岩土力学近期发展浅议

本文对岩土力学研究中的几个主要方面作了简要的介绍与讨论,包括岩土介质的本构关系、 岩体断裂性质、节理与层面问题、现场测试、室内试验有待解决的问题、岩土介质与上部结构物的共同作用、环境岩土力学与工程、数值分析与计算机辅助设计以及岩土力学与工程中的不确定性问题.文中还对学科发展与工程应用、数值计算与数值模拟、研究方法与技术途径、新领域与学科之间的相互渗透以及岩土力学与工程当前的有利与不利之处分别作了简要的说明与讨论.     

地质环境与城市发展研究综述

该文概述了城市地质环境与城市发展国内外研究现状,指出了我国城市工程地质工作存在的问题,论证了地质环境与城市发展中主要问题的解决途径,提出了地质环境与城市发展研究与工作的一些建议。论文还介绍了与地质环境与城市发展密切相关的我国工程地质专业设置现状与发展趋势。     

隧道施工中围岩与支护结构的黏弹性分析

本文结合某高速公路隧道设计与施工,利用黏弹性理论,对隧道围岩与支护结构时间相依应力与位移进行了研究。首先,将隧道开挖后围岩受力分析视为具有初始应力、在洞周位移作用下的边值问题,导出了隧道时间相依的围岩与支护结构应力与位移,结果表明,其应力和位移与隧道围岩和支护结构间相互作用相关。然后,利用变形协调条件,导出了隧道围岩与支护结构间的相互作用,结果表明,围岩、初期支护与二次衬砌之间的相互作用不仅与围岩和衬砌的材料性质、结构尺寸相关,而且与施做初衬和二衬的时间相关。最后,结合具体隧道设计与施工,利用本文时间相依应力,对围岩应力释放与支护施做时机、载荷分配与支护结构受力分析进行了探讨,给出了不同荷载分担比下二次衬砌的受力与变形,为隧道施工与设计提供参考。     

爆炸冲击波作用下高层建筑基础与地基间的滑移与翘离

本文采用能反映基础与地基间接触面力学特性的弹塑性薄层有限连接单元与二维有限元相结合的方法,探讨了高层建筑在爆炸空气波作用下的动力反应,着重研究了基础与地基间产生的滑移与翘离效应。还探讨了有限元边界条件,结沟、基础与地基材料等因素对结构的动力反应、基础与地基间的滑移与翘离效应的影响。     

《机械强度》扩大订户启事——《机械强度》是机械强度与振动行业全国技术归口的学术性刊物

《机械强度》及时刊登机械强度与振动研究及其在产品设计、技术革新与技术改造中应用的重大科技成果与学术论文;及时介绍机械强度与振动研究的新理论、新技术和新型的测试设备与仪器。 《机械强度》经常推荐可供机械工程使用的有关试验数据与图表;介绍国外机械设计、强度与振动专业的发展水平和最新动向;开辟基础技术讲座,以利广大科技人员的知识更新     

爆炸力学数值模拟中本构建模问题的讨论

就爆炸力学数值模拟中的本构建模问题的有关内容作了讨论,包括:波传播研究与材料的动态特性研究的相互依赖、容变律与畸变律的解耦与耦合、率型本构关系与失效准则、应变率效应与温度效应的等效性、加载本构关系与卸载本构关系以及流变过程与损伤演化过程的耦合等,并展望了今后的有关发展动向。     

中国21世纪若干重大工程地质与环境问题

21世纪中国的大规模的国家建设不可避免地导致大量的工程地质与环境问题。 2 1世纪中国西部高山峡谷地区主要工程地质问题有: 构造活动带岩土体动力稳定性, 高地应力下岩体应变储能与岩体性质, 高陡边坡的变形及尺寸效应和动力稳定性, 深埋长大隧洞的地温与地压, 深埋隧洞岩体结构探测与施工地质超前预报, 大跨度复杂洞群变形与稳定性的群洞效应, 冻土的冻融变形、稳定性及其处理技术, 可溶岩岩溶规律与岩体利用问题, 河床深厚覆盖层的处理与利用等问题; 中国东部及沿海地区工程地质问题包括: 高速交通网建设中软土地基变形与稳定性及处理技术, 深井采矿中软岩巷道大变形与处理技术, 深厚松散堆积层上大型桥梁桥基变形与稳定性, 海底隧道围岩工程地质与水文地质问题, 城市多层地下空间开发中的工程地质问题等; 此外, 水土流失与北方大规模荒漠化问题, 黄河下游地上悬河与长江下游塌岸和堤防稳定性问题, 黄河断流引起的下游地区环境问题, 我国北方干旱地区水资源长期匮乏问题, 城市化中的环境破坏与污染控制等问题, 将是中国 2 1世纪突出的环境问题。中国工程地质工作者应当在结构土力学与岩体结构力学、工程地质学的基本理论与工程地质动力学、人 地相互作用机制与环境工程地质学、地质工程理论与方法。     

轨道车辆轮对的关键力学问题及研究进展

从服役失效模式、原因与后果入手,研究了轨道车辆轮对可靠性与安全性相关的关键力学问题与进展.首先总结了5种车轮踏面失效与4种非踏面失效、5种车轴失效和6种轴承失效模式.阐述了与失效模式相关的成因和后果.讨论了可能的解决方法.然后介绍了超长疲劳寿命可靠性分析、光滑表面疲劳短裂纹理论与结构安全评价方法和轮轨接触材料与形貌匹配3个关键力学问题与研究进展.进一步展望了轮轨接触多学科优化、考虑几何与载荷约束及环境影响的轴承接触疲劳理论和轮对集成可靠性与安全性分析评价方法是未来3个值得研究的关键力学问题.     

20年来我国材料力学实验课程教学改革文献综述

根据国内正式发表的文献,从教学理念改革与探索,教学内容改革与创新,教学方法改革与实践,教学考核改革与配套,教学设施改善与计算机应用等5个方面,综述了20年来我国材料力学实验课程教学改革理论与实践,并提出了作者的建议.     

Our country over the past 20 years experimental curriculum material mechanics theory and practice of teaching reform

根据国内正式发表的文献,从教学理念改革与探索,教学内容改革与创新,教 学方法改革与实践,教学考核改革与配套,教学设施改善与计算机应用等5个方面, 综述了20年来我国材料力学实验课程教学改革理论与实践,并提出了作者的建议.     

薄片炸药与固体靶冲量耦合的计算模型

薄片炸药可用于模拟强脉冲X射线辐照下空间结构的响应,其与固体靶的冲量耦合作用是进行模拟载荷设计的基础。本文中基于有限元模拟技术,研究不同直径薄片炸药的边界稀疏作用和安装支座的反射作用对薄片炸药与固体靶冲量耦合的影响,结果表明:边界稀疏作用对薄片炸药的比冲量起到减弱的作用,由边界稀疏作用引起的薄片炸药比冲量的变化量和薄片炸药直径的倒数近似成线性关系;薄片炸药安装支座的反射作用对薄片炸药的比冲量起到增强的作用,由支座反射作用引起的薄片炸药比冲量的变化量和薄片炸药直径的平方近似成反比;随着薄片炸药直径的增加,薄片炸药比冲量趋于定值,边界稀疏作用和支座反射作用可以忽略;存在一个临界直径,当薄片炸药的直径为临界直径时,薄片炸药的边界稀疏作用和支座反射作用达到平衡,其比冲量大小和薄片炸药的直径为无穷大时的比冲量值相等。     

冰排与斜面结构作用时的破断长度分析

研究了冰排与斜面结构的相互作用过程．文中将冰排分为在斜面附近脱离水面部分和较远处漂浮于水面部分两个区域，建立了冰排因弯曲而发生破断的数学模型，根据弯矩分布分析了冰排可能的破断位置，从而得到冰排与斜面结构相互作用时的破断长度解析表达式．结果表明，冰排破断长度既不是冰厚的固定倍数，也不与冰排特征长度直接相关．计算结果与前人实验结果吻合较好，可以为近海冰区抗冰结构的设计提供参考．     

提高PIV片光源质量的研究

根据高斯光束的性质,本文设计了一种利用普通连续激光器产生较高质量PIV片光源的光路系统。整个光路分为两部分,第一部分为原始光束优化光路,第二部分为片光分光光路。原始光束优化光路通过一系列凸凹透镜有序布置,将原来直径大于2mm的光斑在PIV实验区间控制到1mm以下。优化光路能有效集中激光能量,提高片光亮度。片光分光光路使用鲍威尔棱镜将激光光束分为扇形片光,再用平凸柱面镜将扇形片光汇聚为矩形片光。鲍威尔棱镜分得片光的能量在宽度方向分布较常规双凹柱面镜均匀。平凸柱面镜将扇形光源中分散在极宽区域的能量集中在固定宽度里,使得激光能量的有效利用率提高,有利于PIV实验。     

Regimes of spray formation in gas-centered swirl coaxial atomizers

Spray formation in ambient atmosphere from gas-centered swirl coaxial atomizers is described by carrying out experiments in a spray test facility. The atomizer discharges a circular air jet and an axisymmetric swirling water sheet from its coaxially arranged inner and outer orifices. A high-speed digital imaging system along with a backlight illumination arrangement is employed to record the details of liquid sheet breakup and spray development. Spray regimes exhibiting different sheet breakup mechanisms are identified and their characteristic features presented. The identified spray regimes are wave-assisted sheet breakup, perforated sheet breakup, segmented sheet breakup, and pulsation spray regime. In the regime of wave-assisted sheet breakup, the sheet breakup shows features similar to the breakup of two-dimensional planar air-blasted liquid sheets. At high air-to-liquid momentum ratios, the interaction process between the axisymmetric swirling liquid sheet and the circular air jet develops spray processes which are more specific to the atomizer studied here. The spray exhibits a periodic ejection of liquid masses whose features are dominantly controlled by the central air jet.     

Nonlinear instability of an annular liquid sheet exposed to gas flow

Nonlinear instability and breakup of an annular liquid sheet has been modeled in this paper. The liquid sheet is considered to move axially and is exposed to co-flowing inner and outer gas streams. Also, the effect of outer gas swirl on sheet breakup has been studied. In the developed model a perturbation expansion method has been used with the initial magnitude of the disturbance as the perturbation parameter. This is a comprehensive model in that other geometries of planar sheet and a coaxial jet can be obtained as limiting cases of very large inner radius and inner radius equal to zero, respectively. In this temporal analysis, the effect of liquid Weber number, initial disturbance amplitude, inner gas-to-liquid velocity ratio, outer gas-to-liquid velocity ratio and outer gas swirl strength on the breakup time is investigated. The model is validated by comparison with earlier analytical studies for the limiting case of a planar sheet as well as with experimental data of sheet breakup length available in literature. It is shown that the linear theory cannot predict breakup of an annular sheet and the developed nonlinear model is necessary to accurately determine the breakup length. In the limiting case of a coaxial jet, results show that gas swirl destabilizes the jet, makes helical modes dominant compared to the axisymmetric mode and decreases jet breakup length. These results contradict earlier linear analyses and agree with experimental observations. For an annular sheet, it is found that gas flow hastens the sheet breakup process and shorter breakup lengths are obtained by increasing the inner and the outer gas velocity. Axially moving inner gas stream is more effective in disintegrating the annular sheet compared to axially moving outer gas stream. When both gas streams are moving axially, the liquid sheet breakup is quicker compared to that with any one gas stream. In the absence of outer gas swirl, the axisymmetric mode is the dominant instability mode. However, when outer gas flow has a swirl component higher helical modes become dominant. With increasing outer gas swirl strength, the maximum disturbance growth rate increases and the most unstable circumferential wave number increases resulting in a highly asymmetric sheet breakup with shorter breakup lengths and thinner ligaments.     

Motion of an External Load over a Semi-Infinite Ice Sheet in the Subcritical Regime

The three-dimensional problem of steady-state forced vibrations of fluid and semiinfinite ice sheet under the action of a local external load traveling along the rectilinear sheet edge at a constant velocity is considered. Two cases are analyzed. In the first case the fluid surface outside the ice sheet is free and in the second the fluid is confined by a rigid vertical wall and the ice sheet edge adjacent to the wall can be both clamped and free. The ice sheet is simulated by a thin elastic isotropic plate floating on the surface of fluid of finite depth. The load traveling velocity is assumed to be not higher than the minimum phase velocity of the flexural-gravity waves (subcritical regime). The solution to the linear problem is obtained by means of the integral Fourier transform and matching the expansions of the velocity potential in the vertical eigenfunctions. Examples of the numerical investigation of the ice sheet and fluid displacements are given.     

旋流喷嘴中空旋转射流近区域流动的研究

从理论上分析了旋流喷嘴喷出的中空射流近区域的液膜的运动,在只考虑液膜表面张力的作用下,应用质量守恒和动量定理,建立了描述液膜运动的非线性常微分（积分）方程组,该方程组可以用数值方法方便地求解,结果表明,液体离开旋流喷嘴后在自由空间形成的液膜呈葫芦形状,其速度和液膜厚度等都周期性地变化。本结果是在液厝受拓动失称碎成液滴前的最基本运动状态,可以在射流的近区域内实验观察到,也是进一步从理论液膜破碎雾化过     

Numerical solution of the flow of thin viscous sheets under gravity and the inverse windscreen sagging problem

The slumping of a thin sheet of very viscous liquid glass is used in the manufacture of windscreens in the automotive industry. The governing equations for an asymptotically thin sheet with variable viscosity are derived in which the vertical coordinate forms the centre‐line of the sheet. The time‐dependant equations have been solved numerically using the backward Euler method to give results in both two and three dimensions. The flow of an initially flat sheet falls freely under gravity until it becomes curved and the flow becomes very slow in the ‘slumped’ phase. Finally the sheet freefalls as the thickness becomes small at the boundaries. The inverse problem in which the viscosity profile is to be determined for a given shape can be solved as an embedding problem in which a search is made amongst the forward solutions. Possible shapes in the two‐dimensional problem are very restrictive and are shown to be related to the sheet thickness. In three dimensions the range of shapes is much greater. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

薄膜多层滚压的表面粗糙度晶体学分析

提出了晶体学模型来研究多层薄膜滚压的表面粗糙度。研究了单层滚压模型,提出滚压的三维模型和二维模型（平面应变）,讨论了晶粒大小和应力状态的影响。把单个单层滚压和多层滚压模型、三维模型和平面应变模型进行了比较,发现对于所涉及的二维和三维模型来说,单层滚压和多层滚压模型并无明显的差别。因此在这些情况下,可以用单个单层滚压模型来代替多层滚压模型从而节省CPU时间。     

Three-dimensional coupled numerical model of creeping flow of viscous fluid

A three-dimensional coupled numerical model is developed to describe creeping flow in a computational domain that consists of a thick viscous layer overlaid with a thin multilayered viscous sheet. The density of the sheet is assumed to be lower than that of the layer. The model couples the Stokes equations describing the flow in the layer and the Reynolds equations describing the flow in the sheet. We investigate the long-time behavior of the flow in the sheet by using an asymptotic method and derive an ordinary differential equation for the sheet boundary displacements and the velocities at the interface between the sheet and the layer. The Stokes and Reynolds equations are coupled by applying the resulting equation as an internal boundary condition. Numerical implementation is based on a modified finite element method combined with the projection gradient method. The computational domain is discretized into rectangular hexahedra. Piecewise square basis functions are used. The model proposed enables different-type hydrodynamic equations to be coupled without any iterative improvements. As a result, the computational costs are reduced significantly in comparison with available coupled models. Numerical experiments confirm that the three-dimensional coupled model developed is of good accuracy.