冲击风稳态流场CFD模拟及三维风速经验模型研究

建筑结构抗风设计中相当多地区的设计风速,往往参考当地气象观测到的雷暴冲击风的最大风速值,但雷暴冲击风的风场与目前抗风设计采用的大气边界层流场相差悬殊,使得设计风速与设计风场并不匹配.本文将在CFD计算结果与已有文献资料进行比较以验证CFD计算模型及参数准确性的基础上,进行了风场特性的全面研究,主要通过改变冲击风描述参数,来研究雷暴冲击风水平风速及竖向风速的分布特性变化情况,研究成果较为完整的描述了冲击风风场特性.最后提出了用于结构抗风设计的水平风速及竖向风速经验模型,较为简明地反映了雷暴冲击风三维风速的空间分布情况,并得到了CFD模拟、实测以及试验结果的验证.该经验模型为雷暴冲击风下的抗风设计计算提供了理论基础.     

高层建设风压试验研究

通过缩尺比为１：３００的模型风洞测压试验,研究了在１６个来流风向下某高层建筑表面的风压分布,结合当地的气象风速资料,给出了５０年重现期风速下的最大风荷载分布,为该建筑的设计提供了风荷载依据。     

燃气射流冲击传热特性的数值模拟

针对射流传热问题,利用基于RNGk-ε湍流模型的数值方法模拟了射流垂直冲击平板的流动过程,并与实验数据比较,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,以火箭喷管入口参数为入口条件,建立了超音速燃气射流垂直冲击平板和冲击浸没平板的计算模型,分析了不同冲击条件下努塞尔数分布规律和温度分布规律, 论述了超音速射流传热的特性及影响传热特性的因素。得到了冲击距离为(14~18)D的努塞尔数取值范围,并表明冲击距离和射流温度是影响传热效率的关键因素;冲击距离增加,传热效率降低,冲击平板表面的射流温度越高,传热效率越高。     

雷暴冲击风下输电塔风振特性试验研究

基于自主开发的试验装置,在常规边界层风洞中实现了大比例稳态雷暴冲击风剖面的模拟,并以输电塔气弹模型为研究对象,采用非接触式位移测量仪测量模型的风振响应,分析了不同类型雷暴冲击风场下输电塔的平均位移特性,并与常规B类风场下的风振特性进行了对比。试验结果显示,输电塔的风振响应均以两个方向的一阶弯曲振型为主,扭转响应和高阶弯曲响应不显著。随风速增加,不同风场下输电塔位移响应均呈抛物线趋势增大,最大风速处于塔头部位的冲击风场引起的输电塔位移响应明显高于最大风速处于塔身中部冲击风下的响应值,B类风场下的响应介于两类冲击风场间,且不同风场下位移响应间的差距也随风速增加不断增大。     

下击暴流移动对其水平风速及影响高度的作用

针对下击暴流整体移动对其水平风速的增大效应,采用数值模拟方法(CFD)得到全尺寸下击暴流不同径向位置的风剖面,并与线性叠加算法得到的水平移动下击暴流的风剖面进行对比,发现线性叠加方法在R/D≤1.1径向区间内不能准确体现下击暴流整体水平移动对沿其整体移动方向上的纵向风速剖面的影响。为此,本文提出了非线性预测方法,准确地得到了下击暴流不同水平移动速度条件下的不同径向位置风剖面;结合风剖面计算该公式与大气边界层风速分布,研究了地表粗糙度、10m高度参考风速、下击暴流初始出流速度等对下击暴流影响高度的作用。结果表明:整体水平移动下击暴流影响高度的最大值出现在R/D≤1.13范围;地面粗糙度增加明显降低了该影响高度;整体移动速度增大显著增加了下击暴流的影响高度。     

压敏漆测压在低速射流撞击壁面的应用研究

压敏漆(pressure sensitive paint,PSP)测压是一种基于发光分子氧猝灭效应的测压技术,与传统测压方式相比具有成本小、空间分辨率高等特点.实验搭建了压敏漆测压硬件平台,开发了数据处理软件系统.利用驻点处的压强与灰度关系拟合了标定曲线,研究了低速射流撞击平板表面的压强分布特性,分析了喷管距离壁面高度和雷诺数的影响.结果表明,当喷管高度h/d<6时,压强分布曲线的峰值压强和半宽度随喷管高度变化基本不变;当喷管高度h/d>6时,随着高度的增大,峰值压强线性减小,半宽度线性增加.采用峰值压强和半宽度对不同喷管高度的压强分布曲线进行无量纲化,压强分布曲线呈现自相似特性.进一步研究表明,在实验雷诺数范围内,压强分布受雷诺数影响较小.      

超高压水射流喷头水动力特性研究

基于对超高压水射流喷头的外部参数定量化分析,给出关于射流核心参数的优选方法,旨在提高水射流效率。首先,根据超高压水射流除锈喷嘴的工作特点,考虑到水的压缩性和空化效应,建立单束定冲角、多束旋转喷头的三维数值模型,通过改变靶距、入射角度、转速等外部特征参数,实施了超高压水射流除锈喷头水动力性能模拟研究。然后,重点分析单束定冲角喷嘴靶距、入射角度对靶面剪切应力、打击压强分布的影响,以及射流等速核长度与最佳射流靶距的关系。发现当靶距等于喷嘴射流等速核长度时,壁面剪切应力达到最佳水平。此外,通过分析高速旋转射流卷吸效应、靶面水垫作用对靶面所受剪切应力、打击压强分布的影响,得到最佳转速范围和对应线速度。初步阐明了射流冲击剥离的机理、单束定冲角以及多束旋转射流的特征参数对射流效果的影响,可为超高压除锈喷头的设计、装配提供参考。     

风吹雪廓线的风洞实验研究

利用颗粒图像测速仪对新雪形成的风吹雪进行风洞实验研究, 给出了不同高度处雪粒粒径分布函数以及平均粒径廓线、雪粒数通量廓线的分布规律. 发现当摩阻风速大于0.5 m/s 时单宽输雪率与摩阻风速满足指数函数的关系, 小于0.5 m/s 时两者满足幂函数的关系, 总体而言, 单宽输雪率与摩阻风速呈线性关系.     

援摩洛哥运动场风载体型系数的风洞实验研究

援摩洛哥体育场工程,根据建筑功能的设计要求,在看台上方需加一个遮阳棚.此挑棚是开敞式,前缘伸出30米,后缘伸出10米.现有规范缺乏这种结构的体型系数.为此在北京大学直径为2.25米低速风洞内实验研究了该运动场挑棚的风载体型系数.     

援摩洛哥运动场风载体型系数的风洞实验研究

援摩洛哥体育场工程,根据建筑功能的设计要求,在看台上方需加一个遮阳棚.此挑棚是开敞式,前缘伸出30米,后缘伸出10米.现有规范缺乏这种结构的体型系数.为此在北京大学直径为2.25米低速风洞内实验研究了该运动场挑棚的风载体型系数. ..     

圆柱尾流的绝对不稳定性

在水槽和低湍流度水洞中进行亚临界雷诺数圆柱尾流稳定性实验来流速度由零缓慢增长到一定值后保持不变,稳定足够长时间后,在流向某站位处给流场一个有限幅值的脉冲扰动,测量扰动前后相当长时间内下游尾流速度信号的变化情况当雷诺数处于高亚临界值时,未受扰动的尾流速度脉动很小,处于定常状态,但对近尾流进行脉冲扰动后,能够激发出不衰减的旋涡脱落发现扰动位置限制在圆柱后一定范围内才能有效,再往下游则扰动随时间衰减．说明圆柱近尾流中存在一个绝对不稳定区,在该区域内的扰动将在当地放大,经过复杂的演化,最后形成不衰减的旋涡脱落.     

基于油膜干涉法的表面摩擦应力测量技术研究

本文应用油膜干涉法及速度型方法在平板模型上进行低速湍流的表面摩擦阻力测量,探索了油膜法测量表面摩擦阻力的实验技术,分析了不同实验方式对测量结果的影响以及实验误差产生的原因.研究表明,模型安装方式、油膜布置方式以及重力作用的影响在油膜干涉法中基本都可以忽略,在精度要求不高的情况下,不需要对结果进行修正.通过采用热膜法和油...     

Transitional boundary layer flow and heat transfer over blocked surfaces with influence of free stream velocity and block height

Velocity, turbulent intensity, static pressure and temperature measurements over the flat plate and blocked surfaces were investigated in a low speed wind tunnel in the presence of free stream velocity and block height. The experiments were carried out for free stream velocities of 5, 7 and 10 m/s encompassing the transitional region and for block heights of 10, 15 and 20 mm forming the different flow samples. A constant-temperature anemometer, a micro-manometer and copper-constant thermocouples were used for measurements of velocity and turbulent intensity, static pressure and temperature, respectively. The results showed that the flow separations and reattachments occurred on the blocked surfaces which enhanced the average heat transfer up to 1.54, 1.71 and 1.84 fold of the flat plate value at 5 m/s for the rising block height, 1.49, 1.68 and 1.80 at 7 m/s, and 1.44, 1.63 and 1.78 at 10 m/s, respectively.     

风沙两相流跃移层中沙粒相的速度分布

从单个跃移沙粒在气流中的运动方程出发导出了风沙两相流中沙粒相速度分布函数的Boltzmann方程，对风沙流研究中几种不同的分布函数及其相应的统计平均值等基本概念给出了严密的数学定义，指出了不同分布函数之间的区别和联系，在略去铅垂方向空气阻力的情况下，给出了沙粒相速度分布函数沿铅垂方向的边缘分布，作为风沙流中跃移理论的主要基础之一。利用结果对前人在风沙流研究中发现的某些重要规律和现象进行了解释。     

非平稳非高斯湿下击暴流风雨荷载的模拟

为模拟湿下击暴流风雨荷载,使用时变平均风速和调制的kaimal谱数值模拟具有非平稳非高斯特征的下击暴流脉动风速。从模拟结果可以看出,模拟的脉动风速相关函数明显具有时变的特征,而且瞬时相关函数均与目标函数吻合,因此模拟的脉动风速具有非平稳的目标特性;与此同时,在任意时刻,目标函数也与模拟的脉动风速概率密度函数吻合,表明模拟的脉动风速也具有非高斯的目标特性。因此,所采用的非平稳非高斯过程模拟方法有效可行。针对雨滴冲击荷载,首先对单个雨滴运动分析,推导出单个雨滴的冲击力,进而运用单位体积雨滴谱将单个雨滴冲击扩展到大量雨滴的冲击状态。结果表明,风速对雨滴冲击荷载的影响大,雨荷载变化趋势基本与风速一致,说明湿下击暴流的雨滴冲击作用主要由风速拖拽所致;此外,通过改变降雨强度发现,随着降雨强度增大,雨滴冲击力的变化趋势几乎不变,但峰值增大。     

Experimental study on correlation between turbulence and sound in a subsonic wind tunnel

In this paper, the effects of turbulence on sound generation and velocity fluctuations due to pressure waves in a large subsonic wind tunnel are studied. A trip strip located at different positions in the contraction part or at one position in the diffuser of a large wind tunnel is used to investigate the aforementioned phenomenon, and the results indicate that the trip strip has significant effects on sound reduction. The lowest turbulence intensity and sound are obtained from a trip strip with a diameter of 0.91 mm located either at X/L = 0.79 or at X/L = 0.115 in the wide portion of the contraction. Furthermore, the effect of monopole, dipole and quadrupole sources of aerodynamic noise at different velocities is investigated, and it is demonstrated that the contribution of the monopole is dominant, while the shares due to the dipole and quadrupole remain less important. In addition, it is found that the sound waves have a modest impact on the measured longitudinal turbulence and are generated essentially by eddies.     

Optical vortex tracking studies of a horizontal axis wind turbine in yaw using laser-sheet, flow visualisation

 Experimental studies have been conducted on a 0.9 m diameter, horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) placed in the open jet of a closed return wind tunnel. The turbine was tested in a three blade and a two blade configuration. The power coefficient of the turbine was measured and wake flow studies conducted for a range of yawed flows by tilting the rotor plane at various angles up to 30° to the incident wind direction. The motion of the shed vorticity was followed using laser-sheet flow visualisation with the overall wake deflection being measured. The results were compared with theoretical predictions and with studies conducted elsewhere. Received: 24 October 1996 / Accepted: 16 May 1997     

Effect of velocity ratio on the streamwise vortex structures in the wake of a stack

The time-averaged velocity and streamwise vorticity fields within the wake of a stack were investigated in a low-speed wind tunnel using a seven-hole pressure probe. The experiments were conducted at a Reynolds number, based on the stack external diameter, of Re_D=2.3×10⁴. The stack, of aspect ratio AR=9, was mounted normal to a ground plane and was partially immersed in a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer, where the ratio of the boundary layer thickness to the stack height was δ/H≈0.5. The jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio was varied from R=0 to 3, which covered the downwash, crosswind-dominated and jet-dominated flow regimes. In the downwash and crosswind-dominated flow regimes, two pairs of counter-rotating streamwise vortex structures were identified within the stack wake. The tip vortex pair located close to the free end of the stack, and the base vortex pair located close to the ground plane within the flat-plate boundary layer, were similar to those found in the wake of a finite circular cylinder, and were associated with the upwash and downwash flow fields within the stack wake, respectively. In the jet-dominated flow regime, a third pair of streamwise vortex structures was observed, referred to as the jet-wake vortex pair, which occurred within the jet-wake region above the free end of the stack. The jet-wake vortex pair had the same orientation as the base vortex pair and was associated with the jet rise. The peak vorticity and strength of the streamwise vortex structures were functions of the jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio. For the tip vortex structures, their peak vorticity and strength reduced as the jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio increased.     

The near field behavior of turbulent gas jets in a long confinement

The present investigation reports on the near field behavior of gas jets in a long confinement and points out the differences between this type of jet flow and those of free jets and jets in a short confinement.The jet, with a diameter of 8.73 mm, is aligned concentrically with a tube of 125 mm diameter; thus giving a confinement area ratio of 205. The arrangement forms part of the test section of an open-jet wind tunnel and this gives a confinement length-to-jet diameter ratio of 1,700. Experiments are carried out with carbon dioxide, air and helium/air jets at different jet velocities. Mean velocity and turbulence measurements are made of the jet near field using a one-color, one-component laser doppler velocimeter operating in the forward scatter mode. In addition, the turbulent shear field of an air jet is examined in more detail using hot-wire anemometers.In view of the long confinement, the presence of the jet is not being felt immediately at the tunnel exit. Consequently, the air column inside the tunnel is first compressed by the jet and then slowly pushed out of the tunnel. This behavior causes the jet to spread rapidly and to decay quickly. As a result, an equilibrium turbulence field is established in the first two diameters of the jet. This equilibrium field bears striking similarity to that found in self-preserving, turbulent free jets and jets in short confinement and is independent of jet fluid densities and velocities. In terms of these characteristics, the near field of jets in a long confinement is very different from that found in free jets and jets in short confinements.     

水平表面上超细气溶胶粒子的沉积

采用二维模型，讨论了气流水平流动时，超细气溶胶粒子受重力、热泳和扩散效应的作用在工业洁净室中水平工作台表面上的沉积情况。分析了沿流动方向的局部沉积速度与粒径和工作台边缘距离之间的关系，指出了工作台表面上的平均沉积速度分布情况。