深部岩体圆形巷道围岩松动圈形成机理数值试验研究

采用损伤力学和统计理论的单元本构模型,探讨深部岩体巷道围岩破坏规律, 利用岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA$^{\rm 2D}$, 对深部 岩体中的圆形巷道的变形及非线性渐进破坏特征、巷道周边关键部位的位移和应力变化进行 了分析,研究了圆形巷道围岩松动圈的形成机理. 研究表明：巷道开挖后,其周边形成应力 集中带,随着围岩压力的持续作用,巷道周边产生塑性变形区,并沿径向形成裂纹;随着裂 纹的不断扩展,巷道周边出现松动破裂区,即松动圈. 产生破裂区后,应力集中程度减弱, 应力高峰点向远处转移.     

基于岩石蠕变及D-P准则的深部巷道围岩弹塑性分析

为深入分析岩石蠕变及中间主应力对深部高应力软岩巷道围岩稳定性及分区变形特性的影响机理, 通过剖析长期荷载作用下深部巷道围岩的变形特征, 揭示了基于围岩蠕变特性的深部巷道围岩四分区变形机理, 并依据Druck-Prager准则及关联性流动法则考虑了中间主应力、岩体扩容及应变软化的影响, 推导出巷道围岩各分区应力、变形和半径解析解. 结合工程算例, 通过对现场监测数据以及不同力学模型的计算结果进行对比分析, 论证了本文理论的科学性, 并揭示了不同强度准则和围岩参数对深部巷道围岩各分区形态的影响规律. 结果表明, 忽视深部巷道围岩的蠕变特性将导致初始黏聚力的取值大于实际值, 从而造成围岩的理论承载能力大于实际承载能力; 在[0, 0.7]区间内提高中间主应力系数可有效控制围岩塑性区及破碎区范围的扩展; 当初始黏聚力及内摩擦角减小时, 中间主应力系数对围岩塑性区、破碎区范围及巷道变形的影响力显著提高. 研究成果可为地下工程支护设计及围岩稳定性评估提供理论参考.      

不同应力差下非线性蠕变研究

深部工程处于复杂的环境场(应力场、温度场和渗流场)之中,引起的地下工程围岩流变破坏事故屡见不鲜。本文通过三轴蠕变实验,根据岩体流变力学和蠕变原理对影响深部岩体蠕变的因素进行了研究。用实验数据进行数值计算,得出了深部软岩巷道围岩在高地应力作用下的非线性蠕变模型,建立了应力差-时间-蠕变的定量关系,利用MATLAB软件得到了不同情况下的蠕变-时间曲线;应力差-时间-蠕变曲面。从而验证了非线性流变理论,找到了引起蠕变的主要因素应力差。并利用应力差理论分析了深部巷道围岩的蠕变破坏机理。     

2021-07期目录

在陈宗基院士关于地下硐室长期稳定性力学问题研究的基础上,采用Sadovsky院士关于复杂地质岩体的等级构造学说,围绕深部岩体非均匀构造与封闭应力固有的统计力学属性,研究了岩体非均匀变形与封闭应力特性,以及深部硐室围岩的长期稳定性等两个力学问题。给出了岩体非均匀构造与封闭应力的数学表征;根据质量守恒定律得到了计算深部硐室围岩长期变形的一般公式;得到了围岩变形中劈裂扩容变形占主要部分的结论,并且阐明了深部围岩卸荷时更易出现劈裂破坏的原因。给出了劈裂破坏形态的演进序列与扩容位移的计算方法。将围岩松动圈范围、破裂区位置和边壁位移的计算结果与锦屏一级电站厂房现有监测数据进行了对比,两者相当吻合。     

深埋地下洞室局部让压效应及能量演化规律

为了更大程度地降低岩爆所带来的动力灾害，基于岩爆能量原理，提出了隧道内壁或掌子面前方产生的应力集中现象为非均匀薄壁应力集中的概念，分析认为诱发岩爆的位置为应力集中且应力梯度较大处。以实际工程为依托，通过FISH语言编译计算代码对三维有限差分数值软件进行二次开发，系统地从围岩局部让压的角度研究深部地下洞室在动载作用下的能量演化规律以及钢架合理支护让压间距对洞室破坏形式和动态响应规律，研究表明：由于围岩的局部让压效应，对围岩的扰动减少，冲击波能量在掌子面处被吸收和反射，导致动力响应减弱，使动力荷载有所消减。洞室开挖后，围岩在破坏初期首先出现张拉破坏而后以剪切破坏为主，剩余弹性应变能以动能形式向外剧烈释放，发生岩爆现象的部位与岩体最大主应力方向具有直接关系。     

深部岩体损伤对分区破裂化效应的影响

深部岩体是一种具有初始损伤的非连续介质,其内部存在着大量节理和裂隙。深部岩体分区破裂化效应与节理、裂隙的扩展、连接和汇合密切相关。由于节理、裂隙的扩展、连接和汇合可能会导致深部岩体的内部空间由欧氏几何空间向非欧几何空间转化。本文利用损伤变量表示含节理和裂隙岩体的损伤,根据非欧几何模型,获得了静水压力和非静水压力情况下深部圆形洞室损伤围岩的应力场,确定了损伤变量对圆形洞室围岩的应力场和分区破裂化效应的影响。采用Hoek-Brown准则,获得了静水压力和非静水压力情况下损伤围岩的破裂区与非破裂区的分布规律。本文的研究结果为理解深部岩体分区破裂模式提供了有价值的参考。     

夹层材料对软硬介质组合岩体动态力学特性的影响

为研究不同夹层材料下软硬介质组合岩体的动态力学性能及变形破坏特征，以砂岩和花岗岩为软硬岩基质，利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)装置，并通过离散格子弹簧法(discrete lattice spring method,DLSM)数值模拟，探究了不同夹层材料下岩体裂纹扩展、夹层界面处的反、透射特性及岩体中能量分配特性。结果表明：不同夹层材料岩体的动态强度增长因子随着岩体动态抗压强度增大而增大，表现出明显的动态抗压强度依赖性。不同夹层材料岩体在加载初始阶段存在明显的非线性段，无夹层岩体砂岩内部闭合的孔隙及裂隙在应力开始作用阶段最久且非线性段最长。随着夹层材料强度的增大，夹层对岩体的裂纹扩展和发育的阻碍能力逐渐较弱，岩体产生裂纹和破坏需要消耗的能量逐渐降低。夹层岩体的破坏开始于夹层胶结面处，随着夹层材料强度的增大，软岩靠近胶结面一侧破坏逐渐加剧，硬岩无明显破坏。含夹层岩体具有很好的削波作用，随着夹层材料强度的降低，两端面应力峰值在逐渐降低，夹层岩体短时间内获得的能量吸收密度增大，稳定性降低，容易被破坏。     

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针对红透山深部断层下巷道围岩破坏诱发的涌水现象,以该矿水文地质条件 为基础,建立了岩体水力学模型,应用岩石破裂过程渗流-应力耦合分析系统 (RFPA$^{\rm 2D}$-Flow)模拟研究了深部断层下巷道围岩破坏过程：裂隙形成、扩展到突水通 道最终贯通形成涌水的全过程. 通过对损伤区分布、应力场和渗流场的演化规律进行分析, 揭示了巷道应力重新分布诱发损伤及渗流涌水规律,对涌水通道进行模拟定位,为红透山铜 矿深部巷道支护防渗设计提供了科学依据.     

关于脆性岩体岩爆成因的理论分析

大型工程开挖中,高地应力环境下高储能脆性岩体通常会通过脆性破裂快速释放应变能,产生岩爆。针对这类岩爆现象进行了一系列理论探讨,认为:(1)开挖条件下脆性岩体的岩爆破坏主要为张破裂或者张剪性破裂,破裂角一般较小,呈薄片状或刀口状。笔者认为开挖产生次生张应力和压剪应力条件下微裂纹裂尖出现张应力是可能的,因此采用格里菲斯强度理论研究开挖岩体破裂是有效的; (2)以格里菲斯强度理论为基础,分析了岩体在二维和三维情形下的岩爆破裂应力判据和破裂角,指出在有张应力的条件下,岩体的剪破裂角会减小,直至为零,这就解释了开挖面附近薄片状、刀口状破裂现象的原因; (3)分析了脆性岩体岩爆破裂的能量过程,指出张性破裂所耗能量较小,而张剪性和压剪性破裂耗能较高。认为岩爆破裂消耗的能量主要转化为新生裂纹的表面能和破裂碎片的动能,并指出表面能所占比例较动能为小。由此解释了脆性岩体岩爆破坏以动力效应为主的特征; (4)本文理论分析成果的工程应用价值在于:可以预示开挖脆性岩体破裂部位、破裂方式和破裂范围; 提出岩爆破裂的张性应力控制依据。     

开挖卸荷条件下深部圆形洞室各向同性围岩分区破裂化机理

论文提出了一种静水压力条件下动态开挖卸荷对深埋圆形洞室各向同性围岩分区破裂化影响的力学模型,获得了动态开挖卸荷条件下深埋圆形洞室围岩的弹性应力场,确定了卸荷速率和岩体动态力学参数对深埋洞室各向同性围岩分区破裂化现象的影响.利用动态Hoek-Brown准则,获得了围岩破裂区和非破裂区的数量和宽度.数值计算结果表明卸荷速率和岩体动态力学参数对破裂区与非破裂区的数量和宽度有较大影响.     

Zonal disintegration of deep crack-weakened rock masses: A non-Euclidean model

Rock masses are characterized by the existence of distributed joints and fractures. One of behaviors of the deep rock masses is high in situ stresses. The internal space of rock-like materials subjected to high in situ stresses after deformation is treated as a non-Euclidean one. The incompatible deformation of the deep rock masses is induced by high in situ stresses within the framework of non-Euclidean geometric space. A non-Euclidean model in which effects of cracks on zonal disintegration phenomenon of the deep crack-weakened rock masses is taken into account is established. Based on the non-Euclidean model, the elastic stress-field distribution of the deep surrounding rock masses induced by compatible deformation of non-fractured zones and incompatible deformation of fractured zones is determined. The stress intensity factors at the tips of cracks is given out. The strain energy density factor is applied to investigate the occurrence of disintegration zones. It is observed from the numerical results that the magnitude and site of fractured zones depend on the value of in situ stress, mesomechanical parameters and non-Euclidean parameters.     

THE ZONAL DISINTEGRATION MECHANISM OF SURROUNDING ROCK AROUND DEEP SPHERICAL TUNNELS UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CONDITION: A NON-EUCLIDEAN CONTINUUM DAMAGE MODEL

A new non-Euclidean continuum damage model is proposed to investigate the zonal disintegration phenomenon of the surrounding rocks around deep spherical tunnels under hydrostatic pressure condition as well as the total elastic stress field distributions.The elastic stress fields of the surrounding rocks around deep spherical tunnels under hydrostatic pressure condition are obtained.If the elastic stresses of the surrounding rocks satisfy the strength criterion of the deep rock masses,the number,size and location of fractured and nonfractured zones are determined.The efect of physico-mechanical parameters of the surrounding rocks on the zonal disintegration phenomenon is studied and numerical computation is carried out.It is found from numerical results that the number,size and location of fractured and non-fractured zones are sensitive to the physico-mechanical parameters of the surrounding rocks.     

THE EFFECTS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL PENNY-SHAPED CRACKS ON ZONAL DISINTEGRATION OF THE SURROUNDING ROCK MASSES AROUND A DEEP CIRCULAR TUNNEL

In this study, it was assumed that three-dimensional penny-shaped cracks existed in deep rock masses. A new non-Euclidean model was established, in which the effects of pennyshaped cracks and axial in-situ stress on zonal disintegration of deep rock masses were taken into account. Based on the non-Euclidean model, the stress intensity factors at tips of the pennyshaped cracks were determined. The strain energy density factor was applied to investigate the occurrence of fractured zones. It was observed from the numerical results that the magnitude and location of fractured zones were sensitive to micro- and macro-mechanical parameters, as well as the value of in-situ stress. The numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Zonal disintegration of surrounding rock mass around the diversion tunnels in Jinping II Hydropower Station, Southwestern China

By means of numerical simulation, the special phenomenon of zonal disintegration of surrounding rock mass around the diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station is analyzed in this paper. In order to model the growth and coalescence of cracks within rock mass in Jinping II Hydropower Station, the weak-element is adopted. When cracks coalesce, failure of deep crack-weakened rock masses occurs and fractured zone is formed. The present result is different from the one obtained by the traditional elasto-plastic theory. The numerical results show that the slip-line zonal fracture is created within rock mass around the diversion tunnels in Jinping II Hydropower Station. Meanwhile, the magnitude and distributions of fractured zones are determined by numerical simulation. It is shown that the present results are in good agreement with the one observed by model tests. Through sensitivity analysis, the effects of stress condition, cohesion and the angle of internal friction on the phenomenon of zonal disintegration is determined.     

ZONAL DISINTEGRATION MECHANISM OF DEEP CRACK-WEAKENED ROCK MASSES UNDER DYNAMIC UNLOADING

Size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone are controlled by cracks contained in deep rock masses. Zonal disintegration mechanism is strongly dependent on the interaction among cracks. The strong interaction among cracks is investigated using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. It is found from numerical results that crack nucleation, growth and coalescence lead to failure of deep crack- weakened rock masses. The stress redistribution around the surrounding rock mass induced by unloading excavation is studied. The effect of the excavation time on nucleation, growth, interaction and coalescence of cracks was analyzed. Moreover, the influence of the excavation time on the size and quantity of fractured zone and non-fractured zone was given. When the excavation time is short, zonal disintegration phenomenon may occur in deep rock masses. It is shown from numerical results that the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with decreasing excavation time, and the size and quantity of fractured zone increase with the increasing value of in-situ geostress.     

动力荷载对围压卸载下岩石动态变形模量的影响

利用SHPB岩石动静组合加载实验系统,研究在不同轴压水平下围压以1 MPa/s速率卸载至预加值50%时矽卡岩受频繁冲击作用的动态变形模量变化规律。实验结果表明:高轴压促使岩石内部微裂纹萌发与扩展,降低了岩石抵抗外部冲击的能力。围压的侧向约束阻碍岩石内部裂纹的横向扩展,但在围压卸载时会加剧岩石内部的损伤,这是由于高轴压下,围压卸载导致岩石内部应力重新分布。轴压与围压卸载共同影响着冲击作用下的岩石动态变形模量,通过岩样在冲击荷载下的能量耗散分析岩石动态变形模量的变化规律,有助于了解深部岩体开挖的破坏机制。