Numerical investigation of hydroplaning characteristics of three-dimensional patterned tire

Hydroplaning characteristics of patterned tire on wet road are investigated by making use of finite volume and finite element methods. A detailed 3-D patterned tire model is constructed by our in-house modeling program and the rainwater flow is considered as incompressible and inviscid. Meanwhile, the fluid–structure interaction between the highly complicated tire tread and the rainwater flow is effectively treated by the general coupling method. Through the numerical experiments, the rainwater flow drained through tire grooves, hydrodynamic pressure and contact force are investigated and compared with those of the three-grooved tire model.     

交通荷载下沥青路面车辙三维非线性有限元分析

建立了半刚性沥青路面和柔性沥青路面的三维有限元模型,采用非线性粘弹塑性理论分析了不同交通荷载对沥青路面车辙变形和切应力的影响,并考虑了刹车、路面纵坡对路面车辙的影响。结果表明:在相同荷载作用下,两种路面结构的车辙变形和切应力分布随着路面深度呈非线性分布,但不同路面结构对交通荷载变化的敏感性存在较大的差异;不同的胎压、轮载以及刹车产生的水平力对路面车辙变形有着较大的影响。当胎压为1 050 kPa及轮载为62.5 kN时,路面产生的车辙都大于在标准荷载及标准胎压时路面产生的车辙;在坡度为1%～6%时,路面纵坡对沥青路面车辙深度的影响不明显;在坡道上行车(特别是下行)时刹车是路面车辙过大的主要原因。     

The effects of filtration on the injection of cement-based grouts in sand columns

This article presents injection experiments and modeling of cement based grout in sand. In particular, it focuses on the role of filtration during the sand impregnation by the grout. One-dimensional injection tests in sand columns are performed. In these, the mass intake of the sample and the injection pressure are measured to quantify the effects of filtration during grouting. The cement-to-water ratio of the grout and the initial density of the soil are also studied. The modeling of these tests is achieved by incorporating the filtration and the damage coefficients in the classical transport in porous media equations. A method is proposed to determine these coefficients. The method simultaneously relies on both analytical analysis and experimental measurements. Density and viscosity effects are also considered in the model equations which are solved using the finite element method. The simulation of an injection test proves that the model is suitable to recover the injection pressure obtained experimentally. Finally, both experimental and numerical results reveal the importance of including filtration when analyzing one-dimensional injections of cement based grouts in sand.     

Numerical simulation and testing verification of the interaction between track and sandy ground based on discrete element method

Tractive effort of tracked vehicles plays an important role in military and agricultural fields. In order to solve the problem of low precision in numerical simulation of the interaction between track and sandy ground, a systematic and accurate discrete element modeling method for sandy road was proposed. The sandy ground was modeled according to the mechanical parameters measured by soil mechanics tests. The interaction coefficients of sandy soil were measured by the repose angle test and triaxial compression test combined with the corresponding simulation. On this basis, a discrete element interaction model of track-sandy ground was established, which can be used to test the tractive effort of track. Numerical simulation calculation of track model at different speeds was carried out, and the simulation results were compared with the results of indoor soil bin test for verification. The verification results show that the interaction between track and sandy ground based on DEM simulation is consistent with the actual soil bin test. The discrete element modeling method in this paper can be used to model the track and sandy ground accurately, and the simulation model can be used to test the tractive effort of tracked vehicle.     

Numerical investigation of snow traction characteristics of 3-D patterned tire

Traction and braking performances of automobile tire on the snow road are quite distinct from those on the dry or wet road, because of the complicated snow deformation caused by the complex tread blocks. In fact, the mathematical formulation of the snow deformation is extremely difficult, because not only it depends on the loading condition but its material properties are significantly dependent on the icing state (i.e. the snow density). The purpose of the current study is to introduce a numerical simulation of the snow–tire interaction by making use of Lagrangian finite element method and Eulerian finite volume method. The interaction between the tire tread blocks and the snow deformation is implemented by the explicit Euler–Lagrangian coupling scheme. The multi-surface yield model is adopted to describe both the softening and yielding of snow, and the associated material properties are chosen based upon the existing data in literature and the preliminary verification simulation. The numerical experiments are carried out by MSC/Dytran to investigate the parametric characteristics of the snow traction to the snow hardness, the block depth and the tread pattern.     

Damage diagnosis in intelligent tires using time-domain and frequency-domain analysis

Tire durability plays an important role in road transportation safety and is taken very seriously by all tire manufacturers. Defects in tires can cause vehicle instability and create catastrophic accidents. In this article, a finite element model of the intelligent tire is developed using implicit dynamic analysis and is used for defect detection. Processing and analyzing the acceleration signals, measured at the center of the tire inner-liner, for the undamaged and damaged tires, can result in detecting the crack locations around the tire circumference. Additionally, prediction models used for damage diagnosis based on optimized number and location of sensors, was developed. Several sensors located at different locations around the circumference of the damaged tire and away from the crack surface, are used in order to assess sensor location sensitivity from the crack surface. It is observed that the radial component of the acceleration signal has the highest potential to be used as the signal of choice in defect detection as compared to circumferential acceleration signals.     

多尺度材料模拟的自适应有限元方法研究

研究了材料模拟中一类新型耦合多尺度的自适应有限元方法. 采用微观分子动力学耦合宏观有限元的桥尺度方法来模拟材料破坏的前期行为,其中宏观有限元计算推广到了一般非结构三角形网格. 材料破坏形成后,停止微观尺度的计算,它的进一步发展和演化通过一个宏观模型来描述,采用自适应有限元方法来求解这一宏观模型. 其中,后验误差估计的基础是变分多尺度理论,即自适应网格加密是基于粗尺度上残差分布和细尺度上单元Green's函数. 计算中采用了破坏准则来模拟材料的断裂. 数值实验表明了方法的有效性.      

风沙影响下铁路道碴变形模量的离散元数值分析

针对风沙区有碴铁路道床的结构特性,对其在细沙贯入下的有效变形模量研究有助于理解风沙影响下的道床动力特性。采用离散单元模型对道碴碎石和细沙颗粒进行数值建模,并对不同含沙率γ下的有效变形模量进行了数值分析。结果表明,在低含沙率下(γ<30%)沙石混合体的变形模量基本保持不变,在高含沙率下(γ>30%),变形模量随含沙率的增加呈线性降低,以上变形模量随含沙量的变化规律与试验结果相一致。基于离散单元模型的数值模拟,在细观尺度上对沙石混合体的力链强度、空间分布及配位数进行了分析,揭示了沙石混合体有效变形模量随含沙量变化的内在机理。本文工作对风沙区有碴铁路道床力学行为的研究具有一定的借鉴意义,有助于促进风沙影响下有碴铁路道床的结构设计和沙害治理。     

扁平化对子午线轮胎力学性能影响的有限元分析

以185/60R14半钢子午线轮胎为参考轮胎,通过改变断面高和改变断面宽两种方式构建了不同扁平率的一系列轮胎模型,采用ABAQUS/Standard软件对不同高宽比的轮胎进行了系统的研究.结果表明,通过减小断面高和增大断面宽两种方式实现轮胎的扁平化,将会产生不同的效果:前者会导致轮胎胎圈部三角胶内的应变能密度明显增大:后者则会使带束层帘线拉力的最大值明显降低,带束层帘线中部的应力状态由受压变为受拉,轮胎胎冠部橡胶结构危险区域的Mises应力和应变能密度均明显减小,对胎侧部和胎圈部的力学行为影响则很小.由此,可以利用增大胎冠部宽度而保持轮胎其他部位结构不变的简单方法实现子午线轮胎的扁平化.     

石英音叉陀螺抗冲击特性的计算机模拟

石英音叉陀螺是一种微型惯性仪表,音叉的结构参数不仅关系到仪表的敏感性、检测精度和稳定性,而且决定了其力学性能。抗冲击性能是优化的目标之一,作利用计算机模型音叉在特定运载器载荷环境下的力学行为,试验是在ＨＰ工作站上采用ＡＮＳＹＳ／ＬＳ－ＤＹ－ＮＡ通用有限元程序实施的。结果表明：样机的抗冲性能高于引用标准,能经受１００００ｇ的冲击。     

Thermo-mechanically coupled investigation of steady state rolling tires by numerical simulation and experiment

In this contribution, a numerical framework for the efficient thermo-mechanical analysis of fully 3D tire structures (axisymmetric geometry) in steady state motion is presented. The modular simulation approach consists of a sequentially coupled mechanical and thermal simulation module. In the mechanical module, the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) framework is used together with a 3D finite element model of the tire structure to represent its temperature-dependent viscoelastic behavior at steady state rolling and finite deformations. Physically computed heat source terms (energy dissipation from the material and friction in the tire–road contact zone) are used as input quantities for the thermal module. In the thermal module, a representative cross-sectional part of the tire is employed to evaluate the temperature evolution due to internal and external heat sources in a transient thermal simulation. Special emphasis is given to an adequate material test program to identify the model parameters. The parameter identification is discussed in detail. Numerical results for three different types of special performance tires at free rolling conditions are compared to experimental measurements from the test rig, focusing especially on rolling resistance and surface temperature distribution.     

Experimental validation of distinct element simulation for dynamic wheel–soil interaction

The deformation behaviour of the soil during dynamic wheel–soil interaction was studied by using the discontinuum modelling technique, distinct or discrete element method (DEM). The simulation model was developed using DEM for two types of soil, soil-A (coarse sand) and soil-B (medium sand). A transparent sided soil bin was used to observe the soil deformation. Three CCD video camera photographic images of the validation experiments were analyzed and compared with the simulation program results.This paper presents the simulation and validation results for two types of soil at three different vertical loadings of 4.9, 9.8 and 14.7 N. Wheel sinkage, vertical and horizontal draft force acting on the rigid wheel and the soil deformation images from the validation experiments were some of the data used to compare the simulation program results with the validation experiments. The simulation program was helpful to understand the complex deformation behaviour of the soils. The simulated results for the deformation behaviour of soil-B showed better correlation with the validation experiments than soil-A. The results obtained have also been compared with the previous work on DEM to explain phenomena such as the high simulated sinkage of the rigid wheel.     

Numerical analysis of convection-diffusion with chemical reaction by combined finite and boundary element methods

A numerical method is presented to analyse a steady convection-diffusion problem with a first-order chemical reaction defined on an infinite region. The present method is based on the combined finite element and boundary element methods. For one- and two-dimensional examples in an infinite region the numerical results by the present method are in excellent agreement with the exact solutions. As a practical application, the simulation of the concentration distribution of the chemical oxygen demand at Kojima Bay is carried out.     

ORSIS – News and further developments

The paper deals with the simulation program Off Road Systems Interactive Simulation (ORSIS) which is the w,orldwide leading simulation tool for off road driving of wheeled vehicles. Even though the present state of development allows a very realistic simulation of the man–vehicle–terrain system, there is continuous further improvement in the computer program’s detail. Some of the recent innovations integrated into the program are presented in this paper. These examples were chosen in a way that the scope of the further developments can be demonstrated. They represent three main directions of the work carried out: the refining of the tire–soil-model, the integration of new technologies and subsystems into the vehicle model and the improvement of the man–machine–interface especially in driving simulators.The first part of the paper describes a further development of the tire–soil-model. A significant improvement has been achieved to include the influence of slippery surfaces on traction in combination with the tire tread pattern. Results from finite element method (FEM) as well as real measurements were used to build up an approach, which qualitatively allows the influence of the positive–negative portion of the tire tread and the lug height of the tire tread on traction to be considered. The basic idea is very simple and straightforward. Moreover the calculation costs are very low, so the enhancement does not affect real time operation.In the second part a physical model for the central tire inflation system (CTIS) is presented. With this model it is possible to simulate the complete pneumatic system of a CTIS, including the air compressor with an accumulator, the pressure line and the wheel valves. The components are modelled by their physical parameters, so an adaptation to different existing tire-pressure-control-systems (TPC) can be made. The paper presents a short review of the modelling and a first validation using real measurements. Furthermore the influence of each parameter, e.g. the discharge flow of the compressor on the inflation time, is presented.The third part of the paper describes a further development of the visualization system. The ORSIS OpenGL graphic engine was separated from the main ORSIS simulation and can be run on different PCs controlled via a network. It is therefore possible to build up very cheap multi-channel visualization systems using consumer PCs running under LinuX. The fact that ORSIS itself is running on a normal PC allows the assembly of comparatively cheap driving simulators of a high end simulation quality.     

ANALYSIS OF GROUNDING CHARACTERISTICS AND STRAIN ENERGY OF RADIAL TIRES WITH RADIAL STIFFNESS1)

利用轮胎综合试验机对径向刚度下子午线轮胎进行性能试验,采用正交试验法针对不同胎压、垂向载荷下轮胎的接地特性进行分析,结合仿真软件ABAQUS与试验进行对比。结果表明,橡胶材料Mooney-Rivli模型也具有一定的适用性,胎压增大时径向刚度发生线性变化,胎面印痕由椭圆形转变成近似矩形,印痕面积略微增大;随着胎压的不断增大,胎面印痕的面积显著减小,接触面的压力主要集中在胎肩,胎冠处也有所增加;胎压一定时,垂向载荷逐渐增大时,整个印痕面的应力呈对称分布,印痕面应力由内高外低逐渐向外高内低变化。建立数学模型与有限元软件同时对轮胎进行应变能分析,发现在低胎压150 kPa下受载荷时轮胎容易发生微小侧向位移同时发生变形,此时极易引起迟滞损失并造成应变能急剧增加。     

一种分析区间参数结构可靠性的减基快速计算方法

将减基法与蒙特卡洛模拟结合,提出了一种快速计算区间不确定结构可靠性的方法。该方法分为离线和在线计算两个阶段,离线阶段利用减基法建立减基空间,进而形成减缩模型;而在线阶段则将减缩模型融入蒙特卡洛方法,进而快速求解区间失效概率及相应的区间参数失效域。该方法在减基空间而非有限元空间中分析区间结构的可靠性,减少了求解时间,提高了计算效率,通过算例验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

针对有砟道床动力特性分析的嵌入式离散元-有限元耦合方法

在离散元-有限元耦合方法中,离散元和有限元交界面处的耦合方式对整体有砟道床的力学行为影响显著.采用基于球形单元的镶嵌单元或粘结单元模拟有砟道床时,由于球形单元和有限单元表面的自锁能力较差,使道砟层在列车载荷作用下容易产生侧向滑移,导致数值模型不稳定.此外,在实际铁路道床中,底部道砟均不同程度地嵌入路堤.为此,发展了一种嵌入式离散元-有限元耦合方法,通过设置一层嵌入地基有限元模型中的球形颗粒传递离散元域和有限元域间的力学参数,实现离散元和有限元方法的耦合.数值结果表明,嵌入式离散元-有限元耦合模型能够有效降低有砟道床的侧向位移,数值结果更加稳定,在处理与有砟道床类似的连续介质与散体介质的耦合问题时推荐采用嵌入式耦合算法.     

短裂纹闭合的尺寸效应分析

对循环荷作用下缺口根部静态短裂纹和扩展短裂纹的闭合现象进行了弹塑性有限元分析。考虑不同应力水平和应力比，尤其是零－压载荷对短裂纹的作用。在此基础上提出分析长，短裂纹闭合尺寸效应的修正模型。与实验结果相比，本文模型对短裂纹的闭合预测甚好。     

板材多点成形过程的有限元分析

多点成形过程采用静力隐式格式进行数值模拟是比较合适的。本文建立了用于多点成形过程分析的静力隐式弹塑性大变形有限元方法 ,给出了对稳定迭代收敛过程效果较好的板壳有限单元模型、处理多点不连续接触边界的接触单元方法以及增量变形过程中应力及塑性应变计算的多步回映计算方法。基于这些方法编制了计算软件 ,应用该软件进行了矩形板的液压胀形过程及球形模具拉伸成形过程的有限元分析 ,数值计算结果与典型的实验结果及计算结果吻合很好。最后给出了球形、圆柱形目标形状的实际多点成形过程的数值模拟结果。