之初应关注的若干研究前沿，即高维非线性系统的全局摄动法，全局分岔和混沌动力学，高维强非线性系统分岔与混沌动力学的实验研究，非线性时滞系统的动力学，流体－弹性体－刚体耦合系统动力学与控制，碰撞与变结构系统动力学，微机电系统动力学。最后，对我国动力学，振动与控制的发展提出了一些建议。     

Elastic Mechanical Stress Analysis in a 2D-FGM Thick Finite Length Hollow Cylinder with Newly Developed Material Model

In this paper a new 2D-FGM material model based on Mori-Tanaka scheme and third-order transition function has been developed for a thick hollow cylinder of finite length.Elastic mechanical stress analysis is performed by utilizing the finite element method.The corresponding material,displacement and stress distributions are evaluated for different values of n_r and n_z.Moreover,the effects of different material property distributions on the effective stress with respect to the metallic phase volume fraction are investigated.It is demonstrated that the increase in n_r and V_m leads to a significant reduction in the effective stress.Finally,it is shown that the ceramic phase rich cylinder wall has lower maximum effective stresses of which the lowest value of effective stress has been evaluated for n_r=20 and n_z=5.This minimum value is about half the maximum effective stress which has been evaluated for the non-FGM cylinder case(n_r=n_z=0.1).     

带内裂纹厚壁圆筒管冲击疲劳实验中内压测定技术

本文设计了冲击内压循环加载实验装置，该装置能对试件产生连续内压加载。通过对带裂纹厚壁筒试件外壁动应变的测定，和用有限元方法计算冲击内压下动应变的变化规律，求出了实验中所加的冲击内压。     

Heat conduction and heat wave propagation in functionally graded thick hollow cylinder base on coupled thermoelasticity without energy dissipation

In this paper, heat wave propagation and coupled thermoelasticity without energy dissipation in functionally graded thick hollow cylinder is presented based on Green–Naghdi theory. The material properties are supposed to vary as a power function of radius across the thickness of cylinder. The cylinder is considered in axisymmetry and plane strain conditions and it is divided to many sub-cylinders (layers) across the thickness. Each sub-cylinder is considered to be made of isotropic material and functionally graded property can be created by suitable arrangement of layers. The Galerkin finite element method and Newmark finite difference method are employed to solve the problem. The time history of second sounds and displacement wave propagation are obtained for various values of power function. Computed results agree well with the published data.     

Natural frequency analysis of 2D-FGM thick hollow cylinder based on three-dimensional elasticity equations

In this paper, natural frequencies characteristics of a thick hollow cylinder with finite length made of two-dimensional functionally graded material (2D-FGM) based on three-dimensional equations of elasticity is considered. The axisymmetric conditions are assumed for the 2D-FGM cylinder. The material properties of the cylinder are varied in the radial and axial directions with power law functions. Effects of volume fraction distribution and FGM configuration on the natural frequencies of a simply supported cylinder are analyzed. Also, the effects of length and thickness of the cylinder are considered for different material distribution profiles. Three-dimensional equations of motion are used and the eigen value problem is developed based on direct variational method. Finite element method with graded material characteristics within each element of the structure is used for solution. The study shows that the 2D-FGM cylinder exhibit interesting frequency characteristics when the constituent volume fractions and its configuration are varied.     

Transient heat conduction in two-dimensional functionally graded hollow cylinder with finite length

In this paper a thick hollow cylinder with finite length made of two dimensional functionally graded material (2D-FGM) subjected to transient thermal boundary conditions is considered. The volume fraction distribution of materials, geometry and thermal boundary conditions are assumed to be axisymmetric but not uniform along the axial direction. The finite element method with graded material properties within each element is used to model the structure and the Crank–Nicolson finite difference method is implemented to solve time dependent equations of the heat transfer problem. Two-dimensional heat conduction in the cylinder is considered and variation of temperature with time as well as temperature distribution through the cylinder are investigated. Effects of variation of material distribution in two radial and axial directions on the temperature distribution and time response are studied. The achieved results show that using two-dimensional FGM leads to a more flexible design so that transient temperature, maximum amplitude and uniformity of temperature distributions can be modified to achieve required specifications by selecting a suitable material distribution profile in two directions.     

数值积分法求解厚壁筒的动态应力强度因子

用数值积分法求解了厚壁筒表面裂纹的动态应力强度因子，其结果与有限元的计算结果作了比较，表明该方法简单有效，对工程应用极有参考价值     

Transient thermal stresses in two-dimensional functionally graded thick hollow cylinder with finite length

In this paper transient thermal stresses in a thick hollow cylinder with finite length made of two-dimensional functionally graded material (2D-FGM) based on classical theory of thermoelasticity are considered. The volume fraction distribution of materials, geometry and thermal load are assumed to be axisymmetric but not uniform along the axial direction. The finite element method with graded material properties within each element is used to model the structure. Temperature, displacements and stress distributions through the cylinder at different times are investigated. Also the effects of variation of material distribution in two radial and axial directions on the thermal stress distribution and time responses are studied. The achieved results show that using 2D-FGM leads to a more flexible design so that time responses of structure, maximum amplitude of stresses and uniformity of stress distributions can be modified to a required manner by selecting suitable material distribution profiles in two directions.     

用可退化有限单元进行平面连续体拓扑优化

提出一种基于准则法的平面连续体结构拓扑优化方法。该方法根据单元在结点处的厚度或应力值决定删除单元或将矩形单元退化为三角单元 ,使迭代过程更加平稳。在一定的计算量下 ,提高了计算精度 ,减少了迭代次数 ,使优化结构的边界更加光顺。该方法可同时应用于等厚度和变厚度平面连续体的拓扑优化问题。本文推导了变厚度矩形有限单元的刚度矩阵 ,并给出了相应的拓扑优化迭代方法     

Subregion generalized variational principles for elastic thick plates

Tn this paper, the subregion generalized variational principle for elastic thick plates is proposed. Its main points may be stated as follows:1. Each subregion may be assigned arbitrarily as a potential region or complementary region. The subregion variational principles of potential energy, complementary energy and mixed energy represent three special forms of this principle.2. The number of independent variational variables in each sub-region may be assigned arbitrarily. Any one of the subregions may be assigned as a one-variable-region, two-variable-region or three-variable-region.3. The conjunction conditions of displacements and stresses on each interline of neighbouring subregions may be relaxed. On the basis of this principle the finite element analysis of non-conforming elements for thick plates can be formulated.Different finite element models for thick plates can be obtained by different applications of this principle. In particular,the subregion mixed variational principle for thick plates may be applied to formulating the subregion mixed finite element method for thick plates.     

Fluid-structure impact analysis with a mixed method of arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian BE and FE

A mixed method of arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian boundary element and finite element method (ALE-BE-FE method) is proposed for solving fluid-structure impact problems, in which the effect of structural deformation due to hydrodynamic pressure is taken into account. In addition, this method also enables us to analyze the influence of nonlinear free surface conditions on the impact response. Two numerical examples of an impacting cylinder and an impacting wedge into an initially calm water treated as 2-D problems are presented. It shows that the proposed method is effective to obtain a fluid-structure impact solution.This project is financially supported by the National Education Foundation of China.