大应变率范围内AM80镁合金的变形行为及组织演变

采用INSTRON准静态压缩试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆装置，研究固溶态AM80镁合金在室温准静态和冲击载荷下的变形行为及组织演变。准静态载荷下，流变应力随应变率（3×10-5~4×10-1 s-1）的升高逐渐降低，表现为负应变率敏感性；冲击载荷下，流变应力随应变率（7.00×102~5.20×103 s-1）的升高而升高，呈现出明显的正应变率敏感性。冲击载荷下AM80镁合金的变形机制以基面滑移和孪生为主，大量细小致密的形变孪生以及适量非基面滑移的启动是AM80镁合金在冲击载荷下流变应力明显高于准静态载荷的重要原因。此外，随应变率的升高，AM80镁合金变形的均匀性明显增强，当应变速率升至3.65×103 s-1时，冲击变形所引起的局部绝热温升软化大于应变硬化与应变速率硬化的总和，部分晶粒产生了明显的动态回复，使得孪晶密度和变形均匀性反而降低。     

5083H111铝合金宽应变率拉伸动态本构模型

结合5083H111铝合金较宽应变率范围2×10-4 ~ 4×102s-1内的拉伸实验数据,揭示该铝合金的拉伸“V”型率效应特征,分析对数应变率敏感系数λ和切线模量Et的应变率和应变相关性,进而通过对Johnson-Cook模型的修正来建立合理描述5083H111铝合金较宽应变率范围内的动态拉伸本构模型。建立的动态本构模型中,流动应力包括应变率相关和应变相关两部分。该模型合理描述了5083H111铝合金的拉伸“V”型率效应特征,预测结果与实验结果较为一致。另外,结合破坏应变的对数应变率敏感系数β,得到了拉伸破坏应变预测方程,其预测结果也与实验结果基本一致。     

无铅焊料合金压入蠕变性能参数表征研究

微互连焊点高温下的服役可靠性很大程度上决定了电子产品性能的优劣，本文通过微纳米压入法开展了典型无铅焊料合金Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu 的高温蠕变性能研究，采用“快速加载–保载–快速卸载”的测试方式获取不同温度下完备的蠕变行为，分析发现温度升高焊料软化加剧、蠕变变形更为明显；得到了焊料合金不同温度下的稳态蠕变应力指数n 与不同硬度下的蠕变激活能Q，分析了温度与硬度对二者的影响并给出激活能Q 与lnH之间的关系．     

The effect of time-dependent twinning on low temperature (<0.25 ∗ Tm) creep of an alpha-titanium alloy

The low-temperature (less than one-fourth of the melting temperature) creep deformation behavior of hexagonally close-packed (HCP) α-Ti–1.6 wt.% V was investigated. Creep tests were performed at various temperatures between room temperature and 205 °C at 95% of the respective yield stress at the different temperatures. The creep strain rate was found to increase with increasing temperature. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that slip and unusually slow twin growth, or time-dependent twinning, are active deformation mechanisms for the entire temperature range of this investigation. The activation energy for creep of this alloy was calculated to identify the rate-controlling deformation mechanism, and was found to increase with increasing creep strain. At low strain, the activation energy for creep was found to be close to the previously calculated activation energy for slip. At high strain, the calculated activation energy indicates that both slip and twinning are significant deformation mechanisms. The appearance of twinning at high strains is explained by a model for twin nucleation by dislocation pileups.     

高导无氧铜在大变形、不同温度和不同应变率下的流动应力和本构模型

为了理解高导无氧铜(OFHC Cu)的塑性流动行为,采用Instron液压试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆,系统地对OFHC Cu进行了温度为77 ~1 000 K,应变率为0.001 ~7 000 s-1,以及真实应变超过80%的单轴压缩试验。结果表明:在0.001 s-1应变率下, OFHC Cu在约500 K呈现动态应变时效现象。随应变率增高,动态应变时效温度区域向更高温度移动,甚至动态应变时效现象消失。在高应变变形区域,相对温度来说,OFHC Cu塑性流动应力对应变率依赖更强。基于位错运动学和动力学概念,考虑位错在高温和高应变率的粘-曳阻力现象,结合试验结果,导出一个基于物理概念的本构模型。此模型可预测从低到高不同应变率不同温度下OFHC Cu的塑性流动应力。通过比较表明,本构模型预测结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

基于波传播系数构建填实爆炸下花岗岩中运动及变形场

为利用球面波实验测得的有限个粒子速度信息来分析地下爆炸下介质的运动及变形特性，基于黏弹性球面波理论和局部黏弹性等效假设，提出了一种构建地下爆炸运动及变形场的新方法。首先，利用0.125 g TNT填实爆炸下花岗岩中相邻测点的粒子速度频谱给出相应的频谱比；其次，结合黏弹性球面波理论给出的理论频谱比求解出相邻测点之间区域内等效的球面波传播系数；再次，利用局部黏弹性等效假设给出相邻测点之间任意一点的粒子速度频谱，再通过傅里叶逆变换给出粒子速度的时域波形；最后，利用运动场和变形场的物理关系，完成整个分析区域内运动场和变形场的构建。结果表明:由相邻测点反演得到的波传播系数，可高精度地构建相应测点之间区域内介质的运动及变形场；在半径15～50 mm区域内，径向压缩应变峰值约从1.7×10?2降为2.1×10?3，切向拉伸应变峰值约从4.7×10?3降为0.4×10?3，径向压缩应变率峰值约从5.1×104 s?1降为2.5×103 s?1，切向拉伸应变率峰值约从5.0×103 s?1降为1.4×102 s?1，涵盖了高应变（率）到中低应变（率）加、卸载的全过程。     

应变率对SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料拉伸性能的影响

本文利用岛津试验机和自行研制的冲击拉伸试验装置,对体积含量为10%的SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料进行了准静态的拉伸试验、冲击拉伸试验和冲击拉伸加卸载试验,获得了复合材料在应变率为0.002s^-1-1000s^-1范围内从弹塑性变形直至断裂的完整应力应变曲线。试验结果表明,随着应变速率的提高,复合屈服应力,拉伸强度以及破坏应变均相应提高,具有明显的应变率强化效应和高速韧性现象;同时,由于冲击拉伸试验过程中热力耦合效应的影响,准静态加载下复合材料的应力指数与冲击拉伸加载下复合材料的应力指数相比降低了17.8%;在用冲击拉伸复元试验解耦出热力耦合效应的影响后,材料的静、动态等温应力应变曲线具有相同的应变硬化规律。最后,根据复合材料在不同应变率下的试验结果和Eshelby‘s等效夹杂理论,本文建立了一个计及应变率强化效应的弹塑性自洽模型,模型拟合结果与试验结果吻合得很好。     

A unified constitutive model for superalloys

A physically based unified constitutive model is presented for an aircraft engine nickelbase superalloy. The model accounts for deformation modes that can be activated under different stress, time, and temperature combinations. Two internal state variables and a flow function have been utilized to prdict strain rate sensitivity, stress hold creep, strain hold relaxation, monotonic loading, cyclic loading, and thermal mechanical cycling. In the model flow function, creep deformation and plasticity deformation modes have been incorporated over a wide range of temperatures (0.4 < T/T_melt < 0.75). The model is checked with independent isothermal and thermal mechanical experiments. Different temperature ranges are explored to assess model capabilities.     

Study of lattice strains in magnesium alloy AZ31 based on a large strain elastic-viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal model

The recently developed large strain elastic visco-plastic self-consistent (EVPSC) model, which incorporates both slip and twinning deformation mechanisms, is used to study the lattice strain evolution in extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 under uniaxial tension and compression. The results are compared against in-situ neutron diffraction measurements done on the same alloy. For the first time, the effects of stress relaxation and strain creep on lattice strain measurements in respectively displacement controlled and load controlled in-situ tests are numerically assessed. It is found that the stress relaxation has a significant effect on the lattice strain measurements. It is also observed that although the creep does not significantly affect the trend of the lattice strain evolution, a better agreement with the experiments is found if creep is included in the simulations.     

原位生成MoB增强Cu-Sn-Al合金复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

采用快速热压烧结方法成功制备了原位生成MoB增强的Cu-Sn-Al合金复合材料,研究了增强体添加含量对复合材料体系摩擦学性能的影响,并对其摩擦磨损机制进行了分析. 研究表明:在Cu-5Sn合金基体中添加MoAlB陶瓷颗粒后,烧结过程中,层状结构MoAlB陶瓷中的Al元素能够扩散到基体中,生成原位MoB增强Cu-Sn-Al合金复合材料. 此外,复合材料体系的硬度随着MoAlB添加量的增加逐渐提高,与Cu-5Sn合金相比,当添加MoAlB质量分数为30%时,复合材料硬度值提高了约5倍. 同时,随着添加MoAlB陶瓷颗粒含量的增加,复合材料体系摩擦系数和磨损率逐渐降低,当添加的MoAlB陶瓷颗粒质量分数为30%时,复合材料摩擦系数和磨损率分别低至0.33和5.4×10?5 mm3/(N·m). 由于原位生成MoB颗粒的钉扎效应,在摩擦过程中能够抑制基体材料的塑性变形,使得材料体系的硬度显著提高,磨损率明显降低,摩擦过程中表面生成的摩擦氧化物,能够降低材料体系的黏着磨损和二体磨粒磨损,可以起到优异的抗磨减摩效应.      

96.5Sn-3.5Ag钎料合金的时相关单轴应变循环变形行为及其本构关系研究

在室温下对96.5Sn-3.5Ag钎料合金进行了不同加载波形下的单轴应变循环实验。研究了在具有不同保持时间、不同应变率、不同应变幅值及其历史对材料的循环变形行为的影响。基于材料时相关变形行为,提出了统一粘塑性本构模型,并对该材料的变形行为进行本构模拟。实验结果表明:该钎料合金单轴变形行为具有应变率、保持时间以及应变幅值依赖性。本构关系的预言结果与实验结果吻合得一致性说明该种模型能够很好地描述材料的单轴应变循环变形行为。     

新型铝锡硅合金高温塑性变形流变应力的研究

采用高温等温压缩变形方法,在温度为373-673K范围和应变速率为0.001-1.0s^-1范围内,测定了新型Al-10Sn-4Si合金的流变应力曲线,结果表明,该合金为正应变速率敏感材料并且具有稳态流变特征;稳态流变应力随变形速率的增加而增大,随变形温度的升高而降低,通过回归分析,建立了该合金高温塑性变形时稳态流变应力的半经验方程,这种稳态流变特征与动态回复、动态再结晶及局部晶界粘滞性流动行为有关,受热激活过程控制。     

不同应变率下泡沫铝的形变和力学性能

对低密度泡沫铝在不同变形率下的形变和力学性能进行了系统的试验研究。结果表明:（1）沿剪切方向骨架首先塌陷,即变形的局部化是低应变率下块体泡沫铝的主要变形特征;（2）在不同应变率下泡沫铝表现出体积应变基本上随工程应变呈线性变化,在低应变率下泊松比随轴向应变呈幂次关系增加,但在高应变率下泊松比随塑性应变增加,从一峰值降低并趋于稳定;（3）低应变率下泡沫铝材料塑性变形均匀,而高应变率下剪切变形较大;（4）泡沫铝材料的强度对应变率不很明显,但随塑性应变增加,它的率敏感性增加。     

63Sn-37Pb钎料合金在非比例循环加载下的非弹性流动特性研究

基于63Sn-37Pb钎料舍金在多种非比例应变循环加载下的实验结果,通过考察材料的非弹性应变率与偏应力之间的夹角随累积非弹性应变的变化规律,对63Sn-37Pb钎料合金的非弹性流动特性进行了定量分析。分析结果显示：在相同的非比例加载路径下,当加载等效应变幅值相同时,等效应变率越高,非弹性应变率与偏应力之间夹角平均水平越低,当等效应变率相同时,等效应变幅值越大,相应的夹角平均水平越低;在保持时间范围内,非弹性应变率方向与偏应力方向趋于一致;当非比例路径形状不同时,其非弹性应变率与偏应力之间的夹角随累积非弹性应变的变化趋势明显不同。研究表明,材料的非弹性流动特性强烈依赖于等效应变幅值、等效应变率、保持时间、非比例路径形状。     

A Phenomenological Constitutive Model for Describing Thermo-Viscoplastic Behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy Under Hot Working Condition

In order to predict the high-temperature deformation behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy, the hot compression tests were conducted in the strain rate range of (0.001–0.1)s⁻¹ and the forming temperature range of (573–723) K. Based on the experimental results, Johnson-Cook model was found inadequate to describe the high-temperature deformation behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Therefore, a new phenomenological constitutive model is proposed, considering the coupled effects of strain, strain rate and forming temperature on the material flow behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. In the proposed model, the material constants are presented as functions of strain rate. The proposed constitutive model correlates well with the experimental results confirming that the proposed model can give an accurate and precise estimate of flow stress for the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy investigated in this study.     

Experimental investigation and modeling of non-monotonic creep behavior in polymers

The deformation behavior of two unfilled engineering thermoplastics, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and polycarbonate (PC), has been investigated in creep test conditions. It has been found that a loading history (prior to the creep test) comprising of loading to a maximum stress or strain value followed by partial unloading to arrive at the target stress value can greatly modify the strain-time behavior. Under such a test protocol, while the expected increase in strain during creep (constant tensile load) is observed, at relatively low creep stresses specimens have also demonstrated a monotonic decrease in strain. In an intermediate stress range, specimens have demonstrated time dependent behavior comprising of a transition from decreasing to increasing strain during creep in tension. This paper presents experimental results to delineate these findings and explore the effect of prior strain rate on the qualitative and quantitative changes in the output (strain-time) behavior. Furthermore, modification of the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO) model into a double element configuration is introduced. These changes confer upon the model the ability to yield non-monotonic behavior in creep, and supporting simulation results have been included. These changes, therefore, allow the model to simulate strain rate sensitivity, creep, relaxation, and recovery behavior, but more importantly address the issue of non-monotonic changes in creep and relaxation when a loading history involves some degree of unloading.     

MAGNETOMECHANICAL BEHAVIORS OF GIANT MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS

The Laves phase alloy Tb-Dy-Fe, commercially known as Terfenol-D, exhibits the giant room-temperature magnetostriction at moderate field strength of a few kOe due to its combination of high magnetostriction and low magnetocrystalline anisotropic energy. Thus, this pseudobinary rare earth iron compound has found quite a number of applications such as in magnetomechanical transducers, actuators and adaptive vibration control systems. The simultaneous measurements of magnetostriction and magnetization at various fixed compressive pre-stresses applied in the axial direction for Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95 samples are presented. The results show that the magnetostriction increases with increasing compressive stress until it reaches 1742 ×10^6 under 25 MPa, so does the coercive magnetic field. And the hysteresis loop area for magnetization and magnetostriction also increases with the increment of applied compressive stresses. But the maximum magnetic susceptibility χ（dM/dH） is obtained under zero stress field and the strain derivative dλ/dH increases to the highest amplitude of 0.039×10^-6 A^-1m at a stress level of 5 MPa. In the strain versus magnetization intensity curve, the initial fiat stage mainly consisting of a 180° domain wall motion becomes shorter with increasing stress. It means more initial domains are driven to the transversal direction under the compressive stress before magnetization, which is consistent with the improvement of the magnetostriction.     

STUDY OF CREEP PARAMETERS OF GRANITE IN STEADY STATE UNDER CONDITIONS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

高温高压花岗岩钻孔实验表明,温度低于500℃,静水应力低于150MPa 状态下,岩体的钻孔变形均属于稳态蠕变变形阶段. 该文选取了广义开尔文模型来反映其特征,通过拉普拉斯变换及逆变换,详细推演出了钻孔径向位移解析解,并且考虑温度-应力的耦合效应,给出了模型参数随温度及应力变化的关系式. 利用该关系进行拟合计算,说明广义开尔文模型来表达高温高压环境中的花岗岩稳态蠕变变形特性,寻求蠕变参数是合理可靠的. 该文对于高温岩体地热资源开发中的钻孔施工与维护、钻孔变形量预测等方面,具有实际的指导意义.     

岩石蠕变特性试验研究

针对大安山煤矿+550水平西二石门围岩蠕变变形严重的问题,采用室内蠕变试验与理论分析相结合的方法研究岩石蠕变特性。选取泥质粉砂岩作为软岩试样,通过自制三轴蠕变仪对所取岩样进行恒围压分级增轴压的三轴压缩蠕变试验,结果表明:随应力水平的提高,起始蠕变速率增大,进入稳态蠕变阶段用时延长,稳态蠕变速率从0h-1增大到3.12e-4·h-1,瞬时应变以线性关系增加,围压9MPa条件下的起始蠕变应力阈值为6MPa,当应力水平超过岩石长期强度时出现加速蠕变。基于蠕变试验规律,考虑起始蠕变应力阈值,将一种可用阶跃函数表示的开关元件与广义K体并联,并引入损伤元件对CVISC蠕变模型进行改进。采用1st-Opt中的Levenberg-Marquardt+通用全局优化法计算蠕变参数并进行反演。反演结果表明理论曲线与试验曲线的吻合效果较好,证明了所建模型的合理性。上述研究成果可为岩石工程的长期稳定性分析提供试验和理论依据。     

空心微珠/Al复合材料的动态压缩力学性能和吸能特性

利用分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB）系统对空心微珠体积分数为0.4的空心微珠/1199Al复合泡沫在1 700~2 900s-1应变率范围内的动态压缩力学性能、吸能性能进行了研究,还利用SEM扫描电镜对压缩试件断口进行微观组织分析,与准静态条件下材料的压缩力学性能及压缩变形机制进行了对比。结果表明,空心微珠/1199Al复合泡沫是一种应变率敏感材料,与准静态结果相比,在高应变率下复合材料的流动应力和塑性应变有明显的增大,应变率硬化效应对复合材料的流动应力的影响明显大于应变硬化的影响。复合材料的准静态和动态压缩变形机制存在一定差异,动态载荷作用下,空心微珠/1199Al复合泡沫内部空心微珠的压缩和基体材料的充填同时发生,组分之间具有良好的协调变形能力。