封闭容器内部短路燃弧爆炸压力效应计算

中压开关设备内部短路燃弧爆炸对设备、建筑物以及工作人员的安全带来了严重威胁。为提出合适的数值计算方法对短路爆炸引起的压力效应进行计算,对开关设备内部短路燃弧的能量平衡机制进行了分析;通过分析燃弧过程的热-力效应,提出了基于CFD法的间接耦合分析方法,并开展了实际封闭容器内部短路燃弧实验验证了算法的可行性。研究结果表明:实验测量与模拟计算获得的平均压强仅相差2%左右;电弧尺寸对压力升的影响较小;封闭容器内部压力升随电弧能量的增大近似线性增大;安装负压室后燃弧室的压强可降低60%左右,因此,增设负压室可有效抑制开关设备内部短路爆炸引起的压力升。     

高压水射流冲击HTPB推进剂的安全性分析

以高压水射流冲击HTPB推进剂的动态加载过程和准静态加载过程在作用压力和持续时间上的巨大差异为基础, 在水锤压力和滞止压力计算的基础上分别进行了点火模式预判, 然后以模型类比和实验方法分析了动态和准静态加载过程的安全性。结果表明, 使用出口压力在300 MPa以内的高压水射流冲击HTPB推进剂装药在动态加载过程中不会有点火起爆危险性, 但使用100M Pa以上的高压水射流冲击HTPB推进剂装药在准静态加载过程中其内部可能会发生温度突跃情况, 这可能会引起热点火、甚至热起爆。     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ARC MOTION IN RAILGUN MUZZLE UNDER THE EFFECT OF BACKFLOW

在电磁轨道炮发射过程中,膛口外的高温气团以远高于声速的运动速度向内膛运动,这会使得膛口的电弧形态发生改变以及电弧位移。为了实现膛口电弧运动过程的数值计算,本文基于磁流体理论,引入了一种和电弧等离子体自身电导率密切相关的电位边界条件处理方法,建立了膛口位置电弧仿真模型。对回流效应下的电弧运动规律进行了分析,并且研究了运动过程中电弧对内膛流场的温度分布产生的影响。结果表明电弧的运动加剧了膛内温升。     

回流效应下电磁轨道炮膛口电弧运动的数值分析

在电磁轨道炮发射过程中,膛口外的高温气团以远高于声速的运动速度向内膛运动,这会使得膛口的电弧形态发生改变以及电弧位移。为了实现膛口电弧运动过程的数值计算,本文基于磁流体理论,引入了一种和电弧等离子体自身电导率密切相关的电位边界条件处理方法,建立了膛口位置电弧仿真模型。对回流效应下的电弧运动规律进行了分析,并且研究了运动过程中电弧对内膛流场的温度分布产生的影响。结果表明电弧的运动加剧了膛内温升。     

柱面螺旋槽干气密封微尺度流动场稳态近似计算

针对高速、大振动等极端操作工况,提出一种新型柱面螺旋槽干气密封。基于此种干气密封结构特点,建立了考虑滑移边界条件下的微尺度效应稳态柱面雷诺方程,运用PH线性化方法、迭代法对雷诺方程进行近似求解,获得了气体压力的近似解析解,并运用MATLAB软件计算了特定工况下的气膜压力分布。分析了螺旋槽槽数、槽深、偏心率、密封宽度对气膜压力的影响。结果表明:柱面气膜压力先升高后降低,呈现类似抛物线的分布趋势,且在槽区-非槽区交界处出现压力波动;随着槽数和槽深的增加,气膜压力升高且峰值变化较大;随着偏心率的增大,气膜压力相应增大但峰值变化较小;密封宽度对气膜压力影响较小。     

基于小波变换的状态x~2改进检测算法及其应用

在惯导器件的故障检测中,针对传统的状态x2检验法无法对缓变故障持续时间进行准确判定的问题,提出一种基于小波变换的状态x2改进检测算法。该方法首先利用小波变换后的模极大值在不同尺度上的衰减速度找出信号突变点;然后将检测结果反馈给Kalman滤波器,通过引入状态修正项,修正状态误差值,使故障检测曲线能够反映缓变故障的持续时间。仿真验证表明,采用基于小波变换的状态x2检测算法较好地解决了缓变故障持续时间无法准确判定的问题,大大提高了系统故障检测的准确性。     

换向持续时间和换向点位置对往复运动齿轮齿条弹流润滑的影响

往复运动齿轮齿条的润滑失效通常发生在换向死点位置附近,因此研究齿轮齿条换向点位置和换向持续时间对换向过程中润滑油膜的影响具有重要的实际意义。根据齿轮齿条换向瞬间的运动几何关系,建立了换向过程齿轮齿条弹流润滑的瞬态数值模型。采用Ree-Eyring润滑流体,应用多重网格法和多重网格积分法等数值方法,计算得到了齿轮齿条往复运动过程中换向点位置附近一对啮合轮齿间的压力、膜厚和温度,并与前人的实验结果进行了对比验证。分析了不同换向持续时间和换向点位置对一对啮合轮齿间压力、膜厚和温度的影响。齿轮齿条换向过程中油膜厚度明显降低,缩短换向持续时间虽然可以增大齿轮齿条的润滑膜厚,但会导致瞬间油温升高,因此换向持续时间存在最优值。通过比较不同换向死点位置的膜厚发现,当换向死点在单齿啮合后的双齿啮合区时,啮合轮齿间具有较理想的润滑膜厚。无论换向持续时间长短,润滑膜厚的最小值都在换向死点位置,换向死点位置是往复运动齿轮齿条润滑失效的危险点。研究结果为往复运动齿轮齿条的润滑设计提供了理论依据。     

岩体应力应变曲线转型的孔压效应与降雨滑坡的机制分析

从宏观与微观机制方面探讨了孔隙水压力对岩体脆－延性转变的影响。定义了一个峰后破坏割线模量Epost来表征孔隙水压力对岩体应力应变曲线转型的效应,并结合突变理论得到的斜坡失稳的刚度判据,进一步分析了孔隙水压力对应力应变曲线峰后斜率的影响,随孔隙水压力的增加,峰后曲线斜率变陡,峰后刚度增大,即材料的均匀性、脆性增大与刚度比k减小。因此在系统内部条件不变时,刚度比k=1时就存在一个临界孔隙水压力pwcritical,即降雨等涨落因素引起滑面介质中的孔隙水压力大于这个临界值时斜坡就易于发生突变失稳。从而深化认识了降雨等外部涨落因素对斜坡系统失稳的重要触发作用。     

换向持续时间和换向点位置对往复运动齿轮齿条弹流润滑的影响

往复运动齿轮齿条的润滑失效通常发生在换向死点位置附近，因此研究齿轮齿条换向点位置和换向持续时间对换向过程中润滑油膜的影响具有重要的实际意义。根据齿轮齿条换向瞬间的运动几何关系，建立了换向过程齿轮齿条弹流润滑的瞬态数值模型。采用Ree-Eyring润滑流体，应用多重网格法和多重网格积分法等数值方法，计算得到了齿轮齿条往复运动过程中换向点位置附近一对啮合轮齿间的压力、膜厚和温度，并与前人的实验结果进行了对比验证。分析了不同换向持续时间和换向点位置对一对啮合轮齿间压力、膜厚和温度的影响。齿轮齿条换向过程中油膜厚度明显降低，缩短换向持续时间虽然可以增大齿轮齿条的润滑膜厚，但会导致瞬间油温升高，因此换向持续时间存在最优值。通过比较不同换向死点位置的膜厚发现，当换向死点在单齿啮合后的双齿啮合区时，啮合轮齿间具有较理想的润滑膜厚。无论换向持续时间长短，润滑膜厚的最小值都在换向死点位置，换向死点位置是往复运动齿轮齿条润滑失效的危险点。研究结果为往复运动齿轮齿条的润滑设计提供了理论依据。     

爆炸破片对防护液舱的穿透效应

分别对单发破片和双发破片同时穿透液舱的过程进行了数值计算,提出了破片穿透液舱的5个典型过程,分析了破片速度的衰减规律、液舱内板的响应及舱内液体中冲击波压力的叠加效应。结果表明:破片穿透液舱的过程中产生的冲击波和局部压力将作用在液舱内板上,双发破片打击时液体内部产生的冲击波有明显的叠加效应,高压区域的位置与破片间距有关,冲击波压力峰值和液舱内板受到的压力大于2倍的单发破片打击情况。     

Experimental heat transfer from a vertical plate within a naturally ventilated cabinet

 The paper deals with the experimental investigation of heat transfer from a vertical isothermal plate mounted inside a cabinet with lateral openings. Ambient air is drawn into the cabinet and cools the plate by natural convection. The experiments were conducted by varying the distance between the plate and the cabinet walls, the plate-to-ambient temperature difference and the size, position, shape and number of the vent openings. Local and average heat transfer coefficients along the plate were measured by the schlieren optical technique. Heat transfer rates from the plate turned out to be significantly influenced by the geometric and thermal parameters investigated. The results provide a useful tool for thermal design of cooling systems by air natural ventilation. Received on 17 January 2000     

Experimental study on the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of tubes with internal wave-like longitudinal fins

Experiments were performed to determine the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in the entrance and fully developed regions of tubes with internal wave-like longitudinal fins. The test tube has a double-pipe structure, with the inner tube as an insertion. The wave-like fins are in the annulus and span its full width. Experiments were conducted for two cases: one with the inner tube blocked (no air flowing through it) and the other with the inner tube unblocked. The outer tube was electrically heated. Local and average heat transfer coefficients and friction factors were measured. The friction factor and Nusselt number correlations in the fully developed region were obtained in the Reynolds number range of 9×10² to 3.5×10³. It has been found that the wave-like fins enhance heat transfer significantly with the blocked case being superior. In addition, the in-tube heat transfer process is characterized by an earlier transition from laminar to turbulent flow and Reynolds number-dependent thermal entrance length. Received on 12 May 1998     

Numerical modeling of the interaction between an electric arc and a gas flow

The interaction between an equilibrium arc discharge and a gas (air or argon) flow at atmospheric pressure and a current of 20 A is investigated on the basis of a time-dependent three-dimensional gasdynamic model. The computational algorithm uses the splitting in the spatial variables. The calculations are parallelized using the graphics card of a personal computer. The dynamics and the special features of the electric arc formation are studied for both gases. In the air the electrically conductive arc column is distributed in shape. In the argon a contracted conducting channel bent toward the flow direction is formed. It is established that the factor causing the differences in the process of electric arc formation in air and argon is the difference in their heat-conducting properties.     

Numerical simulation of heat transfer performance of an air-cooled steam condenser in a thermal power plant

Numerical simulation of the thermal-flow characteristics and heat transfer performance is made of an air-cooled steam condenser (ACSC) in a thermal power plant by considering the effects of ambient wind speed and direction, air-cooled platform height, location of the main factory building and terrain condition. A simplified physical model of the ACSC combined with the measured data as input parameters is used in the simulation. The wind speed effects on the heat transfer performance and the corresponding steam turbine back pressure for different heights of the air-cooled platform are obtained. It is found that the turbine back pressure (absolute pressure) increases with the increase of wind speed and the decrease of platform height. This is because wind can not only reduce the flowrate in the axial fans, especially at the periphery of the air-cooled platform, due to cross-flow effects, but also cause an air temperature increase at the fan inlet due to hot air recirculation, resulting in the deterioration of the heat transfer performance. The hot air recirculation is found to be the dominant factor because the main factory building is situated on the windward side of the ACSC.     

Heat transfer and friction factor of turbulent flow through a horizontal semi-circular duct

Forced convection heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of air flow inside a horizontal semi-circular duct are investigated experimentally. The experiments are carried out on a semi-circular duct of 23 mm inner radius, 2 mm thickness, and 2,000 mm length within a range of Reynolds number (8,242 ≤ Re ≤ 57,794)., under uniform wall heat flux conditions. The friction factor is determined by measuring the axial static pressure at different selected axial stations along the semi-circular duct. The variations of surface and mean air temperatures, local heat transfer coefficient, local Nusselt number, and the friction factor with the axial dimensionless distance are presented. It is observed that, for a given value of Reynolds number, each of the local heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor has a relatively high value near the entrance of the semi-circular duct then it decreases with increasing the dimensionless axial distance until it approaches a nearly constant value at the fully developed region. Also, it is found that, with increasing the Reynolds number the average heat transfer coefficient is increased and the friction factor is decreased. Moreover, empirical correlations for the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor as a function of the Reynolds number are obtained.     

Measurements on arc discharges. In nitrogen at 1 atm and higher pressure

Summary After preliminary experiments in different gases the arc between carbon electrodes in nitrogen is investigated more closely. The axial electric field strength between homogeneous carbon electrodes (mainly at 3–6 A and 1–4 atm) and also in arcs with KCl in the anode (at 4 A and 1–5 atm) proves to be a linear function of the pressure. The field strength is higher than in air and is reduced by the KCl. The sum of cathode- and anode-fall is found to be independent of the pressure. The central temperature in the arc without KCl was hard to measure, because self-absorption influenced the intensity ratios of the molecular bands in the spectrum. With KCl this difficulty did not appear, and temperatures were measured of about 7000°K, slightly increasing with the nitrogen pressure. Because the carbon electrodes evaporate much more slowly than in air, the arc in nitrogen is less stationary than in air; this hindered the measurements.     

Effects of dynamic load on flow and heat transfer of two-phase boiling water in a horizontal pipe

An experimental investigation was performed to obtain the flow and heat transfer characteristics of single-phase water flow and two-phase pipe boiling water flow under high gravity (Hi-G) in present work. The experiments were conducted on a rotating platform, and boiling two-phase flow state was obtained by means of electric heating. The data were collected specifically in the test section, which was a lucite pipe with inner diameter of 20 mm and length of 400 mm. By changing the parameters, such as rotation speed, inlet temperature, flow rate, and etc., and analyzing the fluid resistance, effective heat and heat transfer coefficient of the experimental data, the effects of dynamic load on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of single phase water and two-phase boiling water flow were investigated and obtained. The two-phase flow patterns under Hi-G condition were obtained with a video camera. The results show that the dynamic load significantly influences the flow characteristic and boiling heat transfer of the two-phase pipe flow. As the direction of the dynamic load and the flow direction are opposite, the greater the dynamic load, the higher the outlet pressure and the flow resistance, and the lower the flow rate, the void fraction, the wall inner surface temperature and the heat transfer capability. Therefore, the dynamic load will block the fluid flow, enhance heat dissipation toward the ambient environment and reduce the heat transfer to the two-phase boiling flow.     

Evaporation heat transfer and friction characteristics of R-134a flowing downward in a vertical corrugated tube

Differently from most previous studies, the heat transfer and friction characteristics of the pure refrigerant HFC-134a during evaporation inside a vertical corrugated tube are experimentally investigated. The double tube test sections are 0.5 m long with refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and heating water flowing in the annulus. The inner tubes are one smooth tube and two corrugated tubes, which are constructed from smooth copper tube of 8.7 mm inner diameter. The test runs are performed at evaporating temperatures of 10, 15, and 20 °C, heat fluxes of 20, 25, and 30 kW/m², and mass fluxes of 200, 300, and 400 kg/m² s. The quality of the refrigerant in the test section is calculated using the temperature and pressure obtained from the experiment. The pressure drop across the test section is measured directly by a differential pressure transducer. The effects of heat flux, mass flux, and evaporation temperature on the heat transfer coefficient and two-phase friction factor are also discussed. It is found that the percentage increases of the heat transfer coefficient and the two-phase friction factor of the corrugated tubes compared with those of the smooth tube are approximately 0-10% and 70-140%, respectively.     

Gas flow in a bent channel

The results are given of experimental investigations of flow of gas (air) in a curvilinear cylindrical channel. Patterns of the streamlines near the wall and the separation region were obtained by blowing cold air through a transparent model. In an investigation of the flow of hightemperature gas, in which an electric arc heater was used to supply the thermal energy, the profiles of the total pressure and the stagnation temperature were measured at different sections of the channel. It was found that the deformation of the profiles after the bend ends earlier for the hot gas than for the cold. The heat flux increases sharply after the bend.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 154–157, September–October, 1981.I thank A. B. Vatazhin for helpful discussions.