生产井井间距离对增强型地热系统影响分析

为揭示生产井井间距离对增强型地热系统(EGS)的影响，以中国青海共和盆地增强型地热系统为研究对象，采用数值模拟方法，建立了考虑生产井井间距离不同的三维热-固-流耦合热采模型。分析得到生产井井间距离为600 m, 700 m, 800 m, 900 m, 1000 m对EGS温度场、产出流体温度、储层寿命、总产热量、最大主应力以及最大主应变影响规律。研究结果表明，随着热开采进行，储层裂隙周围岩体温度下降，产出温度随开采年限增加而降低；从产出温度、储层寿命和总产热量三方面考虑，最优生产井井间距离为800 m;生产井井间距离对第一主应力及第一主应变影响显著，应结合实际情况选择最优生产井井间距离。     

深部开采对覆岩破坏移动规律的实验研究

根据淮南矿业集团潘一矿2171（1）工作面开采实践,采用相似材料模拟实验。利用电子经纬仪与数字散斑相关方法相结合监测位移,分析研究了采场上覆岩层的“三带”特征及分布规律,上覆岩层移动发展趋势、演化规律、存在范围及形态,以及与开采宽度的关系。结果表明：一定采宽后顶板垮落规律显著,断层下顶板周期断裂步距减小;岩层下沉系数与岩层高度和采厚比成线性关系,上覆岩层沉降具有非对称性;离层裂隙的发生、扩展、闭合受关键岩层的影响和控制。数据分析还表明,数字散斑相关方法具有较高的精度,这一新的研究方法引入,丰富了上覆岩层活动规律的研究手段。本文结果可为指导工程实践提供重要理论依据。     

具有弱夹层的封闭油藏中的瞬态渗流

多层油藏分为层间无窜流的油藏和层间有窜流的油藏。本文研究了层间有弱渗透夹层的两层油藏中两种情形的瞬态渗流,包括单层打开的瞬态渗流和一层注入、一层采出的两层油藏的瞬态渗流。用面积平均方法求出了弱渗透夹层封闭油藏中瞬态渗流的平均压降。分析表明:在渗流前期,层间窜流量逐渐增大,在后期层间窜流量趋于稳定;在单层开采的情况下:初期两层压降不同,非打开层的压降有滞后现象,并且隔层渗透率越小,油井工作强度越弱,滞后时间越长;后期两层压降趋于一致,可以作为一层油藏处理。在一注一采的油藏中,当注采量相同时,两层压降在后期趋于不同的稳定值;当注采量不同时,两层压降在后期趋于一致,但不能达到稳定。     

一种新的海洋浅层水合物开采法——机械-热联合法

天然气水合物是国家的战略能源之一.天然气水合物分解相变使其开采难度高于常规化石能源.国际天然气水合物试验性开采表明通过降压、注热等方法难以满足商业化开采的需求,尤其在水合物位于浅层、软土情况下,持续稳定且高效率的热量供给是其瓶颈.天然气水合物机械-热联合开采是一种新概念模式,即通过粉碎水合物沉积物通过管道输运并在内部分解,这样既增加了传热的表面积,又利用海水热量和对流传热提高了能量供给效率.分析表明:利用该方法开采时水温过高会导致水合物分解过快而产生不稳定流,温度过低又导致水合物二次生成或结冰;水流流速既要能使被粉碎的水合物沉积物颗粒悬浮和流动,又不能导致流动失稳.为了实现高效安全的机械-热水合物开采,经过初步分析提出原位水合物地层粉碎的颗粒直径设定在0.1~1.0 cm之间,控制水流速度为0.22~0.67m/s,温差保证在5K以上,混合物中水的体积分数大于0.85.      

大跨度采空影响顺倾构造山体侧向变动的复合机理

采空区地表山体侧向变动,不同于一般天然山坡,也与采空区一般上覆岩层的变形破坏有异;它是二者复合机理的效应。本文在分析考察了毗邻电厂的横山顺倾构造山体,剖析了地下采空情况后认为,山体侧向变动中,软弱夹层有决定性作用;变动范围、速率与规模,与地下采空有关。从而又利用地质力学模型试验和数值模拟,探索了采动引起山体应力场及变动规律。结果表明,山体岩层的变形、位移、破坏,由直接顶板向地表发展;采空坍陷诱发了软弱夹层的蠕滑,则产生山体侧向滑移;电厂区地表隆起变形是山体侧向滑移挤压地基土的反映。通过现场实际调究、变形观测资料分析与数值模拟和模型试验的对比研究,提出了“坍落拱梁”的成生效应、挤压蠕滑效应、失稳效应;揭露了顺倾构造山体在采空影响下,具有地表、地下的“复合临空面”的“复合应力场”中“复合变动”的“复合机理”;并提出这种山体侧向变动机理的典型地质模式,借以论证山体稳定性。     

天然气水合物降压开采沉积物压缩效应数值模拟研究

深海天然气水合物降压开采过程中,沉积物的压缩会改变储层的物理力学特性,进而对天然气的开采效果产生显著影响.为揭示沉积物压缩效应下井周围储层物理力学特性演化规律,本文建立了考虑沉积物压缩效应的理论模型,通过COMSOL模拟研究了不同初始固有渗透率、初始水合物饱和度和井底压力条件下的降压开采中生产井周围储层的物理力学特性演化规律以及开采效果.结果表明:受沉积物压缩的影响,水合物分解区的渗透率随着与井筒距离的增加先增加后减少;产气与产水速率由零立即上升至峰值,然后迅速下降,并且考虑沉积物压缩时的产气与产水速率比不考虑时低;在水合物完全分解区,渗透率的大小与有效应力成负相关关系,未分解区渗透率的大小与水合物饱和度成负相关关系;井底压力越小,有效应力越大,生产井周围储层的渗透率下降越明显;初始水合物饱和度对产气与产水的影响存在拐点,饱和度拐点位于0.25与0.35之间,高水合物饱和度并不代表储层开采效果好,产气速率的高低还与储层的渗透率有关,高水合物饱和度储层的渗透率较低,产气速率较低;储层初始固有渗透率较高时显著促进了开采效果,但储层变形量较大增加了储层的不稳定性.     

深海天然气水合物机械?热联合开采方法研究综述

天然气水合物由于储量大、污染低等优点, 已成为我国非常重要的战略能源, 世界各国也加快了天然气水合物的勘探和开发工作. 经济高效的开采方法以及相关的灾害控制和环境保护是对天然气水合物进行商业化开采必须要解决好的两个关键问题. 目前, 注热法和降压法的联合使用被认为是最为有效的天然气水合物开采方法. 在降压法和注热法中, 天然气水合物开采涉及传热、相变、渗流和变形等物理过程和效应, 而传热最慢且相变会消耗大量的热量, 无法直接采用常规的单纯依靠渗流原理的油气开采方案来开采天然气水合物. 我国南海的天然气水合物主要赋存于粉砂质黏土和粉细砂等类型的沉积物中, 胶结性差且埋深较浅. 常规的开采方法还不适合我国南海的水合物开采, 需要考虑新型的开采方式, 这其中提高沉积层中的热传导效率是天然气水合物开采的关键. 郑哲敏提出了机械?热联合开采的新概念方法, 利用无穷无尽表层海水的热量, 基于对流传热的原理和管道输送技术, 并兼顾类似采煤挖掘可能导致的深海浅软地层安全问题. 天然气水合物机械?热联合开采法是一种新的概念模式, 具有开采可控、高效且能有效降低地层安全性风险的优点. 本文针对该新方法的能量、装备、经济可行性进行综合评估, 阐述了针对核心问题管道含相变气液固多相流动、地层安全方面的研究进展, 展望了未来推广应用的空间.      

松软煤层综放面顶底板采动应力分布规律研究

以某矿综放采场为背景,通过现场实测、相似材料模拟等手段,研究了松软煤层综放开采中液压支架受力状态、两巷单体支柱受力特征和顶底板的采动应力分布规律,结果表明液压支架在工作面不同位置受力状态不同,处于中部位置的支架受力最大,同一支架前立柱受力大于后立柱;风巷围岩应力大于机巷围岩应力,两巷的超前采动应力峰值位置在工作面前3～11m;顶板岩层同一层位中采动应力分布随工作面的距离不同而不同;不同层位应力分布也不同,离煤层越近的岩层中应力集中系数越大;底板岩层在工作面前方6m左右处应力达到最大,在工作面处应力为零。该研究结果有效地指导了该矿井同一煤层综放面巷道布置、两巷支护及工作面顶板管理。     

内压柱壳在激光束照射下热爆破数值模拟

为研究内压圆柱壳在激光束照射下的破坏现象提出了一个高效可行的数值分析模型 :采用了子结构方法把非线性区局限在较小的范围 ;采用了与应变速率有关的耦合的热传导分析 ;考虑了材料物理性质随温度的变化 ;考虑了热变形对结构刚度和荷载的几何非线性效应 ;考虑了内压是予先加载以及随后的热弹塑性过程。数值结果与文献 [1 ]的实验大致吻合     

防止热采井套管热破坏的预膨胀固井技术

热力采油是开采稠油的最广泛、效益较高的方法.实践表明,注蒸汽稠油井如果用常规方法固井,那么在通常的注汽温度下,套管都因热应力而产生屈服变形.文中提出了防止热采井套管热破坏的预膨胀固井技术,即在注水泥结束但没有凝固时,将油层套管预热和向油层套管施加内压强,使套管膨胀;水泥在套管膨胀的条件下凝固.计算表明,采用预膨胀固井技术后,热采井在整个生产周期内,套管不但不屈服,而且还有较大的安全系数.室内实验证明,注汽后,采用预膨胀固井的套管的塑性变形量远小于常规固井的套管的塑性变形量.此项技术可能成为延长热采井套管使用寿命的重要手段.     

A numerical study of EGS heat extraction process based on a thermal non-equilibrium model for heat transfer in subsurface porous heat reservoir

With a previously developed numerical model, we perform a detailed study of the heat extraction process in enhanced or engineered geothermal system (EGS). This model takes the EGS subsurface heat reservoir as an equivalent porous medium while it considers local thermal non-equilibrium between the rock matrix and the fluid flowing in the fractured rock mass. The application of local thermal non-equilibrium model highlights the temperature-difference heat exchange process occurring in EGS reservoirs, enabling a better understanding of the involved heat extraction process. The simulation results unravel the mechanism of preferential flow or short-circuit flow forming in homogeneously fractured reservoirs of different permeability values. EGS performance, e.g. production temperature and lifetime, is found to be tightly related to the flow pattern in the reservoir. Thermal compensation from rocks surrounding the reservoir contributes little heat to the heat transmission fluid if the operation time of an EGS is shorter than 15 years. We find as well the local thermal equilibrium model generally overestimates EGS performance and for an EGS with better heat exchange conditions in the heat reservoir, the heat extraction process acts more like the local thermal equilibrium process.     

An experimental study of steam injection into a uniform water flow through porous media

An experimental study of steam injection into a porous media was carried out in a 2-dimensional plane porous channel. The steam was injected into a uniform downward water flow in a vertically aligned porous channel. The steam-water interface was carefully observed to understand the underlying physics. Two steam injection rate bounds were found for a given water flow rate and water subcooling. The upper bound is the steam flow rate at which the steam zone grows without limit and the lower bound is the steam flow rate at which a steam zone is just initiated. The bounds were determined experimentally for a porous channel with different permeabilities and thermal conductivities. For large particle size, chaotic oscillation of steam water interface was observed. The oscillation is believed to enhance heat and momentum transfer mechanisms. The steam zone size and shape were measured to evaluate heat transfer characteristics. The average Nusselt number is presented in terms of steam and water Reynolds numbers and the Stefan number.     

含水层热量输运中自然热对流和水-岩热交换作用的研究

本文对含水层热量输运过程中存在的自然热对流和水-岩热交换作用进行了深入研究, 目的是为了弄清两种作用对热量输运的影响。首先针对普通水流方程和热量输运方程的局限性, 给出了能够描述这两种作用的新的数学方程, 并通过建立一个非线性三维含水层热量输运模型加以实现。然后利用上海第二承压含水层的群井储能试验资料, 根据不同的条件进行计算。计算结果与实测数据的对比分析表明, 自然热对流通常对含水层的热量输运有明显作用, 定量研究时不应忽略；水-岩热交换作用持续时间短, 对整个热量输运过程影响较小。     

Thermal behavior of spiral fin-and-tube heat exchanger having fly ash deposit

This research investigates the effect of fly-ash deposit on thermal performance of a cross-flow heat exchanger having a set of spiral finned-tubes as a heat transfer surface. A stream of warm air having high content of fly-ash is exchanging heat with a cool water stream in the tubes. In this study, the temperature of the heat exchanger surface is lower than the dew point temperature of air, thus there is condensation of moisture in the air stream on the heat exchanger surface. The affecting parameters such as the fin spacing, the air mass flow rate, the fly-ash mass flow rate and the inlet temperature of warm air are varied while the volume flow rate and the inlet temperature of the cold water stream are kept constant at 10 l/min and 5 °C, respectively.

From the experiment, it is found that as the testing period is shorter than 8 h the thermal resistance due to the fouling increases with time. Moreover, the deposit of fly-ash on the heat transfer surface is directly proportional to the dust–air ratio and the amount of condensate on heat exchange surface. However, the deposit of fly-ash is inversely proportional to the fin spacing. The empirical model for evaluating the thermal resistance is also developed in this work and the simulated results agree well with those of the measured data.     

Effective thermal conductivity of heat pipes

Several heat pipes were designed and manufactured to study the effect of the working fluids, container materials, and the wick structures on the heat transfer mechanism of the heat pipes. Also, the effect of the number of wick layers on the effective thermal conductivity and the heat transfer characteristics of the heat pipes have been investigated. It was found that the flow behavior of the working fluid depends on the wicking structures and the number of wick layers. The heat transfer characteristics and the effective thermal conductivity are related directly to the flow behavior. Increasing the number of wick layers (up to 16 layers) increases the heat flux with smaller temperature differences. The flattening phenomena of the thermal resistance was observed after 16 wicks layers due to the entrainment limit.     

Flows in a lower half heated upper half cooled cylindrical model reactor loaded with porous media

This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation on the natural convection flow in a cylindrical model hydrothermal reactor. The flow is visualized non-intrusively and simulated with a conjugate computational model. Results show that the flow structure consists of wall layers and core flows. In the lower half, the flows are steady due to the porous media. The three-dimensional unsteady upper core flow is driven by the streams originated from the wall layer collision. The thermal condition in the upper half core region is mainly determined by the total heat flow rate specified on the lower sidewall; while the variations of porous media parameters, in the normal range for hydrothermal crystal growth process, have minor effects.     

Numerical modeling of compact high temperature heat exchanger and chemical decomposer for hydrogen production

The present study addresses fluid flow and heat transfer in a high temperature compact heat exchanger which will be used as a chemical decomposer in a hydrogen production plant. The heat exchanger is manufactured using fused ceramic layers that allow creation of channels with dimensions below 1 mm. The main purpose of this study is to increase the thermal performance of the heat exchanger, which can help to increase the sulfuric acid decomposition rate. Effects of various channel geometries of the heat exchanger on the pressure drop are studied as well. A three-dimensional computational model is developed for the investigation of fluid flow and heat transfer in the heat exchanger. Several different geometries of the heat exchanger channels, such as straight channels, ribbed ground channels, hexagonal channels, and diamond-shaped channels are examined. Based on the results, methods on how to improve the design of the heat exchanger are recommended.     

Effect of thermal radiation on heat transfer in an unsteady copper–water nanofluid flow over an exponentially shrinking porous sheet

The effect of thermal radiation on an unsteady boundary layer flow and heat transfer in a copper–water nanofluid over an exponentially shrinking porous sheet is investigated. With the use of suitable transformations, the governing equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations. Dual non-similarity solutions are obtained for certain values of some parameters. Owing to the presence of thermal radiation, the heat transfer rate is greatly enhanced, and the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases.     

Application of transfer matrix method in heat transfer performance analysis of multi-re-entrant honeycomb structures

The thermal properties for the multi-re-entrant honeycomb are investigated, where the hexagon and re-entrant topologies are applied for comparison. A compact model was adopted for the local heat transfer rate and pressure drop estimations while the total heat transfer rate was analyzed using the transfer matrix method. A thermal performance index was specified to characterize a good heat exchange medium that can transfer more heat at the expense of lower pressure loss. Numerical results reveal better thermal performances of multi-re-entrant honeycombs over hexagon and re-entrant topologies, attributed to the presence of added base walls. Auxetic effect introduced in multi-re-entrant honeycomb generally provides enhanced out-of-plane thermal conductivity and increased total heat transfer efficiency due to higher surface area density.