金属热黏塑性本构关系的研究进展

金属材料的塑性流动行为依赖于温度和应变率,温度和应变率敏感性是金属材料塑性流动的最重要的本质特性之一,建立合适的热黏塑性本构关系来准确描述金属塑性流动行为的温度和应变率依赖性,是金属材料能被广泛应用的必要前提。为此,对金属热黏塑性本构关系的最新研究进展进行了综述,介绍了常见的几种金属热黏塑性本构关系并进行了详细讨论,给出了各本构关系的优势与不足,最后系统介绍了包含金属塑性流动行为中出现的第三型应变时效、或K-W锁位错结构引起的流动应力随温度变化出现的反常应力峰以及拉压不对称等行为的金属热黏塑性本构关系的研究进展。     

聊聊动态塑性和黏塑性

固体力学研究者致力于具有应力-应变本构关系（以下简称为形变型本构关系）的变形体的力学响应研究，而流体力学研究者致力于具有应力-应变率本构关系（以下简称为流动型本构关系）的流动体的力学响应研究。当涉及结构和材料的动态塑性时，到底应该用“塑性变形”还是“塑性流动”来表示？本文从宏观塑性本构理论和微观位错动力学机理两个角度，分别讨论并指出塑性本构关系属于流动型黏塑性率相关本构关系，且同时适用于加载和卸载；因而不应该用应力-应变图来描述塑性加-卸载过程。弹塑性本构关系则是一种形变型和流动型本构关系的耦合。     

基于对数应力率大应变本构关系的参数标定研究

在所有率型弹塑性本构模型中,只有对数应力率对应的本构模型能够满足自适应准则.基于对数应力率,采用实心圆轴扭转实验,对大应变弹塑性本构模型中的参数标定问题进行了讨论.推导出了考虑Swift效应时端部自由实心圆轴扭转变形的变形率、对数旋率、Kirchhoff应力及Kirchhoff应力的对数应力率.对于等向强化大应变弹塑性本构关系,给出了由实心圆轴扭转实验标定的、基于Kirchhhoff应力对数应力率的本构关系中塑性刚度函数的表达式.分析了扭转圆轴的Swift效应对塑性刚度函数的影响.结果表明,实心圆轴扭转的轴向伸长变形和径向变形对基于对数应力率大应变本构关系中的塑性刚度函数都有影响.当不考虑Swift效应时,所得塑性刚度函数表达式与不考虑Swift效应时基于Jaumann应力率的塑性刚度函数表达式相同.     

有限变形塑性理论中的本构不等式和正交法则

本文系统地介绍了率无关材料的有限变形塑性本构理论中的本构不等式和正交法则,并对正交法则成立的条件,正交法则成立时的材料本构形式及其对参考构形和应变度量的依赖关系等基本问题作了必要的讨论.     

含损伤材料的热粘塑性本构关系及其应用

对含损伤材料的热粘塑性本构关系进行了较全面和较系统的研究。首先对半径回归方法的本构公式给出了最一般性的严格证明,并讨论了其适用性和局限性。接着以应力空间中的屈服函数和Drucker公设为基础,以材料本构关系的内变量理论为工具,推导并建立了增量型热粘塑性本构关系的普适形式和计算流程。然后结合实践中最常用的几类本构模型,导出了所建立的增量型动态本构关系的具体形式,并简要总结了其各自的特点和意义。最后通过一些典型的波传播和高速冲击问题的算例,介绍了所建立的本构关系及计算方法的具体应用情况和效果,从而展示了其理论意义和应用前景。     

我国塑性本构关系研究的近况

本文概述了近十年来我国塑性本构关系研究的主要情况,包括微应变与有限变形下的一般性理论研究、微观与宏观相结合的本构理论讨论,实验研究和数值模拟的研究.     

各向同性率无关材料本构关系的不变性表示

在内变量理论的框架下,针对各向同性率无关材料,使用张量函数表示理论建立了塑性应变全量及增量本构关系的最一般的张量不变性表示. 它们均由3个完备不可约的基张量组合构成,这3个基张量分别是应力的零次幂、一次幂和二次幂. 因此得出,塑性应变、塑性应变增量与应力三者共主轴. 通过对基张量的正交化,给出了本构关系式在主应力空间中的几何解释. 进一步,全量(或增量)本构关系中3个组合因子被表达为应力、塑性应变(或塑性应变增量)的不变量的函数. 当塑性应变(或塑性应变增量)的3个不变量之间满足一定关系时,所给出的本构关系将退化为经典的形变理论(或塑性势理论).最后,还讨论它与奇异屈服面理论的关系,当满足一定条件时,两者是一致的.      

关于无屈服面粘塑性理论

本文对Bodner-Partom幂函数型粘塑性本构方程进行了某些分析讨论,揭示了该本构模型的某些内涵,特别是对模型所涉及的几个材料常数对应力应变关系的影响以及该模型的加卸载性质和历史效应作了具体的剖析。最后与Perzyna超应力本构模型进行了比较。     

材料的弹粘塑性本构关系和应力波的演化

试验表明，大多数工程材料在冲击载荷作用之下的变形一般都同时包含有可恢复的瞬态性弹性变形和不可恢复的粘滞性塑性变形，即其本构关系可以用弹粘塑性模型来描述。本文从内变量理论出发，探讨了时率相关材料的弹粘塑性本构关系的一般特性，建立了增量型的弹粘塑性本构关系的一般理论框架和普适的表达式，并且对两种最常用的本构模型——Bodner-Partom模型和Johnson-Cook模型给出了在一维应变条件下的具体形式。通过计算和讨论一维应变粘塑性靶板中冲击波的衰减机制和应力波的演化规律，特别是考察各种粘塑性本构模型中的材料参数对冲击波的衰减和应力波的演化的影响，得出了一些可以直接应用或具有一定借鉴价值的结果，为研究应力波的其他衰减机制以及在人防工程中智能防护层设计时新材料的选取奠定了基础。     

内蕴时间塑性理论及其新进展(续)

三、内蕴时间塑性理论的一些基本概念和本构方程本节首先分别从经典塑性理论与内时理论的基本观点出发,对Drucker在其奠基性论文[46]中用过的一维力学模型的塑性响应特性进行分析比较,以便用简洁的方式阐述内时理论的某些最基本的概念,并说明经典模型可作为内时模型的一种理想化情况而得到。接着评述广义时间在固体力学中引入的概况和笔者最近提出的耗散型材料本构方程的形式不变性定律。然后根据这一定律首先得到了Valanis(1971)提出的小变形小变温下内时弹塑性本构方程的显式。接着研究了塑性应变偏张量的欧几里得模作为内时测度定义时的内时本构方程的特性,特别是讨论了它与经典塑性理论之间的关系。然后引入了含弱奇异性的内时本构方程。最后讨论了Valanis与笔者最近提出的新型弹塑性内时本构方程。      

The unified elastic-viscosic-plastic theory of solids

1ThePostulatesandillustrationsofUnifiedElastic-Viscosic-PlasticTheoryWhenthesolidsareundertyleexternalexcitations,theresponseswillexistintheinterior.Inthesolid,therearethreemainstates:elastic,plasticandviscosic.Itisimpossibletostudythesebehavioursbymolecularmethod,butthesebehaviourscanberesearchedfromthepointofviewoflargescale.Inthispaper,weconsidertheexcitationbyexternalworkonly,theresponsesarestrainenergyandtheheatwasted,asinFig.1.InFig.1(a),theworkratebyexternalforceisW,onepartofwhichis…     

基于物理变量的热粘塑性本构模型

在位错的运动和产生与塑性变形的一般关系及考虑到热激活与粘性阻尼效应的位错集体运动的统一理论基础上，通过对结构参量的演化规律的具体建议，提出了一种基于物理变量的热粘塑性本构模型。在此模型的基础上，讨论了金属材料动态力学行为的微观机理。     

Mechanism-based strain gradient crystal plasticity—I. Theory

We have been developing the theory of mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity (MSG) to model size-dependent plastic deformation at micron and submicron length scales. The core idea has been to incorporate the concept of geometrically necessary dislocations into the continuum plastic constitutive laws via the Taylor hardening relation. Here we extend this effort to develop a mechanism-based strain gradient theory of crystal plasticity. In this theory, an effective density of geometrically necessary dislocations for a specific slip plane is introduced via a continuum analog of the Peach-Koehler force in dislocation theory and is incorporated into the plastic constitutive laws via the Taylor relation.     

Use of isotropic thermoelasticity laws in finite deformation viscoplasticity models

We consider general finite deformation thermoviscoplasticity models and focus attention to the thermoelasticity laws involved in the constitutive theory. The goal is to show how such constitutive relations having forms as simple as possible may be defined with respect to both the plastic intermediate configuration and the actual configuration. In particular, using two families of strain and associated stress tensors, we arrive at two different thermoelasticity laws formulated with respect to the actual configuration. These are extensions to nonisothermal deformations of corresponding hyperelasticity laws introduced previously by Simo [1]. Received March 24, 1998     

A micromechanics-based elastoplastic damage model for granular materials at low confining pressure

This paper is devoted to the formulation of a micromechanics-based constitutive model for granular materials under relatively low confining pressure. The constitutive formulation is performed within the general framework of homogenization for granular materials. However, new rigorous stress localization laws are proposed. Some local constitutive relations are established under the consideration of irreversible thermodynamics. Macroscopic plastic deformation is obtained by considering local plastic sliding in a limit number of families of contact planes. The plastic sliding at each contact plane is described by a non-associated plastic flow rule, taking into account pressure sensitivity and normal dilatancy. Nonlinear elastic deformation related to progressive compaction of contacts is also taken into account. Material softening is described by involving damage process related to degradation of microstructure fabric. The proposed model is applied to some typical granular materials (sands). The numerical predictions are compared with experimental data.     

内时理论在板料成形失稳中的应用

应用Valanis提出的内时本构方程，研究了板料成形的拉伸失稳问题，推导出单向和双向拉伸应力状态下的内时本构方程，据此分析了分散性失稳和集中性失稳。该文推导出应用于拉伸失稳分析时内时理论的近似表达式，它对应于经典塑性理论解，同时给出了内时理论的完整迭代数值解。结果表明内时理论具有很好的适用性。     

Numerical analysis and elastic–plastic deformation behavior of anisotropically damaged solids

The present paper is concerned with the numerical modelling of the large elastic–plastic deformation behavior and localization prediction of ductile metals which are sensitive to hydrostatic stress and anisotropically damaged. The model is based on a generalized macroscopic theory within the framework of nonlinear continuum damage mechanics. The formulation relies on a multiplicative decomposition of the metric transformation tensor into elastic and damaged-plastic parts. Furthermore, undamaged configurations are introduced which are related to the damaged configurations via associated metric transformations which allow for the interpretation as damage tensors. Strain rates are shown to be additively decomposed into elastic, plastic and damage strain rate tensors. Moreover, based on the standard dissipative material approach the constitutive framework is completed by different stress tensors, a yield criterion and a separate damage condition as well as corresponding potential functions. The evolution laws for plastic and damage strain rates are discussed in some detail. Estimates of the stress and strain histories are obtained via an explicit integration procedure which employs an inelastic (damage-plastic) predictor followed by an elastic corrector step. Numerical simulations of the elastic–plastic deformation behavior of damaged solids demonstrate the efficiency of the formulation. A variety of large strain elastic–plastic-damage problems including severe localization is presented, and the influence of different model parameters on the deformation and localization prediction of ductile metals is discussed.     

The fundamental role of nonlocal and local balance laws of material forces in finite elastoplasticity and damage mechanics

In this paper the fundamental role of independent balance laws of material forces acting on dislocations and microdefects is shown. They enable a thermodynamically consistent formulation of dissipative deformation processes of continua with dislocation motion and defect evolution in the material space on meso- and microlevel.The balance laws of material forces together with the classical balance laws of physical forces and couples, first and second laws of thermodynamics for physical and material space and general constitutive equations are the basis to develop a thermodynamically consistent framework of nonlocal finite elastoplasticity and brittle and ductile damage.It is shown that a weakly-nonlocal formulation of the balance laws of material forces leads to gradient theories, where local theories are obtained, if all gradient contributions are assumed to be small. In this case the local balance laws of material forces together with the constitutive equations represent evolution laws of the material forces. In the classical approach of internal variables they are assumed from the outset with the result that there is a large number of different propositions in the literature.The well-known splitting test of a circular cylinder of concrete is simulated numerically, where the process of deformation in the physical space and defect and plastic evolution in the material space is represented.     

A Plane-Strain Formulation of Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Laws

ABSTRACT

Constitutive laws for elastic-plastic materials are derived by eliminating the transverse stress component on the basis of the plane-strain constraint. This leads to a fictitious hardening and temperature dependence of the loading function. For standard elastic-plastic materials the resulting laws are associated; however, the plastic strain state is represented by equivalent plastic-strain measures, which also account for transverse yielding. The new constitutive laws, together with the standard reduced form of the equilibrium and compatibility equations, permit the formulation of the plane-strain elastic-plastic analysis problem in terms of the in-plane stress components only. In the case of perfectly plastic materials, the subsequent plane-strain yield surfaces are contained within a domain bounded by a limit surface which represents the yield condition normally adopted in plane-strain limit analysis.     

On internal dissipation inequalities and finite strain inelastic constitutive laws: Theoretical and numerical comparisons

Internal dissipation always occurs in irreversible inelastic deformation processes of materials. The internal dissipation inequalities (specific mathematical forms of the second law of thermodynamics) determine the evolution direction of inelastic processes. Based on different internal dissipation inequalities several finite strain inelastic constitutive laws have been formulated for instance by Simo [Simo, J.C., 1992. Algorithms for static and dynamic multiplicative plasticity that preserve the classical return mapping schemes of the infinitesimal theory. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 99, 61–112]; Simo and Miehe [Simo, J.C., Miehe, C., 1992. Associative coupled thermoplasticity at finite strains: formulation, numerical analysis and implementation. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 98, 41–104]; Lion [Lion, A., 1997. A physically based method to represent the thermo-mechanical behavior of elastomers. Acta Mechanica 123, 1–25]; Reese and Govindjee [Reese, S., Govindjee, S., 1998. A theory of finite viscoelasticity and numerical aspects. International Journal of Solids and Structures 35, 3455–3482]; Lin and Schomburg [Lin, R.C., Schomburg, U., 2003. A finite elastic–viscoelastic–elastoplastic material law with damage: theoretical and numerical aspects. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 192, 1591–1627]; Lin and Brocks [Lin, R.C., Brocks, W., 2004. On a finite strain viscoplastic theory based on a new internal dissipation inequality. International Journal of Plasticity 20, 1281–1311]; and Lin and Brocks [Lin, R.C., Brocks, W., 2005. An extended Chaboche’s viscoplastic law at finite strains: theoretical and numerical aspects. Journal of Materials Science and Technology 21, 145–147]. These constitutive laws are consistent with the second law of thermodynamics. As the internal dissipation inequalities are described in different configurations or coordinate systems, the related constitutive laws are also formulated in the corresponding configurations or coordinate systems. Mathematically, these constitutive laws have very different formulations. Now, a question is whether the constitutive laws provide identical constitutive responses for the same inelastic constitutive problems. In the present work, four types of finite strain viscoelastic and endochronically plastic laws as well as three types of J₂-plasticity laws are formulated based on four types of dissipation inequalities. Then, they are numerically compared for several problems of homogeneous or complex finite deformations. It is demonstrated that for the same inelastic constitutive problem the stress responses are identical for deformation processes without rotations. In the simple shear deformation process with large rotation, the presented viscoelastic and endochronically plastic laws also show almost identical stress responses up to a shear strain of about 100%. The three laws of J₂-plasticity also produce the same shear stresses up to a shear strain of 100%, while different normal stresses are generated even at infinitesimal shear strains. The three J₂-plasticity laws are also compared at three complex finite deformation processes: billet upsetting, cylinder necking and channel forming. For the first two deformation processes similar constitutive responses are obtained, whereas for the third deformation process (with large global rotations) significant differences of constitutive responses can be observed.