随机风速下高速列车的运行安全可靠性

基于可靠性理论提出了随机风速作用下高速列车风致安全分析的新方法, 这种方法可以对随机风速作用下高速列车的运行安全可靠性进行有效评估.首先基于Cooper理论和谐波叠加法计算随车移动点的脉动风速, 建立随机风速作用下高速列车非定常气动载荷的计算方法, 并通过数值仿真得到气动载荷系数的标准差随侧偏角的变化规律. 然后建立高速列车车辆系统动力学模型, 并对计算模型的正确性进行验证.最后以随机风速、侧力系数、升力系数、侧滚力矩系数、摇头力矩系数和点头力矩系数为基本随机变量, 研究随机风速作用下高速列车的运行安全可靠性和可靠性灵敏度, 给出随机风速作用下高速列车的概率特征风速曲线.研究结果表明:随着车速和风速的增大, 系统的失效概率增大;通过可靠性灵敏度分析发现侧力系数和侧滚力矩系数对高速列车的运行安全影响最大, 应该特别注意这两个参数的变化对高速列车运行安全性的影响;传统确定性方法得到的高速列车的安全域曲线偏于保守, 基于可靠性的方法可得到更合理的安全域曲线.     

侧风风场特征对高速列车交会的影响研究

为了准确预测侧风环境下列车交会时的气动性能,考虑均匀风和大气底层速度边界型侧风,通过计算流体力学方法对比研究高速列车交会压力波特性和气动力特性. 结果表明,两种风场下交会压力波有所不同,但幅值差异不明显;采用均匀风场评估列车侧风环境下交会会高估列车所受气动力. 本文对高速列车行驶安全性评估和复杂运行场景的复杂流场的认识具有参考价值.     

输电塔-线体系脉动风振耦合分析

为了研究脉动风引起的结构风致响应,以一塔二线输电塔-线体系为对象,模拟了不同风向角下风荷载导致的结构时程响应．以Davenport风速谱为验算目标来模拟脉动风场,在平均风速的基础上施加脉动风动力时程荷载,分析风向角分别为0°、90°和45°时输电塔-线体系的风振时程响应．依据三种工况下结构中的位移及内力分布情况,分析了主要构件的强度及稳定性,并与基于规范得到的结果进行比较．结果表明,当输电塔层数小于6时,按规范方法计算的强度应力均比按单向流固耦合(Fluid-Solid Interaction, FSI)方法计算的强度应力大;当层数大于6时,按规范方法计算的强度应力与按FSI方法计算的强度应力相当;在45°和90°风向角工况下,按规范方法计算的部分层数的强度应力略小于按FSI方法计算的强度应力．考虑到脉动风的随机性大,建议适当增加风振荷载系数,以确保输电塔-线结构体系的强度安全性．     

沙岭子电厂冷却塔群风荷载的风洞研究

本文通过风洞实验研究了沙岭子电厂接近直线布置的四个双曲线型冷却塔在主导风向和最大风速风向角下的平均压力和脉动压力分布。研究结果表明:在较大风向角时,主要由于塔群间的邻近作用,使塔面最小平均风压系数绝对值有所增加,对塔面的脉动压力分布影响较小;在较小风向角时,主要由于上游塔的尾流影响,使下游塔塔面的平均压力分布变化较大,特别是脉动压力,与孤立塔相比可增大几倍。同时,塔群影响使得下游塔压力谱中能量分布相对集中,其峰值频率较孤立塔有成倍的提高。     

复杂工况下的大型风力机气动性能和尾迹研究Investigation of aerodynamic performance and wake of the large scale wind turbine in complicated conditions

在复杂工况下,大型风力机非定常特性会更严重,导致风力机气动性能变化和尾迹预测更加复杂。本文主要针对稳态偏航、动态偏航、风剪切和随机风速场等复杂工况,基于自由涡尾迹方法,嵌入复杂工况的模块,加入了动态失速模型和三维旋转效应模型修正,实现了复杂工况数值模拟计算,比较了不同复杂工况的气动载荷和尾迹形状。最后,得出了风力机在复杂工况下的气动性能、载荷和尾迹叶尖涡线特性,并计算出风力机在复杂工况下的气动载荷超调量和迟滞时间。对推进自由涡尾迹方法应用于风力机工程的大批工况载荷计算,提高大型风力机的载荷计算精度和设计水平等具有重要意义。     

螺旋桨滑流对飞行器气动特性的影响机理研究

通过基于有限体积的CFD数值方法研究了MA60飞机螺旋桨滑流对于该飞行器的气动特性影响机理。为了高效计算、准确描述螺旋桨的旋转运动产生的非定常流场,本文采用嵌套网格技术来实现这一过程,有效避免了螺旋桨运动过程中产生的网格变形失效等问题。数值模拟结果表明:滑流非定常计算的表面气动压力可以很好地与实验结果吻合;螺旋桨滑流状态的非定常气动力与定常计算的结果有较大差异,螺旋桨具有较大的拉力且为同向旋转,产生不对称的气动载荷,导致飞机的升力增大,侧向力增大,并且产生正的滚转力矩和负的偏航力矩。本文研究表明,在该类型飞行器设计过程中,考虑滑流影响可以更加准确地描述飞行过程中的气动载荷。     

复杂工况下的大型风力机气动性能和尾迹研究

在复杂工况下,大型风力机非定常特性会更严重,导致风力机气动性能变化和尾迹预测更加复杂。本文主要针对稳态偏航、动态偏航、风剪切和随机风速场等复杂工况,基于自由涡尾迹方法,嵌入复杂工况的模块,加入了动态失速模型和三维旋转效应模型修正,实现了复杂工况数值模拟计算,比较了不同复杂工况的气动载荷和尾迹形状。最后,得出了风力机在复杂工况下的气动性能、载荷和尾迹叶尖涡线特性,并计算出风力机在复杂工况下的气动载荷超调量和迟滞时间。对推进自由涡尾迹方法应用于风力机工程的大批工况载荷计算,提高大型风力机的载荷计算精度和设计水平等具有重要意义。     

气动阻尼对高层建筑横风向风振响应的影响

引入横风力谱模型，分析了某高宽比为6 的方形截面高层建筑在不同地貌和风速条件下的横风向风振响应. 同时考虑正气动阻尼的影 响，获得该建筑在不同自振基频下的风振响应及气动阻尼影响的规律. 分析结果表 明，对于处于低粗糙度地貌并受较高风速作用的低频建筑物，当计算其横风向风振响应时，应适当考虑 正气动阻尼的影响，使计算结果更具真实性.     

交通载荷作用下跨海桥梁-电缆组合结构随机振动分析

电缆沿桥跨海铺设是海缆铺设的一种新的形式, 针对由汽车和列车交通载荷诱发的沿跨海桥梁敷设电缆的振动问题, 建立了桥梁-电缆的整体组合结构分析模型, 将汽车和列车的作用载荷简化为移动的随机集中载荷序列, 发展虚拟激励法(pseudo-excitation method, PEM)用于分析移动随机载荷作用下电缆位移和应力响应的标准差及演变功率谱 (power spectral density, PSD), 并研究了汽车和列车运行速度对电缆动力响应标准差的影响. PEM将移动随机载荷问题转化为特定频率简谐移动载荷作用下的动力响应分析, 能够计算得到与Monte Carlo (MC) 方法非常吻合的电缆动力响应标准差, 但所需的时域响应分析次数远少于MC方法. 数值结果表明, 随着汽车和列车运行速度的提升, 电缆位移和应力标准差呈现增大的趋势; 在汽车和列车交通载荷作用下, 铝护套的位移标准差和功率谱的值比缆芯要大, 这可能会使得电缆的疲劳破坏首先发生在铝护套层, 本文工作对电缆沿桥跨海铺设实际工程具有一定的借鉴意义.      

高速铁路隧道缓冲结构气动载荷与结构应力特性分析

高速列车通过隧道时,会引起车隧气动效应.在隧道洞口设置缓冲结构是简便有效的应对措施之一.而缓冲结构一般设置在隧道洞口,列车通过隧道产生气动载荷对该结构的影响也不容忽视.本文采用数值方法,利用Ansys软件的workbench模拟平台,对列车通过隧道产生的气动载荷作用在顶部单开口缓冲结构上的压应力变化进行模拟.研究结果表明:气动载荷所引起的结构附加应力作用明显.当行车速度为350 km/h时,附加应力可以达到80 kPa,而缓冲结构开口周围成为气动载荷附加应力集中区.对于双线隧道,近车壁面与远车壁面的附加压应力规律一致,但近车侧应力值要大于远车侧.与压力波在隧道内的传播特性类似,气动载荷所引起的附加压应力具有往复传播特征.另外,对顶部缓冲结构开口附近出现附加应力集中的原因进行了分析,确定缓冲结构形式是引起应力集中的决定因素.以上结论对隧道洞口缓冲结构的设计及安全巡查具有一定的指导意义.     

Study on the operational safety of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds

The characteristic wind curve （CWC） was com- monly used in the previous work to evaluate the operational safety of the high-speed trains exposed to crosswinds. How- ever, the CWC only provide the dividing line between safety state and failure state of high-speed trains, which can not evaluate the risk of derailment of high-speed trains when ex- posed to natural winds. In the present paper, a more realistic approach taking into account the stochastic characteristics of natural winds is proposed, which can give a reasonable and effective assessment of the operational safety of high-speed trains under stochastic winds. In this approach, the longitudi- nal and lateral components of stochastic winds are simulated based on the Cooper theory and harmonic superposition. An algorithm is set up for calculating the unsteady aerody- namic forces （moments） of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. A multi-body dynamic model of the rail vehicle is established to compute the vehicle system dynamic response subjected to the unsteady aerodynamic forces （mo- ments） input. Then the statistical method is used to get the mean characteristic wind curve （MCWC） and spread range of the high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds. It is found that the CWC provided by the previous analyticalmethod produces over-conservative limits. The methodol- ogy proposed in the present paper can provide more signif- icant reference for the safety operation of high-speed trains exposed to stochastic winds.     

Investigation of aerodynamic effects on the high-speed train exposed to longitudinal and lateral wind velocities

The wind stability of the high-speed train has gained an increasing interest in the last few years. In this paper, an investigation of the effects of stochastic winds with longitudinal and lateral components on the high-speed train is described. The longitudinal and lateral wind time histories at the position of a moving vehicle, for a variety of wind directions, are first simulated. An algorithm for computing the unsteady aerodynamic load time histories is then derived for a moving vehicle. A typical railway vehicle has been modeled using the vehicle dynamic simulation package ‘Simpack’, and the unsteady wind loads of the same vehicle are applied to the vehicle model to investigate the dynamic response behavior. The simulated vehicle behavior is assessed against the indicator of load reduction factor, which indicates wheel unloading and therefore potential roll over. The characteristic wind curves (CWC) and its spread range are then obtained to evaluate the operational safety of the high-speed train. The results demonstrate that the operational safety of the high-speed train will be overestimated if the lateral wind velocity is not considered, especially for the small angles between vehicle and wind.     

飞机大迎角俯仰运动下的横侧向气动特性及被动控制

在南航3m低速风洞内,利用一套两自由度动态试验机构,通过测力实验研究了某飞机模型静态和俯仰动态过程中大迎角下的横侧向气动特性,分析比较了在模型头部加上扰动片后,对横侧向气动特性产生的影响.研究结果表明,模型在静态大迎角下会产生较大的侧向力和偏航力矩,而模型的快速上仰过程则进一步加剧了模型头部流动的非对称性,在大迎角下产生较大的偏航力矩迟滞环;当在模型头部加扰动片后,不论是静态过程还是动态过程,都使得模型的侧向力和偏航力矩减小,从而改善了俯仰运动过程中大迎角下的横侧向气动特性.     

An experimental investigation on the characteristics of fluid–structure interactions of a wind turbine model sited in microburst-like winds

An experimental investigation is performed to assess the characteristics of the fluid–structure interactions and microburst-induced wind loads acting on a wind turbine model sited in microburst-liked winds. The experiment study was conducted with a scaled wind turbine model placed in microburst-like winds generated by using an impinging-jet-typed microburst simulator. In addition to quantifying complex flow features of microburst-like winds, the resultant wind loads acting on the turbine model were measured by using a high-sensitive force–moment sensor as the turbine model was mounted at different radial locations and with different orientation angles with respect to the oncoming microburst-like winds. The measurement results reveal clearly that, the microburst-induced wind loads acting on the turbine model were distinctly different from those in a conventional atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) wind. With the scales of the wind turbine model and the microburst-like wind used in the present study, the dynamic wind loadings acting on the turbine model were found to be significantly higher (i.e., up to 4 times higher for the mean loads, and up to 10 times higher for the fluctuation amplitudes) than those with the same turbine model sited in ABL winds. Both the mean values and fluctuation amplitudes of the microburst-induced wind loads were found to vary significantly with the changes of the mounted site of the turbine model, the operating status (i.e., with the turbine blades stationary or freely rotating), and the orientation angle of the turbine model with respect to the oncoming microburst-like wind. The dynamic wind load measurements were correlated to the flow characteristics of the microburst-like winds to elucidate underlying physics. The findings of the present study are helpful to gain further insight into the potential damage caused by the violent microbursts to wind turbines to ensure safer and more efficient operation of the wind turbines in thunderstorm-prone areas.     

Admittance function to evaluate aerodynamic loads on vehicles: Experimental data and numerical model

When a moving vehicle is subjected to cross wind, the aerodynamic loads acting on the vehicle itself depend not only on the mean value of the relative wind-vehicle velocity but also on the statistical properties of the wind, i.e. the turbulence intensity – which represents its variation in the time domain – and the integral length scale – linked to the space distribution of the wind field. This paper describes an algorithm, used to define non-stationary aerodynamic forces, which allows to account for the spatial correlation of the wind through the aerodynamic admittance function. In particular, a numerical model for the aerodynamic admittance function is developed and verified by means of comparison with experimental data. The model can be adopted for both the lateral force and rolling moment components but not for the vertical force. Finally, it will be shown how admittance depends on the geometrical characteristics of the vehicle (length and height) and on the properties of the wind, through the integral length scale.     

Normal and typhoon wind loadings on a large cooling tower: A comparative study

Large cooling towers are sensitive to wind effects with their increasing heights and flexibilities. Unlike traditional approaches, which employed Code-defined normal winds to check the loading characteristics, this paper developed a framework for checking the typhoon-induced wind loading on a large cooling tower using Monte Carlo simulations and multi-fan wind tunnel tests. Some distinct characteristics of typhoon winds were compared with those of Code-defined normal winds. Furthermore, wind characteristics of incoming normal and typhoon winds in terms of vertical profile of mean wind speed, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral length scale and power spectrum density of fluctuating winds were well reproduced by a feedback control process of a multi-fan actively controlled wind tunnel. The surface wind pressure distributions of a large cooling tower under these conditions were then investigated by testing a 1:600 reduced scale model. Mean and fluctuating external wind pressures along the circumferential direction under various incoming winds were discussed and quantitatively formulated with eight-term trigonometric equations. Moreover, the cross correlations of wind pressures in the circumferential and meridian directions and correlations with structure base forces, i.e. integral drag and lift forces, were investigated. Non-Gaussian characteristics in terms of skewness and kurtosis of fluctuating wind pressures were also analyzed under two wind climates. Peak factors for modeling extreme wind pressures were examined and compared with those of various models. Finally, the extreme wind loads on a large cooling tower obtained from different wind pressure combinations were compared with peak-factor-theory-based results to identify an appropriate combination for structural design.     

高速移动荷载下黏弹性半空间体的动力响应

分别以移动荷载和黏弹性半空间体模拟运动列车荷载和地基,分析了地基在运动列车作用下的动力响应.首先采用Green函数法求解黏弹性半空间体在各种移动荷载模式作用下的动力响应的解析解,包括恒常和简谐移动点源、线源和面源荷载.然后采用IFFT算法和自适应数值积分算法计算解析解中的二维积分,得到了包括低音速、跨音速和超音速移动荷载作用下位移的数值结果.最后分析了速度对位移的分布和最大值的影响,发现当速度大于Rayleigh波速时,位移发生显著变化.     

Experimental study of wind loads on cylindrical reticulated shells

The cylindrical reticulated shell structures without side walls, which are normally arranged in pairs, are usually used as dry-coal sheds in a thermal power plant. The wind loads of these shells do not exist in standards or codes. Therefore, this study investigates the mean and fluctuating wind loads on a cylindrical reticulated shell with a rise-to-span ratio of 0.39 through a series of wind tunnel tests. The characteristics of the wind pressures on the upper and lower surfaces and the net pressures are presented. The results show that the wind direction and another shell structure significantly affect the wind loads on the principal shell. The most unfavorable wind direction is around 30°, whereas the effects of the wind field and the height of the coal stack are small. The surfaces of the shells are divided into nine blocks, and the block mean and fluctuating (rms) pressure coefficients suitable for engineering applications are given as references for wind load codes.     

Experimental study on wind loading on a complicated group-tower

This paper studied how wind pressures and forces affect rigid sectional models of a complicated group-tower using experimental wind tunnel tests. The group-tower was composed of five separate sub-towers with different diameters and heights. The basic characteristics of the mean and fluctuating wind pressure distributions on typical parts of the sub-towers were analyzed along the heights of each sub-tower, and their distribution trends are discussed. Also, the mean base shear and moment coefficients and their characteristics are presented. The wind pressure and wind force results showed that because the group-tower structure consisted of five separate lofty towers, the mutual aerodynamic interferences were serious; thus, the mean and fluctuating wind pressure, wind force distributions and the mean base shear and moment coefficients were quite complicated.