软弱夹层几何参数对试样力学行为影响颗粒元模拟研究

基于离散元理论的颗粒元程序,采用颗粒接触连接模型和滑动模型,建立了含软弱夹层试样的颗粒元模型。通过数值模型实验,对不同软弱夹层几何参数试样进行加载模拟,探讨了不同夹层厚度及不同倾角条件下试样的破坏过程和破坏形式,并分析其对试样强度的影响。模拟结果表明,裂隙首先产生于软弱夹层处,随着荷载的增加,再逐渐扩展,呈现渐进性破坏特征;夹层越厚,倾角越大,试样沿软弱夹层呈现较强的滑动特征,如果夹层薄且缓,软弱夹层成为试样破坏的非控制因素;软弱夹层厚度和夹角对试样的峰值强度都有影响,随软弱夹层厚度和夹角的增大,试样的峰值强度降低。     

含软弱夹层炭质板岩单轴压缩力学行为模拟研究

为探究含软弱夹层炭质板岩的单轴强度特性,本文运用ABAQUS软件建立炭质板岩单轴压缩数值模型,分别研究了岩样含软弱夹层及其数量、软弱夹层倾角、端部约束对炭质板岩单轴抗压强度的影响规律。数值计算结果表明:含软弱夹层会降低炭质板岩单轴抗压强度,且随着软弱夹层数量增加,单轴抗压强度呈减小趋势;随着软弱夹层倾角逐渐增大,单轴抗压强度先减小后增大,呈"U形"分布,软弱夹层倾角为0°时得到的单轴抗压强度最大,软弱夹层倾角在接近60°时单轴抗压强度最小;以接触面的摩擦系数μ模拟端部约束,结果表明随摩擦系数μ增大,单轴抗压强度先增大后趋于平稳,且端部约束对水平软弱夹层影响最小,对倾斜角为45°的软弱夹层影响最大。     

软弱顺倾岩体爆破层裂的准静态力学模型应用研究

针对顺倾岩质边坡爆破引起软弱夹层冲刷、压密而影响边坡稳定的问题,应用爆轰气体等熵绝热膨胀理论,建立深孔爆破过程中软弱顺倾边坡的准静态力学模型,导出了爆炸作用在软弱夹层内形成爆腔后的准静态压力和软弱层临界层裂长度计算公式。通过分析爆轰气体楔入层面内对边坡岩体产生的抬动作用,推得了边坡潜在滑体的稳定系数与装药参数、岩体力学参数和边坡几何尺寸的定量关系。将提出的准静态力学模型应用于两个典型顺倾岩质边坡的爆破动力稳定分析,得到了与工程实际相符合的计算结果。     

钻孔爆破过程中顺倾边坡软弱夹层的运动力学模型

针对顺倾边坡爆破时爆轰气体冲刷、压密软弱夹层而形成爆腔从而影响边坡稳定的问题,应用爆轰流体动力学和气液两相流理论,分析了在钻孔爆破过程中软弱夹层在爆轰气体作用下的压密和推移机理,建立了爆破过程中软弱夹层的运动力学模型,导出了爆腔在爆轰气体作用下的运动速度、最终半径和扩腔时间同装药参数和软弱夹层力学参数的定量关系。将该运动力学模型应用于两个典型实例的爆腔计算中,计算值与实测值的相对误差仅为4%左右,软弱夹层的运动速度随距炮孔中心距离的关系曲线也与试验曲线变化规律一致。     

软弱结构面粒度成分与抗剪强度参数的关系探讨

软弱结构面一直是水电工程建设中的一个重要工程地质问题, 选取合理的力学参数对大坝建基面的选取及未来坝基抗滑稳定性具有重大意义。本文在大量试验资料基础上, 研究了沉积岩地区某重力坝电站坝址区软弱夹层粒度成分和抗剪强度参数之间的相关关系, 建立了不同稠度状态下的相关方程。并结合《混凝土重力坝设计规范》中提出的用粒度成分定量指标选取软弱结构面抗剪强度参数, 对软弱结构面抗剪强度参数取值问题进行了探讨。     

泡沫铝子弹高速撞击下铝基复合泡沫夹层板的动态响应

应用一级轻气炮驱动泡沫铝弹丸高速撞击加载技术,对实心钢板以及前/后面板为Q235钢板、芯层分别为铝基复合泡沫和普通泡沫铝的夹层板结构,在脉冲载荷作用下的动态力学响应进行实验研究。结果表明:泡沫铝子弹高速撞击靶板可近似模拟爆炸载荷效果;铝基复合泡沫夹层板的变形分为芯层压缩和整体变形两个阶段;与其他靶板相比,铝基复合泡沫夹层板的抗冲击性能最优。基于实验研究,应用LS-DYNA非线性动力有限元软件,对泡沫铝夹层板的动态响应进行数值模拟。结果表明:泡沫铝子弹的长度和初始速度对子弹与夹层板之间的接触作用力影响显著,并且呈线性关系。泡沫芯层强度对等质量及等厚度夹层板的抗冲击性能均有显著影响,夹层板中心挠度对前、后面板的厚度匹配较为敏感,在临界范围内,若背板厚度大于面板厚度,可减小夹层板的最终挠度。夹层板面板宜采用刚度较低、延性好、拉伸破坏应变较大的金属材料。     

含软弱夹层库岸滑坡滑带发育特征研究

本文分析了巴东新城区巴东组第3段岩体中软弱夹层的分布特征、滑坡滑带的发育特征,结果表明巴东组第3段岩体中发育的滑坡滑带可与原岩中的软弱夹层对应,软弱夹层受构造剪切和地下水泥化作用发育成以碎石夹泥或黏土夹碎石为主的滑带。分析认为黄土坡滑坡、赵树岭滑坡的深层变形与巴东组第3段次级褶皱发育、层间劈理密集导致岩体破碎有关,而两滑坡滑体结构差异主要原因是原岩中夹层发育密度差异所致。     

爆破振动作用下含软弱夹层边坡稳定性及安全判据

运用FLAC3D软件建立了顺层台阶边坡数值模型,首先分析爆破振动作用下边坡的振速响应规律,然后通过边坡的位移、剪应变增量分析其稳定性,最后根据边坡稳定性判据,制定爆破振速安全阈值。研究表明,随着爆心距的增大,振速传播规律为近处衰减快、远处衰减慢,坡面存在高程放大效应,临空面中由于软弱夹层的阻隔影响,使得坡脚的振速最大;边坡的变形破坏受软弱夹层控制,其上覆岩体为潜在滑体,破裂面可以根据水平位移云图和塑性区分布图综合确定;边坡的破坏是一个渐进性的累积过程,位移和剪应变的累积会导致岩体的力学参数不断弱化,爆破振动劣化作用后仍有较大安全储备的边坡只会累积产生永久位移,而接近极限平衡状态的边坡将会失稳;当岩层倾角为15°~23°时,边坡振速安全阀值为21 cm/s;当软弱夹层剪出口距离坡顶高度为14 m,倾角分别为24°、29°、31°、34°时,安全阀值分别为10、8、6、5 cm/s。     

缝合复合材料泡沫夹层结构层间剪切性能研究

复合材料泡沫夹层结构在飞机结构上的应用日益广泛,面板与芯子的全厚度缝合是提高泡沫夹层结构层间剪切性能的重要途径。本文通过层间剪切试验,研究不同缝合密度下单向带面板和织物面板复合材料泡沫夹层结构的层间剪切强度及其变化规律。研究结果表明:面板为单向带的缝合泡沫夹层结构最大剪切载荷和层间剪切强度均优于未缝合泡沫夹层结构的,且层间剪切性能随着缝合密度的增加而增加;面板为织物的缝合泡沫夹层结构缝合密度超过4000针/m2左右后,最大剪切载荷和层间剪切强度均优于未缝合泡沫夹层结构,且层间剪切性能随着缝合密度的增加而增加。     

三峡库区巴东新城区库岸三叠系巴东组层间软弱带

摘 要  巴东新城区发育有黄土坡滑坡、赵树岭滑坡、太矶头滑坡、童家坪滑坡等多处大型古滑坡,研究库岸斜坡岩体结构特征对滑坡的治理有着至关重要的作用。本文基于巴东新城区白土坡和西壤坡两段库岸深300余米监测剖面的地质勘探资料,根据岩芯颜色、岩性和结构将巴东组第三段划分为24段;通过薄片鉴定、X射线衍射和岩芯精细测量分析库岸斜坡岩体处于滨海环境的海陆过渡相,岩性组合、岩层厚度、矿物组成及强度具有复杂的垂向分带特征;探讨了层间软弱带和大型滑坡的关系。研究表明：巴东新城区库岸斜坡巴东组第三段内发育有13层贯通的软弱带,表现为为富含泥质、结构破碎的泥质软弱夹层、构造碎裂岩、溶蚀改造带和软岩软弱带。在沉积成岩时经历了滨海相反复的海浸海退,软弱带多分布在沉积环境动荡的开阔台地（陆棚泻湖）和局限台地（潮间带）。巴东组第二、三段岩性及沉积环境属缓慢过渡,在构造作用下未发生明显的滑脱。沉积结构和后期构造共同作用形成了贯通软弱带,为大型滑坡发生提供了有利条件。三峡水库全面蓄水后,软弱带在地下水长期作用下必将加剧库岸斜坡的深部形变。     

基于波传播方法的埋地管道的振动特性分析

利用波传播方法从理论上分析了有限长埋地管道的振动特性．得到土壤．结构耦合的频散方程．计算了埋地管道振动时的固有频率,通过与相关文献结果的比较,验证了该文理论分析和计算方法的正确性．数值计算结果表明埋地管道的固有频率,并不是在任何轴向和周向模态下都会出现,而是存在截止模态,土壤的剪切模量和管道参数对埋地管道的固有频率影响显著．     

PROGRESSIVE FRACTURE MODELING OF THE FAILURE WAVE IN IMPACTED GLASS

The failure wave has been observed propagating in glass under impact loading since 1991. It is a continuous fracture zone which may be associated with the damage accumulation process during the propagation of shock waves. A progressive fracture model was proposed to describe the failure wave formation and propagation in shocked glass considering its heterogeneous meso-structures. The original and nucleated microcracks will expand along the pores and other defects with concomitant dilation when shock loading is below the Hugoniot Elastic Limit. The governing equation of the failure wave is characterized by inelastic bulk strain with material damage and fracture. And the inelastic bulk strain consists of dilatant strain from nucleation and expansion of microcracks and condensed strain from the collapse of the original pores. Numerical simulation of the free surface velocity was performed and found in good agreement with planar impact experiments on K9 glass at China Academy of Engineering Physics. And the longitudinal, lateral and shear stress histories upon the arrival of the failure wave were predicted, which present the diminished shear strength and lost spall strength in the failed layer.     

过渡层对锆/钢爆炸复合板剪切强度的影响

为了考察钛作为过渡层提高锆/钢复合板结合强度的有效性,同时给出合理的爆炸焊接碰撞参数,对双层锆/钢和三层锆/钛/钢进行了小倾角法爆炸焊接实验研究。借助金相显微技术测量了复合板结合界面的波形参数,采用光滑粒子动力学法模拟得到了不同位置的碰撞速度和碰撞角,并按照国家标准(GB/T 6396-2008)测量了复合板结合界面的爆炸态及退火态的剪切强度。结果表明:钛作为过渡层能够显著提高锆/钢界面的剪切强度;退火消除加工应力后,锆/钢及钛/钢结合面的剪切强度会有所降低;当锆/钛界面的碰撞速度为734~805 m/s,碰撞角为19.8°~20.8°,钛/钢界面的碰撞速度为803~904m/s,碰撞角为19.5°~20.5°时,锆/钛/钢三层复合板的锆/钛和钛/钢界面的剪切强度都能高于140 MPa。     

Parametric study of separation and transition characteristics over an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers

Time-resolved surface pressure measurements are used to experimentally investigate characteristics of separation and transition over a NACA 0018 airfoil for the relatively wide range of chord Reynolds numbers from 50,000 to 250,000 and angles of attack from 0° to 21°. The results provide a comprehensive data set of characteristic parameters for separated shear layer development and reveal important dependencies of these quantities on flow conditions. Mean surface pressure measurements are used to explore the variation in separation bubble position, edge velocity in the separated shear layer, and lift coefficients with angle of attack and Reynolds number. Consistent with previous studies, the separation bubble is found to move upstream and decrease in length as the Reynolds number and angle of attack increase. Above a certain angle of attack, the proximity of the separation bubble to the location of the suction peak results in a reduced lift slope compared to that observed at lower angles. Simultaneous measurements of the time-varying component of surface pressure at various spatial locations on the model are used to estimate the frequency of shear layer instability, maximum root-mean-square (RMS) surface pressure, spatial amplification rates of RMS surface pressure, and convection speeds of the pressure fluctuations in the separation bubble. A power-law correlation between the shear layer instability frequency and Reynolds number is shown to provide an order of magnitude estimate of the central frequency of disturbance amplification for various airfoil geometries at low Reynolds numbers. Maximum RMS surface pressures are found to agree with values measured in separation bubbles over geometries other than airfoils, when normalized by the dynamic pressure based on edge velocity. Spatial amplification rates in the separation bubble increase with both Reynolds number and angle of attack, causing the accompanying decrease in separation bubble length. Values of the convection speed of pressure fluctuations in the separated shear layer are measured to be between 35 and 50% of the edge velocity, consistent with predictions of linear stability theory for separated shear layers.     

One Singularly Perturbed Problem of Turbulent Gas Dynamics

The problem of the interaction of a Prandtl–Mayer wave with a shear layer is solved using the small parameter method for the case where the flow vorticity in the shear layer is small. A direct expansion is constructed and its inadequacy at large distances from the vortex layer is proved. The strained coordinate method is used to obtain a uniformly adequate expansion. It is shown that for certain velocity distributions in the shear layer, the characteristics in the reflected simple wave resulting from the interaction intersect each other and a shock arises in the flow. There coordinates of the shock origin and the function describing the shock shape are obtained.     

A note on the generation of surface waves by inviscid shear flows

The propagation of finite-amplitude wave disturbances in a parallel shear flow over a flexible plane boundary is studied. It is assumed that the nonlinear effects dominate over the viscous effects in the shear-flow critical layer, so that no jump of the Reynolds stress exists across the critical layer and the wave-generation mechanism of Miles cannot be operative. It is demonstrated that waves of certain wavelengths can amplify, if direct-resonance conditions are met. Explicit results are presented for a boundary layer modelling the flow of air over water and an interpretation of the wave-growth mechanism is given.     

Attenuation of cavity internal pressure oscillations by shear layer forcing with pulsed micro-jets

Experimental results concerning the pressure oscillations induced by a grazing flow over a deep cavity like a Helmholtz resonator are presented. The study deals with the forcing of the neck shear layer instability in an opened-loop control scheme by means of pulsed micro-jets. The effects of the frequency and amplitude are investigated. It is found that efficient attenuation of the pressure oscillations can be reached when the forcing frequency is larger than the cavity resonance frequency. Then the shear layer is locked with the forcing and resonance with the cavity is lost, inducing a significant decrease of the acoustic pressure level in the cavity. Effects of the jet amplitude are weak, a very small amplitude being capable of forcing the shear layer. By contrast, when the forcing frequency is lower than the cavity resonance frequency (the forcing wave length is greater than twice the neck length) the forcing is ineffective.     

水下岩质边坡在波浪作用下的稳定性分析

运用ANSYS程序对水下的岩质边坡进行数值模拟分析,采用不同的材料强度来模拟岩石和软弱结构面。应用强度折减方法对边坡的强度参数进行折减,直至边坡出现破坏,分析边坡在达到破坏时内部的应力应变情况和位移变形情况。对于波浪力,本文采用简化的波压力方程模拟低频的水波对边坡的波压力影响,并用多个模型比较计算的方法得出最佳的模型尺寸和水下荷载的计算模式。     

Orientation instability of shear flow of a nematic liquid crystal

The instability of shear flow of a nematic liquid crystal layer is studied. The case when the orientation vector and the flow velocity vector are parallel is considered. It is shown that the orientation instability of this flow is possible if the anchoring boundary condition is weak and if the splay-bend constants in the Frank energy are taken into account. For this type of instability, periodic structures are possible to appear. Their wave vector belongs to the plane of flow and is perpendicular to the velocity vector. The medium parameters are estimated on the basis of the existence condition for this instability. The period of the appearing periodic structures is evaluated.     

蜿蜒边界下平面流的线性流动稳定性

为便于数值分析,蜿蜒河流水动力和演变模型中一般隐性假设二次时均流-二次涡的关系与明渠流时均流-明渠湍流的关系相同,但由于高雷诺数下的DNS算力限制和实验尺度限制,这种隐含假设是否成立目前尚无相关湍流研究来支撑.文章试图通过分析明渠湍流和二次湍流发展初期的研究,侧面揭示其湍流结构的异同.通过对曲线正交坐标系下的平面二维NS方程使用双参数摄动的方法,建立了一种求解蜿蜒边界弱非线性层流的摄动解法,并推导得出一个适用于蜿蜒边界的EOS方程以及其特征值问题的解法.蜿蜒边界下弱非线性层流解为一系列蜿蜒谐波分量的叠加,其中线性部分使得两壁产生流速差,非线性部分随着雷诺数增大呈指数增长.水流的扰动增长率特征谱的第一模态与直道流相似,由3条曲线、4个波段合成,但其长波段和短波段的扰动流场与直道流不同,所有短波段的扰动流速近似于KH涡.蜿蜒边界对内部水流扰动有一定的选择性.偏角幅值越大扰动增长越快;蜿蜒波数的影响则为先增后减,有一个使扰动增长最快的蜿蜒波数.扰动流场由一个典型的TS波和一对波包形式的二次涡叠加而成,波包只有纵向流速分量,包络线由蜿蜒波数控制,波包内是与直道扰动波参数相同的TS波.