有机玻璃在高应变率下的损伤型非线性粘弹性本构关系及破坏准则

对两种有机玻璃高应变率下的大变形和破坏行为进行了实验研究,通过改进文献[2]本构关系的非线性弹性项并引入损伤参量,建立了一个适用于更大变形范围、能描述应力平台及本构失稳的损伤型非线性粘弹性本构方程。相应地,从临界损伤量概念出发,提出以应变和应变率为控制变量的破坏准则。不论是本构关系还是破坏准则,理论计算均与试验结果吻合良好。     

有机玻璃在高应变率下的损伤型非线性粘弹性本构关系及破坏准则

对两种有机玻璃高应变率下的大变形和破坏行为进行了实验研究,通过改进文献[2]本构关系的非线性弹性项并引入损伤参量,建立了一个适用于更大变形范围、能描述“应力平台”及“本构失稳”的损伤型非线性粘弹性本构方程。相应地,从临界损伤量概念出发,提出以应变和应变率为控制变量的破坏准则。不论是本构关系还是破坏准则,理论计算均与试验结果吻合良好。     

损伤引起的反向应变率效应及其对本构关系和热粘塑性失稳的影响

对于材料在高应变率下的应变率无关和应变率负敏感现象,本文根据铸镁合金的宏观与微观相结合的试验结果,提出了一个基于损伤弱化的反向应变率效应机制,并建议了一个计及这一反向效应的热粘塑性本构方程。由此可以解释材料的表观应变率强化、表观应变率无关和表观应变率弱化三类基本情况。相应地,随损伤引起的反向应变率效应的增强,热粘塑性失稳也有三种基本情况:或在更高应变率或更大应变下发生绝热剪切,或由临界准则转化为临界应变准则,以及或在高应变率下不会发生绝热剪切。     

脆性固体损伤和局部软化的有限元分析

本文研究混凝土、岩石一类工程中常用的应变软化材料的有限元分析方法。在作者以往有关粘塑性损伤本构模型的工作基础上，给出了一组便于有限元计算的本构方程表达式。包括损伤弹性矩阵和局部损伤软化矩阵，分别运用于计算硬化和软化阶段的有限元刚度矩阵；对所提出的本构方程的实验验证计算和一些算例的有限元数值分析，表明文中给出的本构方程是可行的，相应的有限元算法能较好地对损伤固体的局部软化效应进行数值分析，并可成功地追踪应力应变响应的软化曲线     

不同加载状态下TA2钛合金绝热剪切破坏响应特性

一般认为绝热剪切现象在宏观上表现为材料动态本构失稳,即热软化大于应变硬化.本文采用帽型受迫剪切试样研究TA2钛合金的动态力学特性和本构失稳过程.首先对剪切区加载应力状态进行理论和数值分析,通过合理设计帽型试样,剪切区变形可近似按剪切状态处理;结合二维数字图像相关法(two-dimensional digital image correlation,DIC-2D)直接测试试样剪切区应变演化,给出帽型受迫剪切实验的等效应力-应变响应曲线.进一步,利用Hopkinson压杆对TA2钛合金开展动态压缩及帽型剪切对比试验研究,比较压缩、剪切试验得到的等效应力-应变曲线,采用"冻结"试样方法分析试样中绝热剪切局域化演化过程,探讨不同加载状态下TA2钛合金的绝热剪切破坏现象及其动态力学响应特性.实验结果表明,在塑性变形初始阶段,动态压缩及剪切加载下的等效应力-应变曲线符合较好,但随塑性损伤发展及绝热剪切带形成,两者出现分离,表明损伤及绝热剪切演化过程与应力状态相关.剪切试样实验得到的本构"软化"特性能够反映绝热剪切带起始、破坏演化过程的力学响应特性,而在动态压缩实验中,即使试样中已出现双锥形的绝热剪切带及局部裂纹分布,其表观等效应力-应变曲线并不出现软化特征,动态压缩实验无法得到关于绝热剪切起始、发展以及破坏的本构软化响应特性.     

率相关本构方程积分新算法

提出一种积分率相关本构方程的隐式积分新算法,引入0～1范围内的缩放因子λ对本构方程进行间接求解,可以避免直接求解等效塑性应变或等效塑性应变率时,由于其数值过大或过小而造成的收敛困难或收敛失败,实现对率相关本构方程的快速准确求解.以B-P统一本构方程及双曲正弦本构方程为例,验证了算法的可行性.结果表明,新算法对于准静态变形条件下的无硬化本构方程也可以得出准确的解.     

热轧与平面应变压缩试验的有限元对比分析

通过Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机测得的铝合金压缩的实验数据,根据弹塑性热力耦合大变形有限元理论,建立了本构方程,获得了热轧过程中的数值仿真模型;分析了轧制过程中应力及应变率场的变化规律及平均应变率、摩擦系数等参数对轧制变形的影响,并与平面应变压缩条件下试件的变形情况进行了对比.计算结果表明:轧后轧件中心节点处的应变与平面应变压缩试验中的应变比较接近,但应变率的变化情况却存在较大的差别.提出的变压缩速度的平面应变压缩方法,能够更准确地模拟材料热轧过程中的变形和软化机制.     

纯钽动态本构关系的实验研究

利用材料试验机和分离式霍布金森压杆实验装置测量了纯钽在较宽温度(-100～550℃)和应变率(10-5～103s-1)范围内的应力 应变曲线,该曲线表明钽的流动应力对温度和应变率都很敏感。利用所测得的应力 应变曲线拟合了钽在不同应变率和不同温度下的Johnson Cook与Zerilli Armstrong本构方程,Zeril li Armstrong本构方程与实验数据基本吻合,Johnson Cook本构方程与实验数据吻合得不太好。对Johnson Cook本构方程中的应变率强化项作了修正,修正后的Johnson Cook本构方程与实验数据吻合比修正前的好。     

铝锂合金材料的极限应变率软化特性研究

通过系列准静态与动态力学实验得到了铝锂合金材料的基本力学参数。证实了该种材料具有独特的应变率软化特性 ,并揭示了材料应变率软化效应的极限性特征 ,提出了极限应变率软化材料的概念 ,从而对突加载荷下粘塑性材料中也会出现双波结构的现象给出了合理的解释。为便于实际应用 ,还对实验得到的材料应力 应变曲线进行了拟合 ,提出了一种便于实际应用的材料本构关系的具体形式 ,即双幂次应变硬化 极限幂次应变率软化本构关系。     

高温下混凝土的本构模拟及破坏分析

针对已建立的高温下混凝土中化学-热-水力-力学耦合过程分析的分级数学模型,发展了混凝土的化学-热-水力-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型。在已有的Willam-Warnke弹塑性屈服准则基础上发展了考虑脱水和脱盐引起的材料损伤及化学塑性软化、塑性应变硬化/软化和吸力硬化的广义Willam-Warnke本构模型,模拟高温下混凝土的材料非线性行为。为保证全局守恒方程的Newton迭代过程的二阶收敛率,导出了非线性化学-热-水力-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型的一致性切线模量矩阵。数值结果显示了本文所发展的化学-热-水力-力学(CTHM)耦合本构模型在模拟高温下混凝土中复杂破坏过程的能力和有效性。     

Thermal softening induced plastic instability in rate-dependent materials

A linear perturbation analysis is performed for a class of rate-dependent materials, such as the Johnson-Cook model, in which the rate contribution to the stress can be separated from that of the plastic strain and temperature and in which the temperature rises adiabatically. The analysis is facilitated by perturbing both the rate of momentum equation and the momentum equation. An identical material stability/instability criterion is deduced from the characteristic spectral equations for one-dimensional deformation, one-dimensional shearing, and general three-dimensional field equations, and thus shows that the instability derived here is a material constitutive instability.The criteria indicate that the materials become unstable once the thermal softening overcomes the strain hardening, regardless of the strain rate. The strain rate enters the criteria through its effects on the accumulated temperature and the current stress. Based on the criterion, the three-dimensional instability surface is established in the space of plastic strain, plastic strain rate, and temperature. Instability surface is shown as a material property and independent of deformation histories or modes. Both necking and shear banding are simulated to validate the excellent predictive capability of the criterion.     

Deformability of thin metal films on elastomer substrates

Recent applications in flexible electronics require that thin metal films grown on elastomer substrates be deformable. However, how such laminates deform is poorly understood. While a freestanding metal film subject to tension will rupture at a small strain by undergoing a necking instability, we anticipate that a substrate will retard this instability to an extent that depends on the relative stiffness and thickness of the film and the substrate. Using a combination of a bifurcation analysis and finite element simulations, we identify three modes of tensile deformation. On a compliant elastomer, a metal film forms a neck and ruptures at a small strain close to that of a freestanding film. On a stiff elastomer, the metal film deforms uniformly to large strains. On an elastomer of intermediate compliance, the metal film forms multiple necks, deforms much beyond the initial bifurcation, and ruptures at a large strain. Our theoretical predictions call for new experiments.     

On the deformation and fracture of porous materials

The constitutive behavior of porous materials (including the yield loci, the void growth rate, the macro stress-strain relation and the strain to localization instability) is examined based on the lower bound approach proposed by the present authors. These results are then compared with the experimental and the finite element results as well as those predicted by Gurson's equations. Emphasis is placed on approaching the real behavior from the upper and the lower bound analysis. Calculation is also made on the influence of void nucleation on the critical strain to instability and a modified strain-controlled nucleation criterion is proposed. Finally the instability and fracture of AISI4340 steel in plane strain tension is examined and comparison is made between theoretical and experimental results.     

A non-linear viscoelastic model for ceramics at high temperatures

High-temperature mechanical behavior of ceramics is characterized by non-linear rate dependent responses, asymmetric behavior in tension and compression, and nucleation and coalescence of voids leading to rupture. Moreover, rupture experiments show considerable scatter or randomness in fatigue lives of nominally equal specimens. To capture the non-linear, asymmetric time-dependent behavior, a new non-linear viscoelastic model is proposed. Non-linearity and asymmetry are introduced in the volumetric component. To model the random formation and coalescence of voids, each element is assigned a failure strain sampled from a lognormal distribution. An element is deleted when its volumetric strain exceeds its failure strain. Temporal increases in strains produce a sequential loss of elements (a model for void nucleation and growth), which in turn leads to failure. Non-linear viscoelastic model parameters are determined from uniaxial tensile and compressive creep experiments on silicon nitride. The model is then used to predict the deformation of four-point bending and ball-on-ring specimens. Simulation is used to predict statistical moments of rupture lives. Numerical simulation results compare well with results of four-point bending experiments.     

Fundamental study on rupture by low-cycle fatigue of polymers applying the fine-grid method

Few studies have been made on the fracture mechanics of polymers, their resistance to plastic failure, fatique rupture, and the adverse effects of environmental conditions, in contrast to the numerous studies conducted on metallic materials. Since fatigue is characterized by very local and cyclic fractures, in the present study a real-time fine-grid method was applied to study the fatigue rupture of polymers: to examine changes in local strain at the root of the notch during the process of crack initiation, the local strain at the tip of the crack during crack propagation and the relation between the plastic zone formed in front of the crack tip and the rate of crack propagation. As a result, strong correlation between three proposed parameters of the local crack-tip strain, the crack initiation and the propagation rate was obtained, and the mechanism of low-cycle fatigue rupture of polymers could be discussed.Paper was presented at the 1988 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in Portland, OR on June 5–10.     

Relationship between strain localization and catastrophic rupture

In order to explore a prior warning to catastrophic rupture of heterogeneous media, like rocks, the present study investigates the relationship between surface strain localization and catastrophic rupture. Instrumented observations on the evolution of surface strain field and the catastrophic rupture of a rock under uniaxial compression were carried out. It is found that the evolution of surface strain field displays two phases: at the early stage, the strain field keeps nearly uniform with weak fluctuations increasing slowly; but at the stage prior to catastrophic rupture, a certain accelerating localization develops and a localized zone emerges. Based on the measurements, an analysis was performed with local mean-field approximation. More importantly, it is found that the scale of localized zone is closely related to the catastrophic rupture strain and the rupture strain can be calculated in accord with the local-mean-field model satisfactorily. This provides a possible clue to the forecast of catastrophic rupture.     

Measurement of the shapes of foil bulge-test samples

Accurate measurements of important tensile properties of thin metal foils are often quite difficult to achieve in uniaxial tests because of sample-preparation difficulties and the tensile instability called necking. Consequently, hydraulic bulge tests have been introduced as a successful means of suppressing these problems through the use of a simplified specimen geometry and biaxial rather than uniaxial tensile-stress states. Considerable effort has been made by various investigators to relate such biaxial stress-strain and ductility data to uniaxial data, generally following the assumption that the bulge is shaped like a spherical cap. The present study evaluates this assumption for foils by measuring actual shapes with unprecedented accuracy and detail using the two-source holographic technique and a polynomial-spline computer analysis of the resulting interferograms. These measurements were made on nine specimens of 0.127-mm-thick annealed rolled copper foil which had been deformed into bulges of varying heights up to rupture. A comparison is made between the measured shapes and the spherical-cap shape generally assumed in the interpretation of bulge-test data. The spherical assumption gives results which are reasonably valid for the later stages of deformation. Indeed, the stress-strain curve obtained from bulge testing corresponds closely with the uniaxial tensile curves for this material. The strain at failure (i.e., elongation) was greater in the biaxial bulge test than in the uniaxial test but not nearly as great as the strain expected from a theoretical model proposed by Hill. However, all the specimens measured exhibited localized areas with larger radii of curvature. The presence of these “flats” may be associated with a mode of failure in the bulge test which corresponds to necking instability in the uniaxial test, and thereby account for the limited strain to failure.     

Stress-driven interfacial instability of a bilayer structure: The interaction between free surface and interface

The morphological evolution of strained films is of technological importance to microelectronics and nanotechnology. The morphological instability of a bilayer system is analyzed, consisting of an elastic film and an elastic substrate with a misfit strain on the coherent interface. A kinetic model is derived by considering the morphological fluctuations of different perturbation amplitudes along both the free surface and the interface and the coupling effect between the film and the substrate. The couplings include the misfit strain, surface/interface energy, and surface/interface diffusion, which determine the morphological instability of the system. A quadratic dispersion relationship is established for the growth rate of the longitudinal surface and interfacial perturbations along the free surface and the interface, respectively. The propagation of the surface perturbations is revealed from the free surface to the interface, and the characteristic frequencies are identified for the initiation of the morphological instability.     

预应变对中子辐照高纯铝拉伸性能的影响

金属材料的中子辐照硬化和脆化一直都是核能安全领域十分关注的重要问题之一. 为了进一步认识预应变对中子辐照金属材料塑性形变和最终断裂特性的影响规律, 及其微观机理, 本文研究了10%拉伸预应变高纯铝的拉伸应力-应变曲线、失稳应力和失稳应变等随辐照剂量的变化规律. 结果表明, 辐照剂量越高, 预应变高纯铝内部孔洞的尺寸和数密度越高, 导致屈服强度和极限拉伸强度越高, 均匀延伸率和失稳应变越小, 表现出典型的辐照硬化和脆化效应, 但失稳应力与辐照剂量几乎无关. 相同辐照剂量条件下, 预应变引入的高密度位错能够显著降低辐照孔洞的尺寸和数密度, 加之辐照退火效应的综合影响, 导致预应变能够降低高纯铝屈服强度的增长率和失稳应变的下降率, 从而表现出一定的抑制辐照硬化和脆化的能力, 预应变还能够提高高纯铝的失稳应力, 但整体而言预应变并不能提高高纯铝的延性. 最后, 基于J-C本构模型的中子辐照退火态金属材料的脆化模型能够直接应用于预应变金属材料, 且模型预测结果与实验结果吻合较好.      

Molecular dynamics of dewetting of ultra-thin water films on solid substrate

Molecular dynamics simulation is applied to study the instability and rupture process of ultra-thin water films on a solid substrate.Results show the small disturbance of the film will develop linearly due to the spinodal instability,whereas the interaction between solid and liquid has less influences on the initial growth.Then the rupture occurs and the rim recedes with a dynamic contact angle.The radius of the rim varies with time as the square root of t,which is consistent with the macroscopic theory available. Stronger interaction between solid and liquid will postpone rupture time,decline the dynamic contact angle and raise the density of water near the interface between solid and liquid.