炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料/N80钢摩擦学性能研究

利用MG-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料/N80钢的摩擦学性能,考察了介质温度对摩擦学性能的影响;用扫描电子显微镜分析了磨损表面形貌.结果表明:在干摩擦条件下,炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料与N80钢对摩时的摩擦系数较低,炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的磨损主要表现为树脂基体脱落碳化和炭纤维的折断剥落,偶件钢环则呈现明显的磨粒磨损特征;在油井产出液润滑下炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的磨损率较低,摩擦系数和磨损率随着润滑介质温度的升高而增大,偶件钢环则呈现明显的磨粒磨损和腐蚀磨损特征.     

炭纤维增强聚四氟乙烯复合材料在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦学行为对比研究

对比考察了炭纤维增强聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能，并探讨了其磨损机理。结果表明：在水润滑条件下，纤维增强PTFE复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均明显比干摩擦下的低，水起到了润滑和冷却作用；复合材料磨损表面可见明显的裸露纤维及纤维局部磨平，无明显微观裂纹，基体和纤维结合较好，磨损表面存在转移自偶件的铁，表现出犁削磨损特征；在干摩擦下，复合材料磨损表面存在大量的微观断裂裂纹，纤维发生断裂和破碎，表现出疲劳磨损特征。     

三维纺织炭纤维复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了不同条件下三维编织炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,并用XL30 ESEM型扫描电子显微镜对磨痕和磨屑表面形貌进行了观察和分析.结果表明在干摩擦条件下,随着纤维含量的增加,复合材料的耐磨性提高;当pv值低于63 N*m/s时,材料的摩擦系数和磨损率较高,主要磨损机理为粘着磨损和疲劳磨损;当pv值大于63 N*m/s时,材料的摩擦系数和磨损率明显降低,主要磨损机理为粘着磨损.在润滑条件下,复合材料的耐磨性大幅度提高.     

三维编织炭纤维复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

用 MM- 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机考察了不同条件下三维编织炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的摩擦磨损性能 ,并用 XL30 ESEM型扫描电子显微镜对磨痕和磨屑表面形貌进行了观察和分析 .结果表明 :在干摩擦条件下 ,随着纤维含量的增加 ,复合材料的耐磨性提高 ;当 pv值低于 63N· m/s时 ,材料的摩擦系数和磨损率较高 ,主要磨损机理为粘着磨损和疲劳磨损 ;当 pv值大于 63N· m /s时 ,材料的摩擦系数和磨损率明显降低 ,主要磨损机理为粘着磨损 .在润滑条件下 ,复合材料的耐磨性大幅度提高     

炭纤维增强铜基复合材料摩擦磨损性能同其磨损表面形貌相关性研究

考察了炭纤维增强铜基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,利用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针X射线显微分析仪和表面轮廓测试仪等观察分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌和元素组成.结果表明,复合材料摩擦磨损性能及其磨损表面形貌与粗糙度同载荷及滑动速度密切相关,当载荷和速度小于某一临界值时,复合材料同钢对摩时的摩擦系数和磨损率均较小,而当载荷和速度超过临界值时,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均大幅增大,复合材料磨损表面形成了由C、Cu和Fe等元素组成的固体润滑和防护薄膜,使得其在干摩擦条件下同钢对摩时的摩擦系数和磨损率均较低.     

MoS2和PTFE改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用玄武三号栓-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了炭纤维织物及辐照PTFE粉和MoS2粉改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,考察了MoS2的添加量及环境温度对改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能的影响,并用配备X射线能量色散谱的扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面和偶件栓表面进行了观察和分析.结果表明:MoS2改性炭纤维织物可以明显改善炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,而PTFE的加入则不利于其摩擦磨损性能的改善;当MoS2质量分数在5%～15%之间时,MoS2可以有效降低炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦系数;当MoS2质量分数为10%时,MoS2改性炭纤维织物复合材料的综合摩擦磨损性能最佳;在不同温度条件下,MoS2改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均低于炭纤维织物材料;当温度达到240 ℃时,炭纤维织物复合材料的磨损率急剧增大,但MoS2改性炭纤维织物复合材料的磨损率比炭纤维织物材料降低近35%.     

干摩擦和水润滑条件下芳纶浆粕/环氧树脂复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

研究了芳纶浆粕纤维增强环氧复合材料在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,探讨了纤维含量对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析了复合材料的磨损机理.结果表明:芳纶浆粕纤维能够大幅度提高环氧树脂的摩擦磨损性能;当纤维体积分数为40%时,复合材料的比磨损率最小;在水润滑条件下,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均比干摩擦下的明显降低,这是由于水起到了润滑和冷却作用;干摩擦时的磨损机理为粘着磨损和塑性变形,水润滑时主要为犁削和轻微的磨粒磨损.     

HNO3/H2SO4氧化改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用玄武三号栓-盘式摩擦磨损试验机研究了HNO3/H2SO4混合酸氧化改性炭纤维织物复合材料的摩擦磨损性能;采用傅立叶红外光谱仪、万能材料试验机和扫描电子显微镜分析了氧化改性前后炭纤维织物复合材料的化学结构、力学性能和磨损表面形貌.结果表明:HNO3/H2SO4混合酸氧化改性明显提高了炭纤维织物复合材料的减摩耐磨性能和承载能力,使炭纤维织物复合材料的承载能力提高了60%、磨损率降低了65.9%;炭纤维织物复合材料在高温下的摩擦磨损性能明显优于常温下的摩擦磨损性能,氧化改性后炭纤维织物复合材料的高温摩擦磨损性能明显优于未改性炭纤维复合材料.其原因在于混合酸氧化改性使炭纤维表面产生了活性基团,增强了炭纤维织物与胶粘剂的粘结力,从而提高了炭纤维织物复合材料的减摩抗磨性能.     

二硫化钼改性热塑性聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用热压成型工艺制备MoS2 填充热塑性聚酰亚胺复合材料,测定了其弯曲强度和压缩强度,采用MPX-2000型摩擦磨损试验机评价MoS2 填充热塑性聚酰亚胺复合材料在干摩擦和水润滑2种工况下的摩擦磨损性能,利用扫描电子显微镜观察和分析材料磨损表面形貌和元素分布.结果表明:与聚酰亚胺树脂相比,加入MoS2后复合材料的弯曲强度和压缩强度有所降低,随着MoS2含量增加,材料的弯曲强度和压缩强度趋于稳定;在干摩擦条件下,MoS2逐步在磨损表面富集,相应的摩擦系数有所降低;MoS2含量为10%时磨损表面仅出现局部熔融,磨损率最低,当MoS2含量为20%时磨损表面出现深度熔融,磨损率较大;在水润滑条件下,MoS2仍起到良好的润滑作用,摩损率较干摩擦条件下降低1个数量级,表现出疲劳磨损特征.     

填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料在水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损特性研究

采用MPX-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了水润滑条件下不同含量的炭纤维、二硫化钼和三氧化二铝填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料与不锈钢配副时的摩擦磨损性能,通过方差和极差分析方法对材料的耐磨性进行研究,并利用原子力显微镜观察分析磨损表面及其磨屑形貌.结果表明:采用模压法制备填充聚四氟乙烯复合材料是可行的,在水润滑条件下复合材料具有优良的摩擦磨损性能,其C∶MoS2∶Al2O3∶PTFE合适的配比为5∶5∶5∶85或15∶10∶5∶70.     

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number     

ACTA MECHANICA SINICA 2014 ANNUAL SUBJECT INDEX

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人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Rainwater rivulets on a cable subject to windFilets d'eau de pluie sur un câble soumis au vent

Rainwater rivulets appear on inclined cables of cable-stayed bridges when wind and rain occur simultaneously. In a restricted range of parameters this is known to cause vibrations of high amplitudes on the cable. The mechanism underlying this effect is still under debate but the role of rainwater rivulets is certain. We use a standard lubrication model to analyse the dynamics of a water film on a cylinder under the effect of gravity and wind load. A simple criterion is then proposed for the appearance and position of rivulets, where the Froude number is the control parameter. Experiments with several geometries of cylinder covered with water in a wind tunnel show the evolution of the rivulets with the Froude number. Comparison of the prediction by the model with these experimental data shows that the main mechanism of rivulet formation and positioning is captured. To cite this article: C. Lemaitre et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Hermitian space-time finite elements for estuarine mass transport

Space-time finite element solutions of the convection–dispersion equation using higher-order nodal continuity and Hermitian polynomial shape functions are described. Five separate elements ranging from a complete linear element with C^0,0 nodal continuity to a complete first-order Hermitian element with C^1,1 nodal continuity are subjected to detailed analysis. Wave deformation analyses identify the source of leading or trailing edge oscillations, trailing edge oscillations being the major source of difficulty. These observations are confirmed by numerical experiments which further demonstrate the potential of higher-order nodal continuity. The performance of the complete first-order Hermitian element is quite satisfactory and measurably superior to the linear element.     

Cristallisation par onde acoustique : le cas de l'héliumCrystallization by acoustic waves: the case of helium

We establish a theoretical model to explain the nucleation of a crystal of helium by an acoustic over-pressure. We explain the interfacial laws for this ultra-fast cristallization, close to the sound speed. Assuming spherical symmetry and taking into account the experimental data, we recover the dynamics of the growth and melting during an over-pressure impulse. To cite this article: M. Ben Amar et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Structure initiale et propriétés de liquéfaction statique d'un sableInitial structure and static liquefaction properties of sand.

Based on the use of two different preparation procedures for reconstituting triaxial samples of sand, i.e. wet tamping and dry pluviation, significant differences in associated mechanical behaviour are observed on a reference sand with respect to the phenomenon of ‘static’ liquefaction. Wet tamping favours the initiation of liquefaction instability, whereas dry pluviation favours a more stable behaviour, less susceptible to liquefaction. Microscopic observation of corresponding sand specimens allows us to identify two well differentiated structures, i.e., for wet tamping, an irregular structure with predominance of aggregates (aggregated grains) and macropores, very contractant and unstable and, for dry pluviation, a more regular structure, without macropores, more dilatant and more stable. These observations show the importance of further characterization, based on the introduction of appropriate parameters, of the initial structure of sandy materials, strongly dependant upon their mode of formation (natural or artificial). To cite this article: N. Benahmed et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.