Two-phase nonlocal integral models with a bi-Helmholtz averaging kernel for nanorods

In this work, the static tensile and free vibration of nanorods are studied via both the strain-driven (StrainD) and stress-driven (StressD) two-phase nonlocal models with a bi-Helmholtz averaging kernel. Merely adjusting the limits of integration, the integral constitutive equation of the Fredholm type is converted to that of the Volterra type and then solved directly via the Laplace transform technique. The unknown constants can be uniquely determined through the standard boundary conditions and two constrained conditions accompanying the Laplace transform process. In the numerical examples, the bi-Helmholtz kernel-based StrainD (or StressD) two-phase model shows consistently softening (or stiffening) effects on both the tension and the free vibration of nanorods with different boundary edges. The effects of the two nonlocal parameters of the bi-Helmholtz kernel-based two-phase nonlocal models are studied and compared with those of the Helmholtz kernel-based models.

     

Well-posedness of two-phase local/nonlocal integral polar models for consistent axisymmetric bending of circular microplates

Previous studies have shown that Eringen's differential nonlocal model would lead to the ill-posed mathematical formulation for axisymmetric bending of circular microplates. Based on the nonlocal integral models along the radial and circumferential directions, we propose nonlocal integral polar models in this work. The proposed strainand stress-driven two-phase nonlocal integral polar models are applied to model the axisymmetric bending of circular microplates. The governing differential equations and boundary conditions (BCs) as well as constitutive constraints are deduced. It is found that the purely strain-driven nonlocal integral polar model turns to a traditional nonlocal differential polar model if the constitutive constraints are neglected. Meanwhile, the purely strain-and stress-driven nonlocal integral polar models are ill-posed, because the total number of the differential orders of the governing equations is less than that of the BCs plus constitutive constraints. Several nominal variables are introduced to simplify the mathematical expression, and the general differential quadrature method (GDQM) is applied to obtain the numerical solutions. The results from the current models (CMs) are compared with the data in the literature. It is clearly established that the consistent softening and toughening effects can be obtained for the strain-and stress-driven local/nonlocal integral polar models, respectively. The proposed two-phase local/nonlocal integral polar models (TPNIPMs) may provide an e-cient method to design and optimize the plate-like structures for microelectro-mechanical systems.     

纳米圆轴在弹性介质中的扭转振动分析

基于非局部应变梯度理论,考虑周围弹性介质的影响,研究纳米圆轴的扭转自由振动。首先通过Hamilton原理推导纳米圆轴扭转振动的控制方程及边界条件,接着采用微分求积法得到控制方程及三类边界条件的离散形式,最后由数值计算结果分析扭转振动特性。讨论了两个小尺度参数和弹性介质刚度的变化对振动频率的影响,并通过小尺度参数比对振动频率的影响分析两个尺度参数的耦合作用。研究结果表明,扭转自由振动频率随非局部参数增加而减小,随应变梯度尺度参数、弹性介质刚度增加而增大;当非局部参数大于应变梯度尺度参数时,小尺度效应体现为非局部效应,相反则体现为应变梯度效应。     

Buckling analysis of functionally graded nanobeams under non-uniform temperature using stress-driven nonlocal elasticity

In this work, the size-dependent buckling of functionally graded(FG)Bernoulli-Euler beams under non-uniform temperature is analyzed based on the stressdriven nonlocal elasticity and nonlocal heat conduction. By utilizing the variational principle of virtual work, the governing equations and the associated standard boundary conditions are systematically extracted, and the thermal effect, equivalent to the induced thermal load, is explicitly assessed by using the nonlocal heat conduction law. The ...     

TWISTING STATICS AND DYNAMICS FOR CIRCULAR ELASTIC NANOSOLIDS BY NONLOCAL ELASTICITY THEORY

The torsional static and dynamic behaviors of circular nanosolids such as nanoshafts, nanorods and nanotubes are established based on a new nonlocal elastic stress field theory. Based on a new expression for strain energy with a nonlocal nanoscale parameter, new higher-order governing equations and the corresponding boundary conditions are first derived here via the variational principle because the classical equilibrium conditions and/or equations of motion can- not be directly applied to nonlocal nanostructures even if the stress and moment quantities are replaced by the corresponding nonlocal quantities. The static twist and torsional vibration of circular, nonlocal nanosolids are solved and discussed in detail. A comparison of the conventional and new nonlocal models is also presented for a fully fixed nanosolid, where a lower-order governing equation and reduced stiffness are found in the conventional model while the new model reports opposite solutions. Analytical solutions and numerical examples based on the new nonlocal stress theory demonstrate that nonlocal stress enhances stiffness of nanosolids, i.e. the angular displacement decreases with the increasing nonlocal nanoscale while the natural frequency increases with the increasing nonlocal nanoscale.     

On well-posedness of two-phase nonlocal integral models for higher-order refined shear deformation beams

Due to the conflict between equilibrium and constitutive requirements,Eringen's strain-driven nonlocal integral model is not applicable to nanostructures of engineering interest. As an alternative, the stress-driven model has been recently developed. In this paper, for higher-order shear deformation beams, the ill-posed issue(i.e., excessive mandatory boundary conditions(BCs) cannot be met simultaneously)exists not only in strain-driven nonlocal models but also in stress-driven ones. The well-posedness of both the strain-and stress-driven two-phase nonlocal(TPN-Strain D and TPN-Stress D) models is pertinently evidenced by formulating the static bending of curved beams made of functionally graded(FG) materials. The two-phase nonlocal integral constitutive relation is equivalent to a differential law equipped with two restriction conditions. By using the generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM),the coupling governing equations are solved numerically. The results show that the two-phase models can predict consistent scale-effects under different supported and loading conditions.     

Static and dynamic behaviour of nonlocal elastic bar using integral strain-based and peridynamic models

The static and dynamic behaviour of a nonlocal bar of finite length is studied in this paper. The nonlocal integral models considered in this paper are strain-based and relative displacement-based nonlocal models; the latter one is also labelled as a peridynamic model. For infinite media, and for sufficiently smooth displacement fields, both integral nonlocal models can be equivalent, assuming some kernel correspondence rules. For infinite media (or finite media with extended reflection rules), it is also shown that Eringen's differential model can be reformulated into a consistent strain-based integral nonlocal model with exponential kernel, or into a relative displacement-based integral nonlocal model with a modified exponential kernel. A finite bar in uniform tension is considered as a paradigmatic static case. The strain-based nonlocal behaviour of this bar in tension is analyzed for different kernels available in the literature. It is shown that the kernel has to fulfil some normalization and end compatibility conditions in order to preserve the uniform strain field associated with this homogeneous stress state. Such a kernel can be built by combining a local and a nonlocal strain measure with compatible boundary conditions, or by extending the domain outside its finite size while preserving some kinematic compatibility conditions. The same results are shown for the nonlocal peridynamic bar where a homogeneous strain field is also analytically obtained in the elastic bar for consistent compatible kinematic boundary conditions at the vicinity of the end conditions. The results are extended to the vibration of a fixed–fixed finite bar where the natural frequencies are calculated for both the strain-based and the peridynamic models.     

TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF A RIGID CIRCULAR PLATE ON SATURATED STRATUM OVERLAYING BEDROCK

The torsional vibration of a rigid plate resting on saturated stratum overlaying bedrock has been analysed for the first time. The dynamic governing differential equations for saturated poroelastic medium are solved by employing the technology of Hankel transform. By taking into account the boundary conditions, the dual integral equations of torsional vibration of a rigid circular plate are established, which are further converted into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Subsequently, the dynamic compliance coefficients of the foundation on saturated stratum, the contact shear stress under the foundation and the angular amplitude of the foundation are evaluated. Numerical results indicate that, when the dimensionless height is bigger than 5, saturated stratum overlaying bedrock can be treated as saturated half space approximately. When the dimensionless frequency is low, the permeability of the soil must be taken into account. Furthermore, when the vibration frequency is a constant, the height of the saturated stratum has a slight effect on the dimensionless contact shear stress under the foundation.     

On the truth of nanoscale for nanobeams based on nonlocal elastic stress field theory： equilibrium, governing equation and static deflection

This paper has successfully addressed three critical but overlooked issues in nonlocal elastic stress field theory for nanobeams： （i） why does the presence of increasing nonlocal effects induce reduced nanostructural stiffness in many, but not consistently for all, cases of study, i.e., increasing static deflection, decreasing natural frequency and decreasing buckling load, although physical intuition according to the nonlocal elasticity field theory first established by Eringen tells otherwise？ （ii） the intriguing conclusion that nanoscale effects are missing in the solutions in many exemplary cases of study, e.g., bending deflection of a cantilever nanobeam with a point load at its tip; and （iii） the non-existence of additional higher-order boundary conditions for a higher-order governing differential equation. Applying the nonlocal elasticity field theory in nanomechanics and an exact variational principal approach, we derive the new equilibrium conditions, do- main governing differential equation and boundary conditions for bending of nanobeams. These equations and conditions involve essential higher-order differential terms which are opposite in sign with respect to the previously studies in the statics and dynamics of nonlocal nano-structures. The difference in higher-order terms results in reverse trends of nanoscale effects with respect to the conclusion of this paper. Effectively, this paper reports new equilibrium conditions, governing differential equation and boundary condi- tions and the true basic static responses for bending of nanobeams. It is also concluded that the widely accepted equilibrium conditions of nonlocal nanostructures are in fact not in equilibrium, but they can be made perfect should the nonlocal bending moment be replaced by an effective nonlocal bending moment. These conclusions are substantiated, in a general sense, by other approaches in nanostructural models such as strain gradient theory, modified couple stress models and experiments.     

Quasi-Green＇s function method for free vibration of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell

The idea of quasi-Green＇s function method is clarified by considering a free vibration problem of the simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell. A quasi- Green＇s function is established by using the fundamental solution and boundary equation of the problem. This function satisfies the homogeneous boundary condition of the prob- lem. The mode shape differential equations of the free vibration problem of a simply- supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell are reduced to two simultaneous Fredholm integral equations of the second kind by the Green formula. There are multiple choices for the normalized boundary equation. Based on a chosen normalized boundary equa- tion, a new normalized boundary equation can be established such that the irregularity of the kernel of integral equations is overcome. Finally, natural frequency is obtained by the condition that there exists a nontrivial solution to the numerically discrete algebraic equations derived from the integral equations. Numerical results show high accuracy of the quasi-Green＇s function method.     

Nonlocal elasticity defined by Eringen’s integral model: Introduction of a boundary layer method

In this paper we consider a nonlocal elasticity theory defined by Eringen’s integral model and introduce, for the first time, a boundary layer method by presenting the exponential basis functions (EBFs) for such a class of problems. The EBFs, playing the role of the fundamental solutions, are found so that they satisfy the governing equations on an unbounded domain. Some insight to the theory is given by showing that the EBFs satisfying the Navier equations in the classical elasticity theory also satisfy the governing equations in the nonlocal theory. Some additional EBFs are particularly obtained for the nonlocal theory. In order to use the EBFs on bounded domains, the effects of the boundary conditions are taken into account by truncating the kernel/attenuation function in the constitutive equations. This leads to some residuals in the governing equations which appear near the boundaries. A weighted residual approach is employed to minimize the residuals near the boundaries. The method presented in this paper has much in common with Trefftz methods especially when the influence area of the kernel function is much smaller than the main computational domain. Several one/two dimensional problems are solved to demonstrate the way in which the EBFs can be used through the proposed boundary layer method.     

多孔功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁的自由振动分析

基于Timoshenko梁理论研究多孔功能梯度材料梁(FGMs)的自由振动问题.首先,考虑多孔功能梯度材料梁的孔隙率模型,建立了两种类型的孔隙分布.其次,基于Timoshenko梁变形理论,给出位移场方程、几何方程和本构方程,利用Hamilton原理推导多孔功能梯度材料梁的自由振动控制微分方程,并进行无量纲化,然后应用微分变换法(DTM)对无量纲控制微分方程及其边界条件进行变换,得到含有固有频率的等价代数特征方程.最后,计算了固定-固定(C-C)、固定-简支(C-S)和简支-简支(S-S)三种不同边界下多孔功能梯度材料梁自由振动的无量纲固有频率.将其退化为均匀材料与已有文献数据结果对照,验证了正确性.讨论了孔隙率、细长比和梯度指数对多孔功能梯度材料梁无量纲固有频率的影响.     

GREEN QUASIFUNCTION METHOD FOR FREE VIBRATION OF SIMPLY-SUPPORTED TRAPEZOIDAL SHALLOW SPHERICAL SHELL ON WINKLER FOUNDATION

The idea of Green quasifunction method is clarified in detail by considering a free vibration problem of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell on Winkler foundation.A Green quasifunction is established by using the fundamental solution and boundary equation of the problem.This function satisfies the homogeneous boundary condition of the problem.The mode shape differential equation of the free vibration problem of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell on Winkler foundation is reduced to two simultaneous Fredholm integral equations of the second kind by Green formula.There are multiple choices for the normalized boundary equation.Based on a chosen normalized boundary equation, the irregularity of the kernel of integral equations is avoided.Finally, natural frequency is obtained by the condition that there exists a nontrivial solution in the numerically discrete algebraic equations derived from the integral equations.Numerical results show high accuracy of the Green quasifunction method.     

Quasi-Green’s function method for free vibration of simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell

The idea of quasi-Green’s function method is clarified by considering a free vibration problem of the simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell. A quasi-Green’s function is established by using the fundamental solution and boundary equation of the problem. This function satisfies the homogeneous boundary condition of the prob-lem. The mode shape differential equations of the free vibration problem of a simply-supported trapezoidal shallow spherical shell are reduced to two simultaneous Fredholm integral equations of the second kind by the Green formula. There are multiple choices for the normalized boundary equation. Based on a chosen normalized boundary equa-tion, a new normalized boundary equation can be established such that the irregularity of the kernel of integral equations is overcome. Finally, natural frequency is obtained by the condition that there exists a nontrivial solution to the numerically discrete algebraic equations derived from the integral equations. Numerical results show high accuracy of the quasi-Green’s function method.     

Nonlinear free vibration of nanotube with small scale effects embedded in viscous matrix

In this paper, the nonlinear free vibration of the nanotube with damping effects is studied. Based on the nonlocal elastic theory and Hamilton principle, the governing equation of the nonlinear free vibration for the nanotube is obtained. The Galerkin method is employed to reduce the nonlinear equation with the integral and partial differential characteristics into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Then the relation is solved by the multiple scale method and the approximate analytical solution is derived. The nonlinear vibration behaviors are discussed with the effects of damping, elastic matrix stiffness, small scales and initial displacements. From the results, it can be observed that the nonlinear vibration can be reduced by the matrix damping. The elastic matrix stiffness has significant influences on the nonlinear vibration properties. The nonlinear behaviors can be changed by the small scale effects, especially for the structure with large initial displacement.     

Correction of local elasticity for nonlocal residuals: application to Euler–Bernoulli beams

Complications exist when solving the field equation in the nonlocal field. This has been attributed to the complexity of deriving explicit forms of the nonlocal boundary conditions. Thus, the paradoxes in the existing solutions of the nonlocal field equation have been revealed in recent studies. In the present study, a new methodology is proposed to easily determine the elastic nonlocal fields from their local counterparts without solving the field equation. This methodology depends on the iterative-nonlocal residual approach in which the sum of the nonlocal fields is treaded as a residual field. Thus, in this study the corrections of the local linear and nonlinear elastic fields for the nonlocal residuals in materials are presented. These corrections are formed based on the general nonlocal theory. In the context of the general nonlocal theory, two distinct nonlocal parameters are introduced to form the constitutive equations of isotropic elastic continua. In this study, it is demonstrated that the general nonlocal theory outperforms Eringen’s nonlocal theory in accounting for the impacts of the material’s Poisson’s ratio on its mechanics. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the corrections of the local static bending, vibration, and buckling characteristics of Euler–Bernoulli beams are derived. Via these corrections, bending, vibration, and buckling behaviors of simple-supported nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beams are determined without solving the beam’s equation of motion.     

GREEN QUASIFUNCTION METHOD FOR FREE VIBRATION OF CLAMPED THIN PLATES

The Green quasifunction method is employed to solve the free vibration problem of clamped thin plates.A Green quasifunction is established by using the fundamental solution and boundary equation of the...     

Quasi-Green’s function method for free vibration of clamped thin plates on Winkler foundation

The quasi-Green’s function method is used to solve the free vibration problem of clamped thin plates on the Winkler foundation. Quasi-Green’s function is established by the fundamental solution and the boundary equation of the problem. The function satisfies the homogeneous boundary condition of the problem. The mode-shape differential equation of the free vibration problem of clamped thin plates on the Winkler foundation is reduced to the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind by Green’s formula. The irregularity of the kernel of the integral equation is overcome by choosing a suitable form of the normalized boundary equation. The numerical results show the high accuracy of the proposed method.     

数值仿真轴向运动黏弹性梁非线性参激振动

分别通过两种直接数值方法研究速度变化的经典边界条件下轴向运动黏弹性梁参数振动的稳定性。在控制方程的推导中,采用物质导数黏弹性本构关系和只对时间取偏导数的黏弹性本构关系;分别运用有限差分法和微分求积法对两种经典边界下轴向变速运动黏弹性梁的非线性控制方程求数值解,计算得到梁中点非线性参数振动的稳定稳态响应。数值结果表明,两种黏弹性本构关系对应的稳态响应存在明显差别,同时发现两种直接数值方法的仿真结果基本吻合,证明数值仿真具有较高精度。     

TWO KINDS OF SCALE EFFECTS OF VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF NANO-PLATE1)

利用非局部应变梯度理论研究了纳米板横向自由振动特性。通过迭代法获得非局部应力的渐近表达式,利用哈密顿变分原理推导了纳米板的振动控制方程。针对四边简支边界条件,运用双重三角级数法给出了板固有频率的表达式,然后研究了非局部参数、材料特征参数、几何尺寸对纳米板自振频率的影响。数值结果表明：非局部效应会弱化纳米板的等效刚度,因而使板的固有频率降低,应变梯度效应则与之相反,两类效应仅在纳米尺度下对自振频率有显著影响;板几何尺寸的改变也会对其振动频率产生重要影响。