准直磨料射流在准直管内流动机理及切割应用研究

分析了准直磨料射流的工作原理、特点及高速多相流体介质在准直管内有阻运动时的磨粒运动方程式。研究表明,准直管管长在０．４ｍ～３ｍ范围内磨粒速度基本保持不变,准直管长度、直径、供料量和磨粒型号等参数之间存在最佳配合关系。本为使用准直磨料射流进行切割和冲蚀的工程应用提供了初步的理论基础。     

流体在准直管内的高速流动及相变分析

描述了汽、液两相流在准直管内高速流动时的相变过程及有趣的物理现象,推导了准直管内高速稀疏介质的有阻运动方程式,讨论了流体介质的密度和温度变化过程。研究表明,准直管在一定长度范围内液体介质密度和速度几乎不变。     

关于多相流体力学

自然界的物质一般有固体、液体、气体和等离子体四态。各种不同态的物质(或同为液态的不同物质)混合时,如果它们之间存在着界面,则它们分别称为混合介质的相。由二相或二相以上(至少有一相是流体)的物质所组成的流动系统通常称为多相流动系统。最常见的多相流动系统为二相流动。在二相流动中又以流-固(气-固,液-固)流动与流-流(液-气,液-液)流动为最普遍 ...     

固体火箭燃气射流驱动液柱过程的CFD分析

固体火箭燃气射流驱动液柱过程会产生一个复杂的非稳态多相流场,为了研究液柱对固体火箭发动机工作过程中射流流场的降温效果,并揭示燃气冲击液柱的流动演化和气水之间的相互作用,利用FLUENT软件中耦合了液态水汽化方程的VOF多相流计算模型对燃气与液柱之间的耦合流动及相变过程进行了数值模拟,并与无液柱情况下射流流场的计算结果进行了对比分析。计算结果表明,当有液柱平衡体时射流流场中的压力、温度、速度波动幅度均减小,减弱了射流流场中的湍流脉动强度;液柱与燃气之间的汽化以及液柱的阻碍作用减小了射流流场的轴向发展位移,尾管后的完全发展射流流场核心区域内的压力峰值降低了0.9 MPa,温度峰值降低了503 K,速度峰值降低了291 m/s,验证了实验中液柱对燃气射流流场的降温效果。     

具有壁面射流激励的圆管内气相流动大涡模拟

采用大涡模拟方法和单方程亚格子模式对小尺度量进行模拟。研究了不同强度壁面射流激励对圆管内气相流动的影响,模拟结果给出了射流对瞬态拟序结构发展、时平均流向速度分布的影响。随着射流强度的增加,射流入口附近流体的回流现象增强。射流强度足够大时可以减小管壁处的切应力值,同时会减小壁面附近流动速度,这种速度分布会导致气体夹带颗粒的能力下降,从而在实际两相流动中容易造成壁面附近的气粒返混现象。     

超临界CO2磨料射流流场影响因素的模拟分析

为了揭示超临界CO₂磨料射流流场特性,利用计算流体动力学模拟软件,对超临界CO₂磨料射流结构及不同因素对射流流场的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:超临界CO₂磨料射流轴向速度和冲击力随着喷距的增大,先增大后减小,即存在最优喷距,喷射压差为10~30 MPa时最优喷距为3~6倍喷嘴直径;喷射压差一定时,围压由10 MPa增至30 MPa对射流速度场及液相冲击力会造成较小的负面影响。通过超临界CO₂射流破岩实验对上述2因素进行了辅助对比验证;流体温度由333 K增至413 K,固液两相轴向速度增大,而流体密度降低,导致液相冲击力减弱;磨料浓度由3.0%连续增至11.0%,射流固液两相轴向速度逐渐降低,降幅逐渐减小。     

淹没磨料射流的空泡运动分析

通过对淹没条件下磨料射流的空泡运动分析研究,建立了淹没磨料射流的空泡运动方程,揭示了淹没磨料射流中空泡的溃灭特性,数值模拟了淹没磨料射流的磨料体积浓度以及空泡所处流场压力对空泡运动及溃灭的影响规律.分析表明:淹没磨料射流中磨料的存在增大流体的粘性系数,增大空泡溃灭历时,减弱射流的空蚀破坏能力;流场压力的改变对空泡溃灭过程影响显著,压力越高,空泡溃灭历时越短.     

气固两相流动的湍流脉动扩散数学模型及其应用

本文提出了气固两相流动的湍流扩展数学模型，本模型用k-ε双方程模型求解气相湍流场，并根据气流脉动的频谱、能谱曲线提出了随机富工级数来模拟气相脉动速度，用拉氏方法描述颗粒的运动，故称为脉动频谱随机颗粒轨道模型。本文还给出了本模型在气固多相射流和流化床内应用的实例。     

基于微流体装置的微血管网内红细胞流动和分布特性的研究简

实体肿瘤血管具有扩张、扭曲、不规则分支以及分支间连接絮乱等特征. 为了考察这些特征对血液流动的影响,将肿瘤血管简化为垂直相互贯通的微血管网,借助微流体实验装置,以一定浓度的红细胞悬液作为流动介质,研究红细胞在微血管网中的流动和分布特性. 具体实验方案如下：首先,采用软刻蚀技术,在聚二甲基硅氧烷（polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS）上加工出微血管网;然后,采用微注射泵控制微血管网入口处的红细胞悬液流量,使用倒置显微镜和高速摄影系统观察并记录实验过程;最后,通过Matlab 软件包Piv-lab 及高速摄影配套软件对获得的视频图像进行处理,提取红细胞在微血管网中的流动和分布数据. 数据处理结果显示,红细胞在微血管网中的流动和分布特性受悬液内的红细胞压积（hematocit, Hct）的影响. 红细胞随悬液Hct 的不同呈现2 种运动轨迹：一种为仅沿着轴向微管道流动;另一种是从轴向微管道流入并穿过径向微管道,再进入另一侧的轴向微管道. 另外,入口流量相同时,红细胞在微血管网中的流动速度随Hct 变化呈现不同,Hct 为3% 和5% 的红细胞速度要明显高于Hct 为1% 的红细胞速度.     

关于二相流、多相流、多流体模型和非牛顿流等概念的探讨

本文分析了单相流、二相流和多相流等概念上的差异,也分析了单流体模型、双流体模型和多流体模型等概念上的差异,指出前面三种概念是按流动介质的客观物理构成划分的,而后者是按主观采用的研究方法划分的．目前这些概念在使用中存在一些混乱,如二相流与多相流,多相流与多流体模型等．本文还研究了扩散模型、非牛顿流模型和颗粒流模型等,指出前两种模型在分类上属于单流体模型,分析了非牛顿流模型、扩散模型和双（多）流体模型的特点和应用范围,最后,以泥石流为例讨论了以上概念的应用．      

Transient solution for flow of evaporating fluid in parallel pipes using analysis based on flow patterns

Flow with evaporation in parallel lines with common inlet and outlet headers may result in an uneven flow distribution among the parallel pipes. The prediction of the flow rate distribution in steady state as well as under transient conditions was based on simplified models. In this paper a more accurate time dependent model based on the temporal-local flow pattern in the pipe is presented. The pipe is subdivided into numerical sections and the calculation of the pressure drop in each cell is based on mechanistic models that are specific for the flow pattern in the cell.     

固-液两相流黑水管道冲蚀磨损的数值模拟研究

煤气化黑水处理系统管道由于其流体介质高含固体颗粒和腐蚀性介质，且工作在高温、高压差环境中，极易受到冲蚀磨损和腐蚀的耦合作用而失效，影响其服役寿命. 采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法数值模拟研究了煤气化黑水处理系统固-液两相流管道的冲蚀磨损行为和机理，以及流体介质速度和固体颗粒粒径对管道冲蚀磨损的影响规律，并分析了盲通管和涡室结构对弯管冲蚀磨损行为的优化改善效果. 研究结果显示，煤气化黑水处理系统管线的冲蚀高危区主要分布在弯管外拱和变径管等结构突变区域；管道冲蚀磨损行为与其内部流体的运动和颗粒冲击特性有关；管道的冲蚀率均随着流体速度的增加而加剧，而粒径对弯管和变径管冲蚀率的影响并非单调关系，这与颗粒受力作用有关；弯管优化分析显示，涡室结构可以降低弯管的最大冲蚀率，减缓弯管的冲蚀磨损.      

Experimental investigation on the slip between oil and water in horizontal pipes

This work is devoted to study of the slip phenomenon between phases in water–oil two-phase flow in horizontal pipes. The emphasis is placed on the effects of input fluids flow rates, pipe diameter and viscosities of oil phase on the slip. Experiments were conducted to measure the holdup in two horizontal pipes with 0.05 m diameter and 0.025 m diameter, respectively, using two different viscosities of white oil and tap water as liquid phases. Results showed that the ratios of in situ oil to water velocity at the pipe of small diameter are higher than those at the pipe of big diameter when having same input flow rates. At low input water flow rate, there is a large deviation on the holdup between two flow systems with different oil viscosities and the deviation becomes gradually smaller with further increased input water flow rate.     

Particle behavior in a turbulent pipe flow with a flat bed

Particle behavior in a turbulent flow in a circular pipe with a bed height h = 0.5R is studied at Re_b = 40,000 and for two sizes of particles (5 μm and 50 μm) using large eddy simulation, one-way coupled with a Lagrangian particle tracking technique. Turbulent secondary flows are found within the pipe, with the curved upper wall affecting the secondary flow formation giving rise to a pair of large upper vortices above two smaller vortices close to the pipe floor. The behavior of the two sizes of particle is found to be quite different. The 50 μm particles deposit forming irregular elongated particle streaks close to the pipe floor, particularly at the center of the flow and the pipe corners due to the impact of the secondary flows. The deposition and resuspension rate of the 5 μm particles is high near the center of the floor and at the pipe corners, while values for the 50 μm particles are greatest near the corners. Near the curved upper wall of the pipe, the deposition rate of the 5 μm particles increases in moving from the wall center to the corners, and is greater than that for the larger particles due to the effects of the secondary flow. The maximum resuspension rate of the smaller particles occurs above the pipe corners, with the 50 μm particles showing their highest resuspension rate above and at the corners of the pipe.     

Effect of local pipe bends on pump performance of a small air-lift system in transporting solid particles

The pump performance of a small air-lift system in transporting solid particles is investigated experimentally. Three types of riser pipe were used to examine the effect of local bends of riser pipes on the flow characteristics of a three-phase air–water–solid particles mixture. Two of them were locally S-shaped either below or above a gas injector. The other was vertically straight. Alumina particles of 3 or 5 mm diameter were used as solid particles. It is indicated that the pump performance is appreciably reduced when the pipe bend is above the gas injector. The critical condition under which solid particles are vertically lifted is discussed from a practical viewpoint. In addition, the particle motion in the region of a pipe bend is investigated by photographic observations.     

Experimental Investigation of Transitional Flow in Porous Media with Usage of a Pore Doublet Model

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow in porous media is studied with a new method. To mimic interconnected pores, a simplified geometry consisting of a pipe with a relatively large diameter that is split into two parallel pipes with different diameters is studied. This is a pore-doublet setup and the pressure drops over the parallel pipes are recorded by pressure transducers for different flow rates. Results show that the flow in the parallel pipes is redistributed when turbulent slugs pass through one of them. The presence of the slugs is revealed by positive skewness in the pressure signals as well as an increase of the standard deviation of the pressure drops and correlation between the pressure drops of the pipes. A frequency analysis of the pressure drops show that lower band frequency pressure variations in one pipe are communicated to the other pipe while higher band frequencies are filtered out.     

Modeling transient churn-annular flows in a long vertical tube

This work investigates the transient behavior of high gas fraction gas-liquid flows in vertical pipes (annular and churn flows). Hyperbolic balance equations for mass, momentum and entropy are written for the gas and liquid, which is split between a continuous film and droplets entrained in the gas core. Closure relationships to calculate the wall and interfacial friction and the rates of droplet entrainment and deposition were obtained from the literature. A finite-difference solution algorithm based on a coefficient matrix splitting method was implemented to deal with sharp variations in the spatial and temporal domains, such as pressure and phase holdup waves. The model results were compared with steady-state experimental data from eight different sources, totaling more than 1500 data points for pressure gradient, liquid film flow rate and void/core fraction. The absolute average deviation between the model and the data was 17% for the pressure gradient and 5.8% for the void fraction. A comparison of the model results with fully transient air-water data generated in a 49-mm ID, 42-m long vertical pipe is also presented. The experimental results consist of two outlet pressure-induced and two inlet mass flow rate-induced transient tests. Two main transient parameters are compared, namely the local void fraction and the pressure difference between selected points along the test section and the outlet (taken as a reference). The comparisons between the experiments and the numerical model indicate that the model was capable of describing the transient annular to churn flow transition with absolute average deviations of 14.5% and 7.9% for the pressure difference and void fraction, respectively.     

Degassing of water-solved gases in thin pipings during fast pressure drops

 A one-dimensional model is presented, which describes the transient two-phase flow in thin pipes during fast pressure drops and degassing by use of Eulerian and Lagrangian systems. The reduction in dimension is obtained by introduction of a geometry model for bubbly and slug flow regimes. The complete model includes the transient two-phase flow, bubble formation and bubble growth. The flow model predicts rising velocities of bubbles and plugs in arbitrary inclined highly accurate pipes. The mass transfer (diffusion) of the dissolved phase is calculated by the bubble growth model. The quality of the model was examined by simulation of experimental series, whereby water was depressurised from the saturation pressure of the dissolved gas mixture (air), by variation of saturation pressure, pressure gradient and pipe geometry. The results of numerical simulation fit the experimental data well. Received on 17 January 2000     

Studies on two-phase co-current air/non-Newtonian shear-thinning fluid flows in inclined smooth pipes

In this work, co-current flow characteristics of air/non-Newtonian liquid systems in inclined smooth pipes are studied experimentally and theoretically using transparent tubes of 20, 40 and 60 mm in diameter. Each tube includes two 10 m long pipe branches connected by a U-bend that is capable of being inclined to any angle, from a completely horizontal to a fully vertical position. The flow rate of each phase is varied over a wide range. The studied flow phenomena are bubbly flow, stratified flow, plug flow, slug flow, churn flow and annular flow. These are observed and recorded by a high-speed camera over a wide range of operating conditions. The effects of the liquid phase properties, the inclination angle and the pipe diameter on two-phase flow characteristics are systematically studied. The Heywood–Charles model for horizontal flow was modified to accommodate stratified flow in inclined pipes, taking into account the average void fraction and pressure drop of the mixture flow of a gas/non-Newtonian liquid. The pressure drop gradient model of Taitel and Barnea for a gas/Newtonian liquid slug flow was extended to include liquids possessing shear-thinning flow behaviour in inclined pipes. The comparison of the predicted values with the experimental data shows that the models presented here provide a reasonable estimate of the average void fraction and the corresponding pressure drop for the mixture flow of a gas/non-Newtonian liquid.