桥梁斜缆钢丝疲劳试验的护套夹具研究

本文对斜拉桥钢索中单根的钢丝疲劳试验的护套夹具进行了研究。根据计算机模拟设计的理论成果，设计制造了三种不同材料的护套夹具，并通过低应力疲劳试验，对其进行了实验分析，从中得到一种使疲劳试验成功率很高的护套夹具。并为武汉长江公路桥斜拉钢索的疲劳可靠性提供了实验依据。     

一种基于耗散能计算的高周疲劳参数预测方法

在热力学框架下,基于薄板假设,建立金属材料薄板试样在高周疲劳载荷作用下的热传导方程,将试样温度场数据和实时载荷信号导入,准确计算与高周疲劳损伤相关的单个循环内耗散能. 基于该方法,以316L不锈钢材料为例,通过实时监测试样不同应力水平下高周疲劳破坏全过程中耗散能的变化,拟合出耗散能-疲劳寿命曲线,呈现与传统的应力-疲劳寿命曲线相同的规律;提出一种新的预测高周疲劳极限的能量法,确定的疲劳极限与实验值相近.     

40Cr钢疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的测量

用系统分析的方法，通过三点弯曲疲劳试验，分别跟踪监测了40Cr钢及它的两种表面处理试样疲劳损伤过程，得出了40Cr钢经过两种表面处理对其疲劳裂纹萌生寿命有显著影响的结果，提出了对疲劳裂纹萌生寿命测量的一种新方法。     

一种轿车车轮应力状态测量与分析方法

基于台架应变测试试验方法,研究轿车车轮在疲劳试验中的应力状态。结果表明:车轮的径向疲劳试验时,轮胎会对车轮的载荷产生较大的影响,轮胎与转鼓的挤压变形以及正反转动都会对车轮的应力状态产生影响;车轮径向疲劳试验时,最大应变出现在轮辋与轮胎接触位置沿车轮圆周方向,而在靠近轮心位置的应变较小;车轮弯曲疲劳试验时,最大应变出现在轮辐靠近轮心的位置,最大应变出现在轮辐的长度方向;不同的载荷对车轮应变的变化规律并没有影响,但是会对最大和最小峰值产生影响。     

SAPH440汽车薄板高低周疲劳特性试验研究

本文通过设计防屈曲装置,对2.3mm厚度汽车薄板SAPH440在室温下进行了单轴拉伸、低周疲劳和高周疲劳等一系列试验．给出该材料静态力学参数,低周疲劳曲线（E-N曲线）、高周疲劳曲线（S-N曲线）以及相关疲劳性能参数．分别得到了在应力比R=0.1和R= -1状态下的疲劳寿命公式．通过考察低周循环应力-应变曲线,发现材料在试验控制的循环应变幅范围内发生了循环软化,具有明显Masing特性．此外,通过对疲劳断口形貌分析,初步给出了疲劳裂纹的扩展机理．     

磨损加疲劳载荷下的协同疲劳行为

自行研制的摩擦磨损装置与轴向疲劳试验机相互配合,实现GDL-1钢试样在疲劳应力(240~280 MPa)及接触载荷(30 N)作用下摩擦磨损疲劳试验.通过对磨损层厚度的分析,研究试样承受摩擦磨损载荷及拉压疲劳载荷双重作用下的疲劳寿命变化,用SEM扫描电镜观察分析次表层内疲劳裂纹扩展的演变过程,并采用Hertz线弹性理论和Smith接触理论计算分析摩擦表面以下切应力值.结果表明:在磨损疲劳载荷作用下,形变层的流变作用将显著影响疲劳小裂纹扩展方向,渐趋于切应力方向,从而提高试样疲劳寿命.在此基础上,建立了在摩擦磨损疲劳载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展模型.此外,计算可知在距表层深度0.03 mm处切应力最大,0.18 mm以内材料产生塑性变形,导致形变层的形成.     

35CrMo合金钢疲劳短裂纹扩展规律的试验研究

本文通过试验研究了35CrMo 合金钢三点弯曲试样疲劳短裂纹的扩展特性;用电测法得到了裂尖处的载荷—应变标定关系。试验结果表明,短裂纹的扩展速率正比于局部应力幅的幂次和裂纹长度,即 da/dN=A(?),可以较好地描述疲劳短裂纹的扩展规律。     

循环载荷下碳纤维薄板增强RC梁的疲劳性能试验研究

以碳纤维薄板(CFL)增强RC梁为研究对象,通过对循环载荷作用下增强梁的三点弯曲疲劳试验研究,得到了增强梁的线性对数疲劳寿命曲线和跨中挠度的演化规律,外推得到了极限疲劳强度和抗弯刚度的演化规律,揭示了增强梁的疲劳破坏机理。循环载荷下CFL增强RC梁的破坏模式包括混凝土开裂、碳纤维薄板与混凝土界面剥离、主筋屈服等模式,疲劳破坏过程具有明显的损伤成核、稳定扩展、失稳扩展三阶段发展规律。与普通RC梁相比较,CFL增强RC梁的裂缝分布较均匀、密集,粘贴CFL对增强梁的初始抗弯刚度提高幅度较小,对疲劳损伤阶段的抗弯刚度则提高了约一倍。根据CFL增强RC梁的疲劳寿命曲线得到其极限疲劳强度为25.42 kN,为三点弯曲静载下极限承载力的58.5%。     

粉末冶金涡轮盘简单模拟件低周疲劳寿命研究

采用光滑圆棒试样和带孔平板试样,对不同温度下的镍基粉末高温合金(FGH95)的低周疲劳(LCF)寿命进行了试验研究和有限元分析。在详细分析试验和有限元计算结果的基础上,提出了复杂应力状态下的低周疲劳寿命模型。模型寿命表达为真实应力幅的函数,模型参数由不同应力水平加载作用下的光滑圆棒试样试验结果给定,进一步采用涡轮盘简单模拟件即带孔平板试样对比验证LCF寿命模型的有效性。有限元计算结果显示,理论预测寿命与试验结果能很好地吻合。     

曲率半径对车轮滚动接触疲劳性能的影响

滚动接触疲劳和磨损是铁路轮轨损伤的主要问题.本文中应用赫兹接触理论,在JD-1型轮轨模拟试验机上,通过改变试验冲角,研究了干态工况下曲率半径对车轮钢滚动接触疲劳性能的影响,并用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察车轮试样剖面与磨痕表面交界处的疲劳裂纹,分析不同曲率半径条件下车轮的滚动接触疲劳机理.结果表明:由于加工硬化的作用试验后所有试样的硬度均有提高;随着曲率半径的减小,车轮钢的磨损量增大,塑性流变层增厚且不均匀,车轮试样疲劳裂纹扩展加剧;裂纹在交变应力作用下容易继续向下扩展,从而形成严重的疲劳破坏.     

Designing a Uniaxial Tension/Compression Test for Springback Analysis in High-Strength Steel Sheets

We describe an innovative design for an in-plane measurement technique that subjects thin sheet metal specimens to bidirectional loading. The goal of this measurement is to provide the critical performance data necessary to validate complex predictions of the work hardening behavior during reversed uniaxial deformation. In this approach, all of the principal forces applied to the specimen are continually measured in real-time throughout the test. This includes the lateral forces that are required to prevent out of plane displacements in the specimen that promote buckling. This additional information will, in turn, improve the accuracy of the compensation for the friction generated between the anti-bucking guides and the specimen during compression. The results from an initial series of experiments not only demonstrate that our approach is feasible, but that it generates data with the accuracy necessary to quantify the directionally-dependent changes in the yield behavior that occur when the strain path is reversed (i.e., the Bauschinger Effect).     

A New Experimental Technique for the Multi-axial Testing of Advanced High Strength Steel Sheets

This paper deals with the development of a new experimental technique for the multi-axial testing of flat sheets and its application to advanced high strength steels. In close analogy with the traditional tension-torsion test for bulk materials, the sheet material is subject to combined tension and shear loading. Using a custom-made dual actuator hydraulic testing machine, combinations of normal and tangential loading are applied to the boundaries of a flat sheet metal specimen. The specimen shape is optimized to provide uniform stress and strain fields within its gage section. Finite element simulations are carried out to verify the approximate formulas for the shear and normal stress components at the specimen center. The corresponding strain fields are determined from digital image correlation. Two test series are performed on a TRIP-assisted steel sheet. The experimental results demonstrate that this new experimental technique can be used to investigate the large deformation behavior of advanced high strength steel sheets. The evolution of the yield surface of the TRIP700 steel is determined for both radial and non-proportional loading paths.     

An experimental and numerical investigation of different shear test configurations for sheet metal characterization

Simple shear tests are widely used for material characterization especially for sheet metals to achieve large deformations without plastic instability. This work describes three different shear tests for sheet metals in order to enhance the knowledge of the material behavior under shear conditions. The test setups are different in terms of the specimen geometry and the fixtures. A shear test setup as proposed by Miyauchi, according to the ASTM standard sample, as well as an in-plane torsion test are compared in this study. A detailed analysis of the experimental strain distribution measured by digital image correlation is discussed for each test. Finite element simulations are carried out to evaluate the effect of specimen geometries on the stress distributions in the shear zones. The experimental macroscopic flow stress vs. strain behavior shows no significant influence of the specimen geometry when similar strain measurements and evaluation schemes are used. Minor differences in terms of the stress distribution in the shear zone can be detected in the numerical results. This work attempts to give a unique overview and a detailed study of the most commonly used shear tests for sheet metal characterization. It also provides information on the applicability of each test for the observation of the material behavior under shear stress with a view to material modeling for finite element simulations.     

Experimental and analytical investigation of the modified wyoming shear-test fixture

The interaction between the isopescu shear-test specimen and the modified Wyoming shear-test fixture was investigated. This involved three areas of study. First, strip strain gages were applied to the specimen contact surfaces to measure strains induced by the fixture. While it has generally been assumed that the fixture induces an asymmetric load into the specimen, the measured strains indicated a nonasymmetric loading. Second, the effect of an out-of-plane moment, externally applied to the fixture, on gage section shear strains was observed. The shear strains observed were small leading to the conclusion that the fixture is very resistant to out-of-plane moments. Finally, the effect of fixture misalignment on the observed shear modulus was determined. The results indicate that the observed shear modulus increased significantly for slight amounts of misalignment. Therefore, experimental techniques should be modified to include a check for misalignment. Beyond this, it is suggested that the fixture design be modified to prevent misalignment and to achieve an asymmetric loading of the specimen.     

Measurement of a Nearly Friction-Free Stress–Strain Curve of Silicone Rubber up to a Large Strain in Compression Testing

Nominal stress–strain curves of a silicone rubber specimen with a range of length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios have been measured via compression testing. The curves are highly dependent on the L/D ratio. The contact area has been measured using stamp ink applied to the sidewall of the specimen to determine the optimal L/D ratio which yields the stress–strain curve closest to the curve of the friction-free specimen. Traces of ink appear on the platen after the compression test, indicating that the phenomenon of rollover takes place. When the L/D ratio is less than 1.0, the contact area is less than that of the friction-free specimen although the phenomenon of rollover supplements the contact area. When the L/D ratio increases up to 1.0, the contact area increases toward that of the ideal specimen that deforms uniformly under the friction-free condition; the stress–strain curve of the specimen with the L/D ratio of 1.0 can be regarded as the nearly friction-free property of silicone rubber.     

中应变率材料试验机的研制

本文全面介绍了自行研制的中应变率材料试验机的基本情况,此试验装置可在0.1s^-1-50s^-1应变率范围内对哑铃状圆柱试件和哑铃状扁平试件进行拉伸及加卸载实验,对圆柱状态 试件进行了压缩及加卸载试验,通过采用液压驱动、分级调速、缓冲撞击等技术产生上升沿陡峭的平衡加载脉冲,从而实现中应变率试验;通过自定心夹具、液压缸的精密共轴保证试验的可靠性;辅以定位装置实现对试件的加卸载;同时通过力传感器及配套研制的高动态应变仪、光学引伸仪完成应力、应变的测量,经实验考评,表明装置是可靠的。     

Q235钢缺口试样拉压低循环疲劳的实验研究

以Q235钢制U型缺口板试样为研究对象,用有限元方法计算其缺口根部等效应变幅对应的试样标距段位移,以此控制试验机进行拉压循环疲劳试验。然后用局部应力应变法对试验测得的寿命结果进行分析。结果表明：无论用有限元还是修正Neuber公式计算缺口根部的应力应变,局部应力应变法的疲劳寿命评估只适用于缺口半径较大的试样;对缺口半径较小试样的估计寿命明显低于实测值,且有限元法比修正Neuber法更保守。进而又对试样缺口区域应变梯度的影响进行了探讨：参照有限元计算的应变梯度,利用Taylor模型估算了缺口根部的屈服应力和流动应力;在此基础上重新计算应变分布并估计试样的疲劳寿命,结果证实考虑应变梯度影响可改善缺口试样的疲劳寿命估计。     

Load-Inversion Device for the High Strain Rate Tensile Testing of Sheet Materials with Hopkinson Pressure Bars

A high strain rate tensile testing technique for sheet materials is presented which makes use of a split Hopkinson pressure bar system in conjunction with a load inversion device. With compressive loads applied to its boundaries, the load inversion device introduces tension into a sheet specimen. Two output bars are used to minimize the effect of bending waves on the output force measurement. A Digital Image Correlation (DIC) algorithm is used to determine the strain history in the specimen gage section based on high speed video imaging. Detailed finite element analysis of the experimental set-up is performed to validate the design of the load inversion device. It is shown that under the assumption of perfect alignment and slip-free attachment of the specimen, the measured stress–strain curve is free from spurious oscillations at a strain rate of 1,000 s^?1. Validation experiments are carried out using tensile specimens extracted from 1.4 thick TRIP780 steel sheets. The experimental results for uniaxial tension at strain rates ranging from 200 s^?1 to 1,000 s^?1 confirm the oscillation-free numerical results in an approximate manner. Dynamic tension experiments are also performed on notched specimens to illustrate the validity of the proposed experimental technique for characterizing the effect of strain rate on the onset of ductile fracture in sheet materials.     

一种用于材料高应变率剪切性能测试的新型加载技术

高应变率下的冲击剪切实验技术是材料动态力学行为及其微观机理研究的重要基础.采用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar)装置一般可以获得材料在104s-1以内应变率的动态力学性能.在超过104s-1的应变率下对材料进行冲击剪切测试时,通常需要采用高速压剪飞片技术或由气炮发射子弹对试样进行直接加载.本文提出一种可用于传统霍普金森压杆技术的新型双剪切试样,可以在103~105s-1剪应变率范围实现对材料剪切性能的精确测量;同时,可以对材料的变形及失效过程进行直接观测.试样与压杆之间避免了复杂的界面或连接装置,通过转接头可以保证试样与压杆直接接触,提高测试精度,同时可以防止因试样的横向位移而导致的非均匀变形.获得了紫铜在1400~75000s-1应变率下的剪应力-剪应变曲线,并采用计算软件"ABAQUS/Explicit"对双剪切试样的动态加载过程进行了数值模拟和结果验证.分析表明,剪切区的主要区域内剪切成分占主导地位,其应力应变场沿厚度及宽度方向基本呈均匀分布.实验得到的剪应力-剪应变曲线与模拟结果吻合较好,说明所提出的基于分离式霍普金森压杆系统的双剪切试样可以为材料的高应变率力学性能测试提供一种方便有效的加载技术.      

Tension–compression asymmetry of phosphor bronze for electronic parts and its effect on bending behavior

In-plane tension and compression experiments on copper alloy sheets (phosphor bronze) and 6000 series aluminum alloy sheets (AA6016-T4) were conducted using a specially designed testing apparatus. The apparatus is equipped with comb-type dies so that stress–strain curves of a sheet specimen subjected to tension followed by compression, and vice versa, can be measured without buckling of the specimen, as well as those for monotonic tension and compression. A difference was observed in the flow stresses between tension and compression for the as-received copper alloy, but not for the aluminum alloy. Moreover, stress reversal tests, such as tension followed by compression and compression followed by tension, were carried out in order to measure the Bauschinger effect. In the second part of the experiment, bending moment–curvature diagrams were measured for the as-received and pre-stretched specimens. The bending moment–curvature diagrams were compared with those calculated using the stress–strain curves obtained from the tension–compression tests, and were in good agreement with those calculated with the tension–compression asymmetry and the Bauschinger effect correctly reproduced.