高应变率下计及损伤演化的材料动态本构行为

材料在高速变形过程中常常伴有不同形式的内部缺陷或微损伤的演化。大量的实验观察表明,损伤演化同时依赖于应变、应变率和温度,而且高应变率和低温之间有某种等价性。由此基于热激活机制,提出了同时依赖于应变率和应变的微损伤演化律,及相应的计及损伤弱化效应的率型本构关系。以聚丙烯/尼龙（PP/PA）共混高聚物为例,具体研究了其计及损伤演化的ZWT本构关系,并区分其率相关的本构响应及率相关的损伤演化响应。     

共混高聚物三种不同动态损伤量化方法的比较

以一种聚丙烯与马来酸酐的接枝共聚物(PP-g-MAH)为相容剂的聚丙烯/ 尼龙共混高聚物为例,在SHPB(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)装置上进行了高应变率冲击实验,用三种不同的方法对材料内部的动态损伤演化规律进行了研究.其一以冲击后试样的弹性模量降低来表征损伤演化,得到了其损伤值随应变及应变率变化的曲线;其二以应力响应的降低来表征损伤演化,采用基于ZWT(朱-王-唐)非线性粘弹性模型并引入损伤参量的方法来对大变形条件下本构中损伤部分的贡献进行了量化;其三运用BP(Back-Propagation)神经网络技术,预先不作任何本构假定,只根据SHPB试验数据,通过不同的输入输出模式对PP/PA共混高聚物在冲击载荷下的本构响应和损伤演化规律等进行了辨识.在此基础上,对三种不同角度得出的损伤演化研究结果进行了比较和讨论.     

高应变率大变形下的聚丙烯/尼龙共混高聚物损伤型本构特性

对两种采用不同相容剂的聚丙烯（PP）和尼龙（PA）共混高聚物材料在大变形下的粘弹性力学行为进行研究,着重考察应变率效应和损伤的演化,从而分析不同的界面分子设计对共混体系材料宏观性能的作用。在准静态及冲击实验研究的基础上,基于ZWT非线性粘弹性模型,并结合了遗传算法,分别得到了能有效描述两种共混高聚物大变形阶段计及损伤的非线性粘弹性本构关系。两种材料在不同加载条件下表现出明显不一致的性能,原因在于其损伤演化的率相关性,且两种材料的大变形机制存在一定的差别,能用ZWT方程进行描述的范围也不一样。     

玻璃态高聚物PMMA粘弹性力学行为的率温等效关系

基于粘弹-塑性本构模型并以玻璃态高聚物PMMA在温度T=233—343K和应变率(?)=1.0 x 10~(-4)—1.0×10~(-1)s~(-1)范围内实测的应力-应变曲线及其拟合计算为依据,讨论了试验材料的率温等效性,从位移因子a_T和归一化应力-应变主曲线的存在,证实试验材料在屈服前存在率温等效关系,而在屈服后不复存在。     

不同温度下橡胶的动态力学性能及本构模型研究

利用带有温度调控装置的SHPB(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)试验装置和岛津材料试验机,测定了CR橡胶在不同温度(-20℃~50℃),不同应变率(5×10-3/s~3×103/s)条件下的应力应变曲线。结果表明:CR橡胶的力学性能具有温度敏感性和应变率敏感性,两者有一定的等效性,且在动态条件下,-20℃时的应力应变曲线表现出向“玻璃态”转变的特性。本文在以前研究者提出的率相关本构模型的基础上进行了改进,同时考虑了温度效应的影响,提出了一个能描述CR橡胶在不同温度和应变率下的一维压缩力学行为的本构模型,该模型和试验数据有很好的一致性,为数值模拟提供了重要的依据。     

聚碳酸酯的高应变率拉伸实验

为了解应变率对聚碳酸酯拉伸力学行为的影响,在旋转盘式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验机和MTS809材料试验机上,对聚碳酸酯棒材进行了高应变率和准静态加载下的单向拉伸试验,应变率分别为380 s-1、800 s-1、1750 s-1和0.001 s-1、0.05 s-1,得到了聚碳酸酯的拉伸应力应变曲线.试验结果表明:聚碳酸酯的拉伸力学性能具有明显的应变率相关性,其屈服应力和失稳应变随应变率的增加而增大.依据试验结果,采用朱王唐粘弹性本构模型来描述聚碳酸酯的非线性粘弹性拉伸力学行为.模型结果显示,在本文实施的应变率范围内,朱王唐模型可以较好地表征聚碳酸酯的拉伸应力应变响应.     

刚性微粒填充的高聚物非线性粘弹性本构关系的微力学分析

在应变具有可加性条件下,本文分析表明Eshelby线性微力学理论,包括其等效包含体方法和相应的平均化方法可推广应用于研究高刚度微粒填充高聚物的非线性粘弹性本构关系。     

恒应变率下航空有机玻璃耗能模量温度谱的实验研究

通过动态实验和准静态实验测得了恒应变率下3~#航空有机玻璃(PMMA)在一定温度范围内的割线模量与温度的关系。通过付氏变换,转换成耗能模量与温度的关系,再与内耗变频温度谱进行了直接的比较,得到了两种实验条件下的实际对应关系,为非线性粘弹性高聚物的力学松弛谱中应变率敏感峰和耗能模量峰之间的关联提供了实验论证。文章还提出了温度负敏感性现象。     

冻土单轴动态加载下的力学性能

研究冻土的动态力学性能对于地下工程人工冻结法施工等具有重要意义。本文应用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB),研究了冻土单轴动态加载下的力学性能,涉及-3、-8、-13、-17、-23和-28℃共6个负温的冻土,应变率范围350～1200s-1。获得了相应条件下的冻土应力应变关系。冻土的单轴动态应力应变曲线具有脆性特征。发现冻土具有温度和应变率效应,其强度随温度降低和应变率增大而增大,最终应变随应变率增大而增大。冻土温度越低,应变率敏感性越强;加载应变率越高,冻土的温度效应越显著。文中提出的粘弹性损伤型本构模型能够较好的描述6个温度冻土的应力应变关系。     

用焦散线法研究PP/PA6/POE-g-Ma的动态断裂性能

研究了由直接共混法制备而成的聚丙烯/尼龙6/马来酸酐接枝乙烯-辛烯共聚物(PP/PA6/POE-g-MA)三元共混体系的静、动态力学性能,并采用反射型动态焦散线方法对其动态断裂性能进行了实验研究。根据动态断裂实验过程中得出的I型裂纹尖端的焦散斑,测得PP/PA6/POE-g-Ma共混高聚物的动态断裂韧性和裂纹扩展速度。此外,本文通过扫描电镜对动态断裂截面的细观观测,进一步分析了材料损伤破坏的机理,并探讨了共混高聚物方法对材料抗断裂性能的影响。实验结果表明,动态焦散线方法为高聚物复合材料的动态断裂实验研究提供了一种可行的方法,并可为高聚物复合材料性能的改进提供依据。     

Nonlinear viscoelasticity of PP/PS/SEBS blends

The nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) blends compatibilized or not with the linear triblock copolymer (styrene-ethylene-/butylene-styrene, SEBS) was investigated. Start-up of steady-shear at rates from 0.1 to 10 s^–1 was carried out using a controlled strain rotational rheometer and a sliding plate rheometer for strain histories involving one or several shear rates. The shear stress and first normal shear stress difference were measured as functions of time, and the morphologies of the samples before and after shearing were determined. For each strain history except that involving a single shear rate of 0.1 s^–1 the blends showed typical non-linear viscoelastic behavior: a shear stress overshoot/undershoot, depending on the history, followed by a steady state for each step. The first normal stress difference increased monotonically to a steady-state value. The values of the stresses increased with the addition of SEBS. The shear stress overshoot and undershoot and the times at which they occurred depended strongly on the strain history, decreasing for a subsequent shear rate step performed in the same direction as the former, and the time at which stress undershoot occurred increased for a subsequent shear rate step performed in the opposite direction, irrespective of the magnitude of the shear rate. This behavior was observed for all the blends studied. The time of overshoot in a single-step shear rate experiment is inversely proportional to the shear rate, and the steady-state value of N₁ scaled linearly with shear rate, whereas the steady-state shear stress did not. The average diameter of the dispersed phase decreased for all strain histories when the blend was not compatibilized. When the blend was compatibilized, the average diameter of the dispersed phase changed only during the stronger flows. Experimental data were compared with the predictions of a model formulated using ideas of Doi and Ohta (1991), Lacroix et al. (1998) and Bousmina et al. (2001). The model correctly predicted the behavior of the uncompatibilized blends for single-step shear rates but not that of the compatibilized blends, nor did it predict morphologies after shearing.     

不锈钢材料的动态力学性能及本构模型

利用带有温度调控系统的SHPB实验装置测定了0Cr17Mn5Ni4Mo3Al不锈钢在3种应变率(300、1 000、2 700 s-1)、4种环境温度（25、300、500和700 ℃）下的应力应变关系;在液压伺服材料试验机(MTS)上进行了3种温度下的准静态（0.0005 s-1）压缩实验。实验结果表明:该不锈钢有明显的应变率强化效应和温度软化效应,并且随着环境温度的升高,应变率强化效应减弱。对Johnson-Cook模型进行了修正,考虑了冲击过程中绝热温升引起的软化效应。修正后的Johnson-Cook模型与实验结果吻合较好。     

RP-3航空煤油点火特性研究

在预加热到135℃的激波管反射激波后5区,以点火过程中OH自由基在306.5nm处特征发射光谱强度的急剧变化作为点火发生的标志,进行了RP-3航空煤油点火特性的实验研究.实验温度范围为800～1450K,当量比为0.5,1,1.5,压力为0.05,0.1,0.2MPa,O₂的摩尔浓度为空气含量20%.实验获得了低压条件下（0.05,0.1,0.2MPa）RP-3航空煤油点火延时与点火温度﹑压力﹑当量比以及煤油和氧气浓度的依赖关系.将低压实验结果与高压（0.55,1.1,2.2MPa）条件下煤油点火特性进行了对比.结果显示,当量比对煤油点火特性的影响存在一个临界温度.在临界温度以上的高温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而增长;在临界温度以下的低温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而缩短;这一临界温度随点火压力的降低而升高.采用3种煤油燃烧反应动力学机理对煤油点火过程进行了动力学数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.结果显示,Honnet等提出的煤油反应机理在高压（2.2MPa）下与实验结果吻合得很好,而在低压下有一些差异.对不同压力条件下的点火过程进行敏感度分析表明,三体反应H+O₂+M=HO₂+M在高压时对煤油点火起轻微抑制作用,而在低压时对煤油点火起促进作用.      

Influence of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical behavior of three amorphous polymers: Characterization and modeling of the compressive yield stress

Uniaxial compression stress–strain tests were carried out on three commercial amorphous polymers: polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polyamideimide (PAI). The experiments were conducted under a wide range of temperatures (−40 °C to 180 °C) and strain rates (0.0001 s⁻¹ up to 5000 s⁻¹). A modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar was used for high strain rate tests. Temperature and strain rate greatly influence the mechanical response of the three polymers. In particular, the yield stress is found to increase with decreasing temperature and with increasing strain rate. The experimental data for the compressive yield stress were modeled for a wide range of strain rates and temperatures according to a new formulation of the cooperative model based on a strain rate/temperature superposition principle. The modeling results of the cooperative model provide evidence on the secondary transition by linking the yield behavior to the energy associated to the β mechanical loss peak. The effect of hydrostatic pressure is also addressed from a modeling perspective.     

STUDIES ON THE AUTOIGNITION CHARACTERISTICS OF RP-3 AVIATION KEROSENE

在预加热到135℃的激波管反射激波后5区,以点火过程中OH自由基在306.5nm处特征发射光谱强度的急剧变化作为点火发生的标志,进行了RP-3航空煤油点火特性的实验研究.实验温度范围为800～1450K,当量比为0.5,1,1.5,压力为0.05,0.1,0.2MPa,O₂的摩尔浓度为空气含量20%.实验获得了低压条件下（0.05,0.1,0.2MPa）RP-3航空煤油点火延时与点火温度﹑压力﹑当量比以及煤油和氧气浓度的依赖关系.将低压实验结果与高压（0.55,1.1,2.2MPa）条件下煤油点火特性进行了对比.结果显示,当量比对煤油点火特性的影响存在一个临界温度.在临界温度以上的高温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而增长;在临界温度以下的低温区,煤油点火延时随当量比增加而缩短;这一临界温度随点火压力的降低而升高.采用3种煤油燃烧反应动力学机理对煤油点火过程进行了动力学数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.结果显示,Honnet等提出的煤油反应机理在高压（2.2MPa）下与实验结果吻合得很好,而在低压下有一些差异.对不同压力条件下的点火过程进行敏感度分析表明,三体反应H+O₂+M=HO₂+M在高压时对煤油点火起轻微抑制作用,而在低压时对煤油点火起促进作用.     

Mechanics of the rate-dependent elastic–plastic deformation of glassy polymers from low to high strain rates

A combined experimental and analytical investigation has been performed to understand the mechanical behavior of two amorphous polymers—polycarbonate and poly(methyl methacrylate)—at strain rates ranging from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁴ s⁻¹. This range in strain rates was achieved in uniaxial tension and compression tests using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), a servo-hydraulic testing machine, and an aluminum split-Hopkinson pressure bar. DMA tension tests were used to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of these materials, with focus on the rate-dependent shift of material transition temperatures. Uniaxial compression tests on the servo-hydraulic machine (10⁻⁴ to 1 s⁻¹) and the split-Hopkinson pressure bar (10³ to 10⁴ s⁻¹) were used to characterize the rate-dependent yield and post-yield behavior. Both materials were observed to exhibit increased rate sensitivity of yield under the same strain rate/temperature conditions as the β-transition of the viscoelastic behavior. A physically based constitutive model for large strain deformation of thermoplastics was then extended to encompass high-rate conditions. The model accounts for the contributions of different molecular motions which become operational and important in different frequency regimes. The new features enable the model to not only capture the transition in the yield behavior, but also accurately predict the post-yield, large strain behavior over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates.     

Relationship between Local Strain Jumps and Temperature Bursts Due to the Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect in an Al-Mg Alloy

Local strain and temperature of an AA5754-O aluminum alloy sheet have been full-field measured during monotonous tensile tests carried out at room temperature. Sharp strain increases and temperature bursts which are locally generated by the Portevin-Le Chatelier phenomenon have been measured at the same point for two strain rates: V2?=?1.9?×?10^?3?s^?1 and V10?=?9.7?×?10^?3?s^?1. A relationship, which is based on the underlying physical mechanisms, has been established between the strain and the temperature and experimentally verified for the highest strain rate V10. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results for the lowest strain rate V2 suggests that the localized plastic deformations do not follow an adiabatic transformation. Such a set-up seems to offer a direct and experimental method to check the adiabatic character of localized plastic deformations.     

A technique for measuring the dynamic behavior of materials at high temperatures

A new experimental technique has been developed for the performance of high temperature, high-strain-rate experiments in the compression Kolsky bar (split-Hopkinson pressure bar or SHPB). The new technique (referred to as the High-Temperature Compression Kolsky Bar or HTCKB) uses an infra-red spot-heater to rapidly heat the specimen to the desired temperature, a!nd an electropneumatic actuation system to minimize the development of temperature gradients in the sample. The technique is cheap and relatively easy to implement and yet provides accurate, repeatable results. As an illustration of the application of the technique, we have examined the high-temperature response of the BCC metal vanadium at high-strain rates. Stress–strain curves are obtained for the material at strain rates of 4 × 10³ s⁻¹ and at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1100 K (27–800°C). Quasistatic (10⁻³ s⁻¹) experiments have also been performed on vanadium over a slightly smaller range of temperatures, and the results are compared with the new high-temperature, high-strain-rate data. It is observed that the rate of thermal softening is a function of the strain rate. These results illustrate the importance of including the coupling between temperature and strain r!ate in thermoviscoplastic constitutive models.