超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金单轴相变棘轮行为的宏观唯象本构模型

超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金因其良好的力学性能以及独特的超弹性和形状记忆效应已广泛应用于土木工程、航空航天和生物医疗等多个领域,在实际服役环境中超弹性镍钛合金元件不可避免地会承受不同应力水平的循环载荷作用,亟待建立描述相变棘轮行为(即峰值应变和谷值应变随着正相变和逆相变循环的进行不断累积)的循环本构模型.为此,基于已有的超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金在不同峰值应力下的单轴相变棘轮行为实验研究结果,在广义黏塑性框架下,对Graesser等提出的通过背应力非线性演化方程反映超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金超弹性行为的一维宏观唯像本构模型进行了拓展,考虑了正相变和逆相变过程中特征变量的差异及其随循环的演化,以非弹性应变的累积量为内变量引入了正相变开始应力、逆相变开始应力、相变应变和残余应变的演化方程,同时通过峰值应力与正相变完成应力的比值来确定演化方程中的相关系数,建立了描述超弹性镍钛合金单轴相变棘轮行为的本构模型.将模拟结果与对应的实验结果进行对比发现,建立的宏观唯像本构模型能够合理地描述超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金的单轴相变棘轮行为及其峰值应力依赖性,模型的预测结果和实验结果吻合得很好.     

钛镍形状记忆合金冲击变形后形状记忆效应的研究

采用SHPB技术和可控速率循环加温条件下变形恢复量测定装置研究了冲击及静载变形后的TiNi形状记忆合金的单程及双程形状记忆特性。发现马氏体状态下的TiNi合金的力学特性显示出明显的应变率强化效应 ,并且高应变率压缩应力应变曲线呈现流动平台。应变率对形状记忆效应的影响具有双重性 ,当外加应力或残余应变较小 ,可逆非弹性变形机制起主导作用时 ,提高应变率可以增加其单程形状记忆效应 ;而随外加应力或残余应变增大 ,当基于位错机制的不可逆非弹性变形机制起主导作用时 ,应变率提高却抑制了其单程形状记忆效应。应变率对TiNi合金双程形状记忆效应的影响视塑性变形的大小而异 ,高应变率动载后的双程形状记忆效应在较小塑性应变时 ,比静载后的要强 ;但在较大塑性应变时两者差别不大。     

加载路径和温度对NiTi合金相变特性的影响

利用MTS装置,对NiTi形状记忆合金在不同加载路径(拉、压、扭以及拉/压-扭比例加载)和不同温度(28~150℃)下的准静态相变行为进行了较系统的实验研究。结果表明,材料呈现明显的伪弹性效应和拉压不对称性。随着温度的升高,相变起始应力逐渐增大,伪弹性效应和拉压不对称性逐渐减弱。当温度达到一定阈值时,拉压不对称性消失,材料基本呈现弹塑性状态。通过实验曲线确定了NiTi合金的相变临界参数,在σ-τ应力空间中对三种常用宏观相变临界准则进行了讨论,比较了它们各自的适用性。     

超弹性NiTi合金丝动力特性试验及本构模型研究

形状记忆合金(SMA)是一种兼具感知和驱动功能的功能材料,因其独特的形状记忆效应、超弹性和高阻尼等特性,成为土木工程结构振动控制的理想材料.论文研究了超弹性NiTi丝的动力特性和应变率相关的本构模型.试验测试了NiTi丝在不同应变率下的力学性能,建立了应力增量与应变率的关系方程.在试验的基础上,提出了改进的SMA本构模...     

纳米单晶NiTi合金单程形状记忆效应的分子动力学模拟

采用基于第二近邻修正型嵌入原子势的分子动力学方法研究了纳米单晶NiTi合金的单程形状记忆效应,详细阐明了温度诱发马氏体相变和应力诱发马氏体重定向过程中纳米单晶的变形行为和微结构演化,进一步分析了加/卸载速率对NiTi合金单程形状记忆效应的影响。结果表明,NiTi纳米单晶在应力加载过程中发生马氏体重定向,卸载后存在残余应变;当加热到奥氏体转变结束温度以上时,马氏体逆相变为奥氏体相,残余应变逐渐减小,但未完全回复;随着应力加载速率的增加,重定向临界应力和模量逐渐增加;再次降温过程中不同加载速率下的原子结构演化各不相同。     

纳米单晶NiTi合金单程形状记忆效应的分子动力学模拟

采用基于第二近邻修正型嵌入原子势的分子动力学方法研究了纳米单晶NiTi合金的单程形状记忆效应，详细阐明了温度诱发马氏体相变和应力诱发马氏体重定向过程中纳米单晶的变形行为和微结构演化，进一步分析了加/卸载速率对NiTi合金单程形状记忆效应的影响。结果表明，NiTi纳米单晶在应力加载过程中发生马氏体重定向，卸载后存在残余应变；当加热到奥氏体转变结束温度以上时，马氏体逆相变为奥氏体相，残余应变逐渐减小，但未完全回复；随着应力加载速率的增加，重定向临界应力和模量逐渐增加；再次降温过程中不同加载速率下的原子结构演化各不相同。     

形状记忆合金拟弹性行为的热力学描述

形状记忆合金是由马氏体和奥氏体组成并动态变化的两相材料 ,其拟弹性行为实质上是两相各自行为的动态组合。本文提出了形状记忆合金拟弹性行为的一种热力学描述。根据实验现象假设在感兴趣的温度和变形范围内 ,奥氏体相具有线弹性特性而马氏体相具有弹塑性特性 ,结合 Tanaka的相变描述 ,给出了小变形、初始各向同性和塑性不可压缩条件下形状记忆合金的三维本构方程。对不同温度下形状记忆合金材料的特性进行了描述 ,较好地预言了单调及循环加载下的响应和正、反相变行为及其温度影响 ,动态相变过程对应力响应的影响 ,高温相下的强度增加等。     

耐磨TiNi形状记忆合金设计准则的有限元研究

采用有限元方法模拟微突体在TiNi形状记忆合金表面的压入过程，研究了伪弹性应变、伪弹性模量和相变启动应力等参数对TiNi合金抗磨性能的影响，并初步确立了TiNi形状记忆合金耐磨材料设计准则．结果表明：伪弹性应变对TiNi形状记忆合金摩擦学性能的影响最显著；就TiNi形状记忆合金耐磨材料的设计而言，应当强调提高伪弹性应变、降低伪弹性模量、增加相变启动应力；同时满足上述3方面要求的TiNi形状记忆合金的耐磨特性最优．     

超弹性形状记忆合金管单向拉伸试验的数值模拟

NiTi形状记忆合金具有很强的超弹性行为，这种超弹性行为是由于材料在应力作用下发生可逆的马氏体相变所引起。最近Sun和Lee^[4]在NiTi形状记忆合金管单向拉伸试验中观测到，应力诱导马氏体相变具有螺旋带状的形貌特征，本文对此作了数值模拟研究。采用包含应变软化效应的三线性本构关系，建立了NiTi形状记忆合金管的三维有限元模型。通过迭代计算，成功地再现了试验中所观察到的螺旋状相变带从形成到长大的全过程。数值计算结果表明，产生这一独特现象的力学机制，在于NiTi形状记忆合金管在拉伸状态下出现的局部变形失稳极其传播。     

Cu-Al-Be形状记忆合金湿磨粒磨损性能研究

采用销-盘式二体磨损试验研究了CuAlBe形状记忆合金的湿磨粒磨损行为．结果表明，CuAlBe形状记忆合金的磨损性能不完全取决于材料硬度，具有热弹性马氏体组织的A合金的抗磨性优于高硬度B合金．在湿磨粒磨损条件下，A合金具有β′1 β双相组织，在磨粒的交变应力作用下，由于β相应力诱发马氏体相变、β′1相马氏体变体择优取向并产生形状记忆效应，使应变弹性回复，并钝化裂纹尖端，使得A合金具有优良的抗磨粒磨损性能．     

Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of shape memory alloy circular bars in pure torsion

Pure torsion of shape memory alloy (SMA) bars with circular cross section is studied by considering the effect of temperature gradient in the cross sections as a result of latent heat generation and absorption during forward and reverse phase transformations. The local form of energy balance for SMAs by taking into account the heat flux effect is coupled to a closed-form solution of SMA bars subjected to pure torsion. The resulting coupled thermo-mechanical equations are solved for SMA bars with circular cross sections. Several numerical case studies are presented and the necessity of considering the coupled thermo-mechanical formulation is demonstrated by comparing the results of the proposed model with those obtained by assuming an isothermal process during loading–unloading. Pure torsion of SMA bars in various ambient conditions (free and forced convection of air, and forced convection of water flow) subjected to different loading–unloading rates are studied and it is shown that the isothermal solution is valid only for specific combinations of ambient conditions and loading rates.     

应力作用下NiTi形状记忆合金微结构演化的相场模拟及其本征应变率敏感性

基于Ginzburg-Landau动力学控制方程建立了NiTi形状记忆合金非等温相场模型,实现了对NiTi合金内应力诱导马氏体相变的数值模拟。同时将晶界能密度引入系统局部自由能密度,从而考虑多晶系统中晶界的重要作用。数值计算了单晶和多晶NiTi形状记忆合金在单轴机械载荷作用下微结构的动态演化过程和宏观力学行为,并重点研究了晶粒尺寸为60 nm的NiTi纳米多晶在低应变率下（0.0005～15 s?1）力学行为的本征应变率敏感性。研究结果表明,单晶NiTi合金系统高温拉伸-卸载过程中马氏体相变均匀发生,未形成奥氏体-马氏体界面。而纳米多晶系统在加载阶段出现了马氏体带的形成-扩展现象,在卸载阶段出现了马氏体带的收缩-消失现象。相同外载作用过程中,NiTi单晶系统的宏观应力-应变曲线具有更大的滞回环面积,拥有更优的超弹性变形能力。计算结果显示,在中低应变率下纳米晶NiTi形状记忆合金应力-应变关系表现出较明显的应变率相关性,应变率升高导致材料相变应力提升。这一应变率相关性主要源于相场模型中外加载荷速率与马氏体空间演化速度的相互竞争关系。     

Force-displacement characteristics of simply supported beam laminated with shape memory alloys

As a preliminary step in the nonlinear design of shape memory alloy(SMA) composite structures,the force-displacement characteristics of the SMA layer are studied.The bilinear hysteretic model is adopted to describe the constitutive relationship of SMA material.Under the assumption that there is no point of SMA layer finishing martensitic phase transformation during the loading and unloading process,the generalized restoring force generated by SMA layer is deduced for the case that the simply supported beam vibrates in its first mode.The generalized force is expressed as piecewise-nonlinear hysteretic function of the beam transverse displacement.Furthermore the energy dissipated by SMA layer during one period is obtained by integration,then its dependencies are discussed on the vibration amplitude and the SMA’s strain(Ms-Strain) value at the beginning of martensitic phase transformation.It is shown that SMA’s energy dissipating capacity is proportional to the stiffness difference of bilinear model and nonlinearly dependent on Ms-Strain.The increasing rate of the dissipating capacity gradually reduces with the amplitude increasing.The condition corresponding to the maximum dissipating capacity is deduced for given value of the vibration amplitude.The obtained results are helpful for designing beams laminated with shape memory alloys.     

Low Velocity Response Characteristics of Composite Plate with Embedded Shape Memory Alloy

I. INTRODUCTION Composite materials have been used extensively in aerospace and other industries owing to the factthat they have high speci?c modulus, high speci?c strength, and the capability to be designed andfabricated with greater ?exibility, and ha…     

Loading and unloading split hopkinson pressure bar pulse-shaping techniques for dynamic hysteretic loops

Pulse-shaping techniques are developed for both the loading and unloading paths of a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiment to obtain valid dynamic stress-strain loops for engineering materials. Front and rear pulse-shapers, in association with a momentum trap, are used to precisely control the profiles of the loading and unloading portions of the incident pulse. The modifications, ensure that the specimen deforms at the same constant strain rate under dynamic stress equilibrium during both loading and unloading stages of an experiment so that dynamic stress-strain loops can be accurately determined. Dynamic stress-strain loops with a constant strain rate for a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy and polymethyl methacrylate are determined using the modified SHPB. The modified momentum trap prevents repeated loading on a specimen without affecting the amplitude of the desired loading pulse and without damaging the bar at high stress levels.     

Phase-Transformation Fronts Evolution for Stress- and Strain-Controlled Tension Tests in TiNi Shape Memory Alloy

Nucleation and development of phase transformation fronts in TiNi shape memory alloy subjected to the stress- and strain-controlled tension tests were investigated. A thermovision camera was applied to register the distribution of infrared radiation emitted by the specimen and to find its temperature variations. During the loading, narrow bands of considerably higher temperature corresponding to the martensitic phase, starting from the central part of the specimen and developing towards the specimen grips, under both approaches, were registered. The inclined bands of heterogeneous temperature distribution were observed also during the unloading process of the SMA, while the reverse transformation accompanied by temperature decrease took place. Thermomechanical aspects of martensitic and reverse transformations for various strain rates were analyzed under both stress- and strain-controlled tests.     

Internal loops in superelastic shape memory alloy wires under torsion – Experiments and simulations/predictions

Understanding torsional responses of shape memory alloy (SMA) specimens under partial or fully transformed cases with internal loops is of particular importance as the entire response might not be always utilized and only a portion of the entire response (internal loop) might be of significance to designers. In this work, we present experimental results of large complex loading and unloading torsional cycles which were conducted on superelastic SMA wires, under isothermal conditions with the purpose of elucidating the torsional internal loop response during loading and unloading. Such data hereto has not been available in open literature. Utilizing this data, we model the torsional response of superelastic SMA wires subjected to various loading and unloading situations that can result in different extents of transformation.A thermodynamically consistent Preisach model (Rao and Srinivasa, 2013) captures such complex internal loops with a high degree of precision by modeling driving force for phase transformation vs. volume fraction of martensite relationships. This approach is different from capturing purely phenomenological stress–strain or stress–temperature Preisach models. The thermodynamic approach utilized here has broader predictive capability. The model predictions indicate good agreement with the internal loop structures even though only the outer loop information was used for model calibration. The addition of a single inner loop information for model calibration greatly improves the predictions.     

Constitutive modeling of shape memory alloy wire with non-local rate kinetics

A constitutive modeling approach for shape memory alloy (SMA) wire by taking into account the microstructural phase inhomogeneity and the associated solid–solid phase transformation kinetics is reported in this paper. The approach is applicable to general thermomechanical loading. Characterization of various scales in the non-local rate sensitive kinetics is the main focus of this paper. Design of SMA materials and actuators not only involve an optimal exploitation of the hysteresis loops during loading–unloading, but also accounts for fatigue and training cycle identifications. For a successful design of SMA integrated actuator systems, it is essential to include the microstructural inhomogeneity effects and the loading rate dependence of the martensitic evolution, since these factors play predominant role in fatigue. In the proposed formulation, the evolution of new phase is assumed according to Weibull distribution. Fourier transformation and finite difference methods are applied to arrive at the analytical form of two important scaling parameters. The ratio of these scaling parameters is of the order of 10⁶ for stress-free temperature-induced transformation and 10⁴ for stress-induced transformation. These scaling parameters are used in order to study the effect of microstructural variation on the thermo-mechanical force and interface driving force. It is observed that the interface driving force is significant during the evolution. Increase in the slopes of the transformation start and end regions in the stress–strain hysteresis loop is observed for mechanical loading with higher rates.