A Comparative Study on Traffic Flow Models Based on Real Measured Data

依据上海延安高架路段的交通流录像资料提取的26000余组实测数据，作出流量-密度图，发现即使在低密度时流密关系亦具有非线性二维区域特性。通过与Kerner提出的非线性二维流密关系模型进行比较，指出一些符合中国交通状况的现象可在图中得以体现。利用观测得到的大量数据，在按密度划分的不同区间内对已有的多个平衡函数进行最优筛选，得到分段平衡函数的表达式，使交通流模型更加贴近真实交通状况。最后提出了基于实测数据计算激进型驾驶者比例的方法，该方法的关键在于利用各种经过特征值变换后的平衡函数形式模拟已有数据的区域边界。关键词：交通流模型；实测数据；流量-密度图；分段平衡函数；激进型驾驶者     

城市快速路交通流速密关系模型优化研究

从实测得到的210920中国城市快速路“车速-车头间距”数据中, 选取包含26773条数据的3个样本作为不同类型交通流的代表, 对多个交通流“速-密关系”模型 进行参数优化和拟合优度比较研究, 给出优化模型参数的定性和定量规律. 修正形式的 Kerner-Konhauser平衡函数和Payne平衡函数通过参数优化, 分别在畅通和拥挤条件下具有 优度相对最高的拟合结果, Greenshields模型(等价地, m=3时的一维管流模型)则对介于 两种条件之间的实测数据具有优度相对最高的拟合结果.     

大城市高架路实测数据分析与交通流模型研究

对上海市中心延安高架路一个路段交通流进行长时间录像拍摄,提取到``车速-车头间距'有效数据26000余对. 应用该批实测数据,对多种常见交通流速密关系模型进行比较研究后发现,一维管流模型在我国高速道路交通流参数计算中具有优势. 提出采用变参数一维管流模型刻画交通流非线性特征的基本方法.      

基于场力的驾驶员影响因素交通流动力学模型

为研究驾驶员行为对道路交通的定量影响, 针对驾驶员行为特点, 综合考虑了驾驶员受到的直接物理影响和间接心理影响、相对速度以及车辆自身特性等因素, 结合场力、图论等方法, 提出了一种用于模拟考虑驾驶员影响因素的元胞自动机交通流动力学模型(简称IDCA模型). 通过计算机数值模拟, 研究了考虑驾驶员影响因素下车流演化机理及不同驾驶员类型对道路交通流的影响. 结果表明: 与NaSch模型相比, 本文建立的IDCA模型能够模拟得到丰富的交通行为, 再现了同步流等交通现象, 从速度波动和车头间距波动分析得出IDCA模型下道路交通流具有更强的稳定性, 堵塞消融效率更高. 此外得到了由不同驾驶员类型按不同比例组成的混合交通流的密度-速度图和密度-流量图, 发现在道路相同中高密度下, 激进型驾驶员所占的比例越大, 车辆速度与交通流量越大, 交通流量随着保守型驾驶员比例的增加而降低. 最后模拟实现了车辆高速跟驰现象, 得到小间距高速跟驰率超过7%的结果与实测结果相符合.      

基于场力的驾驶员影响因素交通流动力学模型

为研究驾驶员行为对道路交通的定量影响,针对驾驶员行为特点,综合考虑了驾驶员受到的直接物理影响和间接心理影响、相对速度以及车辆自身特性等因素,结合场力、图论等方法,提出了一种用于模拟考虑驾驶员影响因素的元胞自动机交通流动力学模型(简称IDCA模型).通过计算机数值模拟,研究了考虑驾驶员影响因素下车流演化机理及不同驾驶员类型对道路交通流的影响.结果表明:与NaSch模型相比,本文建立的IDCA模型能够模拟得到丰富的交通行为,再现了同步流等交通现象,从速度波动和车头间距波动分析得出IDCA模型下道路交通流具有更强的稳定性,堵塞消融效率更高.此外得到了由不同驾驶员类型按不同比例组成的混合交通流的密度-速度图和密度-流量图,发现在道路相同中高密度下,激进型驾驶员所占的比例越大,车辆速度与交通流量越大,交通流量随着保守型驾驶员比例的增加而降低.最后模拟实现了车辆高速跟驰现象,得到小间距高速跟驰率超过7%的结果与实测结果相符合.     

关于交通流中扰动传播和发展的数值模拟

针对不同拥挤程度交通流中扰动的传播和发展，进行了系统的数值模拟研究. 讨论了PW模型、一维管流模型、单侧传播模型等几种典型交通流模型的不同特征；指出了 不同差分格式对数值结果的影响；也分析了数学模型中不同形式的平衡函数的作用. 结果发 现在适当的数学模型、平衡函数和离散格式下，能够对交通流中扰动的传播和发展，特别是 扰动波的传播速度，取得与实际测量数据相当接近的模拟效果. 建议了分别适用于不同密度 交通流的计算格式.     

非港湾式公交车站停靠特性的研究

基于Nagel-Schreckenberg交通流模型(简称NaSch模型),通过引入换道规则,建立包含非港湾式公交车站在内的双车道混合车辆元胞自动机交通流模型.计算机数值模拟表明,在周期边界条件下非港湾式公交车站路段的交通流存在一定的特性,在中等密度区域的拥挤流, 车辆的平均速度与车流密度存在一次幂律关系.      

利用格子Boltzmann方法数值模拟Rayleigh-Benard对流

采用格子Boltzmann方法对较大Rayleigh数范围下的二维Rayleigh-Benard对流进行了模拟研究.引入能量分布函数,利用该能量分布函数与粒子速度分布函数耦合来求解一个热流场,能量分布函数与粒子速度分布函数和Boltzmann方程构成了一个新的双分布格子Boltzmann模型.在考虑密度随温度变化的情况下,进行数值模拟,得到了Rayleigh-Benard对流速度、温度随时间的变化规律、系统的流线和等温线分布及平均Nusselt数与Rayleigh数的之间的关系,与相关文献数据进行了对比,模拟结果非常吻合,证明了改进的双分布格子Boltzmann模型的有效性.     

基于交通流实测数据的加速度研究

采用6 个不同密度下的交通流样本, 从视频中提取大量跟驰车对的车头间距、车速、加速度和速度差数据. 统计分析发现, 加速度值域关于0 点具有对称性; 不同密度下加速度分布具有不同特征; 车头间距、车速和速度差对加速度的影响程度随密度不同而不同. 利用实测数据对GM 模型和Bando 模型进行参数优化, 据此提出一种GM 模型的简化形式和一种改进的Bando 模型, 两者拟合该文实测数据的平均误差都在6% 以下.      

GAS-KINETIC UNIFIED ALGORITHM FOR BOLTZMANN MODEL EQUATION IN ROTATIONAL NONEQUILIBRIUM AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE WHOLE RANGE FLOW REGIMES

基于过去开展稀薄自由分子流到连续流气体运动论统一算法框架,采用转动惯量描述气体分子自旋运动,确立含转动非平衡效应各流域统一玻尔兹曼模型方程.基于转动能量对分布函数守恒积分,得到计及转动非平衡效应气体分子速度分布函数方程组,使用离散速度坐标法对分布函数方程所依赖速度空间离散降维;应用拓展计算流体力学有限差分方法,构造直接求解分子速度分布函数的气体动理论数值格式;基于物面质量流量通量守恒与能量平衡关系,发展计及转动非平衡气体动理论边界条件数学模型及数值处理方法,提出模拟各流域转动非平衡效应玻尔兹曼模型方程统一算法.通过高、低不同马赫数1：5～25氮气激波结构与自由分子流到连续流全飞行流域不同克努森数（9×10^-4～10）Ramp制动器、圆球、尖双锥飞行器、飞船返回舱外形体再入跨流域绕流模拟研究,将计算结果与有关实验数据、稀薄流DSMC模拟值等结果对比分析,验证统一算法模拟自由分子流到连续流再入过程高超声速绕流问题的可靠性与精度.     

Stability analysis of helical rod based on exact Cosserat model

Helical equilibrium of a thin elastic rod has practical backgrounds, such as DNA, fiber, sub-ocean cable, and oil-well drill string. Kirchhoff's kinetic analogy is an effective approach to the stability analysis of equilibrium of a thin elastic rod. The main hypotheses of Kirchhoff's theory without the extension of the centerline and the shear deformation of the cross section are not adoptable to real soft materials of biological fibers. In this paper, the dynamic equations of a rod with a circular cross section are established on the basis of the exact Cosserat model by considering the tension and the shear deformations. Euler's angles are applied as the attitude representation of the cross section. The deviation of the normal axis of the cross section from the tangent of the centerline is considered as the result of the shear deformation. Lyapunov's stability of the helical equilibrium is discussed in static category. Euler's critical values of axial force and torque are obtained. Lyapunov's and Euler's stability conditions in the space domain are the necessary conditions of Lyapunov's stability of the helical rod in the time domain.     

Some axisymmetric problems for an elastic inhomogeneous thick-walled tube

An equilibrium differential equation for an axisymmetric problem is reduced to an integrable form under the assumption that the shear modulus is continuously differentiable and Poisson’s ratio is constant. A procedure of successive approximations is proposed for the case of a compressible material, and the Lamé problem is solved exactly for the case of an incompressible material. A piecewise continuous variation of the Lamé parameter as a function of radius is considered. Several examples of determining the stress-tensor components are given for various cases of inhomogeneity.     

基于多线性支持向量机的样本点正确分类与复杂失效方程稳步模拟

为克服一般响应面方法重构复杂隐式失效方程所需样本数量较多、精度较差的不足,提出了一种基于多线性支持向量机的结构失效方程模拟方法。该方法的显著特点是应用了样本点正确分类技术,因而其求解精度随着样本点数量的增多而稳步趋近于真实失效方程。其主要求解过程为,(1)结合均匀设计方法,生成均匀的紧邻极限状态曲面的失效和可靠样本点。(2)依据样本点向量模和样本点向量间夹角余弦值将总体空间划分成多个子空间,确保每个子空间内的样本点能由一个线性支持向量机完全分开。(3)采用一种基于扩充样本点对的迭代算法不断更新样本点集合,从而逐步修正模拟的多个线性失效方程。算例分析表明,无论失效方程为强非线性函数还是多个失效模式组成的分段函数,该方法的计算精度与效率均较为稳定。这为具有复杂失效方程结构的可靠度分析提供了有益参考。     

Normal modes for piecewise linear vibratory systems

A method to construct the normal modes for a class of piecewise linear vibratory systems is developed in this study. The approach utilizes the concepts of Poincaré maps and invariant manifolds from the theory of dynamical systems. In contrast to conventional methods for smooth systems, which expand normal modes in a series form around an equilibrium point of interest, the present method expands the normal modes in a series form of polar coordinates in a neighborhood of an invariant disk of the system. It is found that the normal modes, modal dynamics and frequency-amplitude dependence relationship are all of piecewise type. A two degree of freedom example is used to demonstrate the method.     

A novel semi-inverse solution method for elastoplastic torsion of heat treated rods

Torsion rods are a primary component of many power transmission and other mechanical systems. The behavior of these rods under elastoplastic torsion is of major concern for designers. Different methods have so far been proposed which deal with the elastoplastic torsion of rods, most of which assume constant yield stress. This assumption produces rough and inaccurate results when the rods are heat treated, since in the process of heat treatment the form of yield stress distribution across the rod cross section changes. We propose a new method for calculating elastoplastic torsion of rods of simply connected cross section which is based on heat treatment observations. In our method the full plastic stress function is obtained by using the semi-inverse method. Elastoplastic stress function is obtained by generalizing the idea of the membrane analogy and using a piecewise continuous stress function. Since the proposed form of yield stress distribution can not be handled by the current Finite Element packages, we produce a computer package with a 3D graphical interface capable of calculating and displaying the 3D elastoplastic stress function, shear stress contours, and torque-angle of rotation per unit length. We show that our method produces excellent agreement for several known cross sections in comparison to methods which assume constant yield stress.     

Piecewise linear differential systems without equilibria produce limit cycles?

In this article, we study the planar piecewise differential systems formed by two linear differential systems separated by a straight line, such that both linear differential have no equilibria, neither real nor virtual. When the piecewise differential system is continuous, we show that the system has no limit cycles. But when the piecewise differential system is discontinuous, we show that it can have at most one limit cycle.     

A semi‐implicit scheme for 3D free surface flows with high‐order velocity reconstruction on unstructured Voronoi meshes

In this paper, we present a computationally efficient semi‐implicit scheme for the simulation of three‐dimensional hydrostatic free surface flow problems on staggered unstructured Voronoi meshes. For each polygonal control volume, the pressure is defined in the cell center, whereas the discrete velocity field is given by the normal velocity component at the cell faces. A piecewise high‐order polynomial vector velocity field is then reconstructed from the scalar normal velocities at the cell faces by using a new high‐order constrained least‐squares reconstruction operator. The reconstructed high‐order piecewise polynomial velocity field is used for trajectory integration in a semi‐Lagrangian approach to discretize the nonlinear convective terms in the governing PDE. For that purpose, a high‐order Taylor method is used as ODE integrator. The resulting semi‐implicit algorithm is extensively validated on a large set of different academic test problems with exact analytical solution and is finally applied to a real‐world engineering problem consisting of a curved channel upstream of two micro‐turbines of a hydroelectric power plant. For this realistic case, some experimental reference data are available from field measurements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Periodic Orbits for Planar Piecewise Smooth Systems with a Line of Discontinuity

In this work we examine the existence of periodic orbits for planar piecewise smooth dynamical systems with a line of discontinuity. Unlike existing works, we consider the case where the line does not contain the equilibrium point. Most of the analysis is for a family of piecewise linear systems, and we discover new phenomena which produce the birth of periodic orbits, as well as new bifurcation phenomena of the periodic orbits themselves. A model nonlinear piecewise smooth systems is examined as well.     

A new fundamental diagram theory with the individual difference of the driver’s perception ability

Based on the driver’s individual difference of the driver’s perception ability, we in this paper develop a new fundamental diagram with the driver’s perceived error and speed deviation difference. The analytical and numerical results show that the speed-density and flow-density data are divided into three prominent regions. In the first region, the speed-density and flow-density data are scattered around the equilibrium speed-density and flow-density curves of the classical fundamental diagram theory, where the widths of these scattered data are very narrow and slightly increase with the real density (i.e., the scattered data appear as two thicker lines); the running speed is approximately equal to the free flow speed and the real flow approximately linearly increases with the real density. In the second region, the speed-density and flow-density data are scattered widely in a two-dimensional region, but the shapes of these widely scattered data are related to the properties of the driver’s perceived error and speed deviation difference. In the third region, the scattered speed-density and flow-density data appear but these scattered data will quickly degenerate into the equilibrium speed-density and flow-density curves with the increase of the real density. Finally, the numerical results illustrate that the new fundamental diagram theory also produces the F-line, U-line, and L-line. The shapes of the scattered data, F-line, U-line, and L-line are relevant to the properties of the driver’s perceived error and speed deviation difference. These results are qualitatively accordant with the real traffic, which shows that the new fundamental diagram theory can better describe some complex traffic phenomena in the real traffic system. In addition, the above results can help us to further explain why the widely scattered speed-density and flow-density data appear in the real traffic system and better understand the effects of the driver’s individual difference on traffic flow.