挠性捷联惯性导航系统误差补偿技术

为了补偿载体角运动和振动引起的捷联惯性导航系统导航误差,通过分析载体角运动引起的圆锥误差,挠性陀螺刻度因数非线性、姿态角速率引起的加表零位变化等因素对导航结果的影响,采用三子样算法和非线性补偿技术,对上述误差进行了补偿。摇摆试验和跑车试验证明,通过上述补偿后,姿态精度、水平定位精度、垂直定位精度有明显的提高。     

机载激光捷联惯导系统动态误差的影响分析

激光捷联惯导系统中传感器由于直接与载体固联,同时还存在激光陀螺抖动振动,使系统误差特性较平台式系统更复杂,振动对系统动态误差影响更大。针对某型激光惯导系统随载机试飞中长航时精度超差的问题,分析了振动诱导误差的形成机理,查明了长航时精度超差的原因是由于惯导部件与其安装支架连接后的产品谐振频率与飞机螺旋桨叶通过频率耦合所致,为此提出了降低惯导部件内减振器带宽、提高载机惯导部件安装支架刚度的改进措施。经完善激光惯导系统算法,实施改进措施后,试飞考核,系统精度达标,从而验证了措施的正确性。     

转动基座上陀螺摆的稳定性和分岔

本文讨论转动基座上用万向支架悬挂的陀螺摆的运动，讨论陀螺摆相对框架的可能平衡状态及其稳定性和分岔问题，在参数空间内展示陀螺摆运动的全局运动生态，分析表明在确定条件下陀螺摆偏离垂圻位置的可能性。     

发动机减振安装技术

发动机减振安装是降低全机振动水平的一项措施.本文选用钢丝网垫作为减振元件,设计了钢丝网垫减振器及将发动机连接拉杆改装为减振拉杆.着重分析了钢丝网垫减振器的力学模型及其减振性能.通过分析与试验证实了安装减振拉杆对降低全机振动水平的可行性和有效性.     

静电加速度计悬浮质量块质心偏移量在轨标定

高精度静电加速度计已广泛地应用于航天任务中,用于测量作用于航天器的非引力加速度。如果静电加速度计悬浮质量块的质心与航天器的质心安装有偏差时,重力梯度力、姿态耦合产生的干扰加速度,静电加速度计控制系统引入的干扰加速度等干扰力会夹杂在测量数据中。针对这一问题,研究了航天器小质量特性变化情况下,当静电加速度计处于动态设计良好并进入稳态后,利用静电加速度计、陀螺仪和磁强计作为敏感元件,基于非线性卡尔曼滤波理论的静电加速度计悬浮质量块质心偏移量的在轨标定。仿真结果表明,该方案的精度J向可以达到0．1mm,Y和Z向能达到0．04mm。     

复式减振支架的分析

船舶运输中船体振荡一般不大,所装货品只要作好包装,用不着减振器。飞机上的仪表和电子设备(以下简称仪表)则由于飞行中的振动,必须安装在减振支架上以免损坏。这类减振支架与仪表的组合,固有频率比较低,可以消除高频振动的不良后果。如果把飞机放在船上,则船上的低频振动(例如螺旋桨转动引起的振动)可能与飞机的仪表支承系统     

可缩液体汽车减振器装置研究

对一种新型可压缩液体汽车减振器的基本结构和工作原理进行了分析,给出其内特性的数学模型。指出可压缩液体减振器由于腔内充满可压缩液体,其动作连续可靠,其外特性不会发生高频高速畸变,并提供了该减振器外特性试验。     

金属丝网——油液介质耦合减振器抗冲击动态力学特性研究

基于金属丝网－油液介质耦合减振器原理样机的抗冲击动态力学特性进行研究，样机的多参数匹配冲击试验研究表明该减振器具有强非线性动态特征，并能实现抗大冲击；在此基础上结合流体理论和库伦摩擦理论建立了原理样机非线性冲击动态特性模型，研究减振器抗冲击力学特性的设计可控性，该建模方法直接引入结构参数，为直接设计具体的器件建立了理论基础。     

垂直陀螺有安装误差时的万向支架误差

本文对由于陀螺安装在航行体上出现误差时的万向支架误差与没有安装误差时的万向支架误差进行比较,从而说明安装误差对测量航行体姿态角的影响。     

激光陀螺单轴旋转惯性导航系统

高精度的惯性导航系统是提高舰船综合作战性能的基础。为了提高惯性导航系统的精度,采用单轴旋转惯性测量组件的方法,研制了激光陀螺单轴旋转惯性导航系统。介绍了系统的硬件组成,主要包括系统基本结构,惯性器件的主要技术参数和导航计算机的组成。描述了系统的多位置初始对准方式和温度补偿方案。对该系统进行了长时间静态导航实验和跑车实验,实验结果表明:四次长时间静态导航实验峰值定位误差5d优于1nm,10d优于2nm;两次跑车实验峰值定位误差77h优于1.4nm、15d优于2.5nm。     

Numerical study on wake characteristics of high-speed trains

Intensive turbulence exists in the wakes of high speed trains, and the aerodynamic performance of the trailing car could deteriorate rapidly due to complicated features of the vortices in the wake zone. As a result, the safety and amenity of high speed trains would face a great challenge. This paper considers mainly the mechanism of vortex formation and evolution in the train flow field. A real CRH2 model is studied, with a leading car, a middle car and a trailing car included. Different running speeds and cross wind conditions are considered, and the approaches of un- steady Reynold-averaged Navier-Stokes （URANS） and de- tached eddy simulation （DES） are utilized, respectively. Re- suits reveal that DES has better capability of capturing small eddies compared to URANS. However, for large eddies, the effects of two approaches are almost the same. In conditions without cross winds, two large vortex streets stretch from the train nose and interact strongly with each other in the wake zone. With the reinforcement of the ground, a complicated wake vortex system generates and becomes strengthened as the running speed increases. However, the locations of flow separations on the train surface and the separation mechanism keep unchanged. In conditions with cross winds, three large vortices develop along the leeward side of the train, among which the weakest one has no obvious influence on the wake flow while the other two stretch to the tail of the train and combine with the helical vortices in the train wake. Thus, optimization of the aerodynamic performance of the trailing car should be aiming at reducing the intensity of the wake vortex system.     

Indoor testing of road vehicle suspensions

The paper presents a method for the indoor testing of road vehicle suspension systems. A car suspension is positioned on a rotating drum located in the Laboratory for the Safety of Transport at the Politecnico di Milano and it is excited as the wheel passes over a cleat fixed on the drum. The wheel accelerations, displacements and the forces/moments acting at the suspension-chassis joints are measured in the frequency range 0–120 Hz. Five special six-axis load cells have been designed and used. Transient wheel motions have been recorded. The influence of the running conditions on the relevant performance indexes related to the vibration behavior of the tire/suspension system has been assessed.     

基于轮轨蠕滑机理的货车车轮磨耗寿命预测

为对货车车轮磨耗寿命进行预测,在SIMPACK中建立车辆-轨道多体动力学模型,基于轮轨半赫兹接触理论和Zobory车轮磨耗模型编制车轮磨耗数值仿真程序.对C80型货车等在环形线和大秦线上运行时的车轮磨耗行为进行仿真,并根据实测结果和仿真结果对Zobory车轮磨耗模型进行修正,最后利用修正后的Zobory模型对C80型货车在国内某重载线路上运行时的车轮磨耗寿命进行预测.结果表明:车辆在环形线和大秦线上运行时,仿真得到的车轮磨耗分布范围以及圆周磨耗深度和轮缘厚度随运行里程的变化趋势均与现场实测结果较为接近,但车轮圆周磨耗率分别为实测结果的1.394 ～1.842倍和2.172 ～3.658倍,主要原因是仿真中采用了轮轨半赫兹接触理论,考虑了弹性剪切变形对滑动速度的影响,并且国内货车采用的CL60钢的硬度大于国外BSll钢的硬度;C80型货车在国内某重载线路上运行时,利用修正后的Zobory模型仿真得到的车轮段修磨耗寿命为39×105 km,运用磨耗寿命为65×105 km,与现场统计结果较为吻合.     

秦沈客运专线高速列车构架蛇行波标准差的试验研究

国内外大多采用轨道横向不平顺作为列车—桥梁(轨道)时变系统横向振动的激振源。实际上，引起此系统横向振动的因素很多，诸如轨道横向不平顺、车轮踏面锥度、轮轨缺陷、车轮与钢轨的制造误差、车辆质量及其载重的偏心等。仅仅考虑轨道横向不平顺，会忽略其他很多因素的影响。相反，机车车辆构架蛇行波反映了引起此系统横向振动所有因素的影响，同时还反映了轮轨实际接触状态。研究证明，构架蛇行波标准差是输入此系统横向振动的能量，因此，有关它的研究十分重要。本文根据秦沈客运专线高速列车(中华之星)构架蛇行波现场测试结果，采用工程概率数值分析方法，对高速列车构架蛇行波标准差进行了统计分析，得出具有99％概率水平的高速列车构架蛇行波标准差与车速的关系曲线，为高速列车—桥梁(轨道)时变系统横向振动随机分析激振源的确定提供了基础资料；同时还列出了具有代表性的高速列车构架蛇行波实测波形图。     

高精度定向系统控制分析与解算设计

介绍了高精度定向系统控制分析、主要实现方法以及硬件设计。该设计主要解决定向位置的准确测定。它选用以80C196KC单片机为核心的控制器，控制系统工作方式的转换，采集陀螺仪、加速度计、感应同步器的测量数据，通过可编程逻辑器件完成系统的操作。该系统可不依赖外部信息，进行全自主、全天候定向，在侦察车、装甲车、指挥车等领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

车-轨-桥耦合动力系统影响参数分析

为了考虑高速列车、板式无砟轨道和桥梁相互作用的特点,需将列车模拟为质量-弹簧-阻尼多刚体相互约束的系统,通过列车车轮与钢轨的接触关系,建立车-轨-桥耦合系统的运动方程。重点分析了双线列车以不同工况通过高速铁路桥梁时,列车行驶状态(速度和加速度)、列车悬挂系数和钢轨-轨道-桥梁连接参数分别对车-轨-桥耦合系统的动力学性能影响。结果表明,(1)列车的加速度和速度的变化对耦合系统有不同程度的影响,随着列车行驶速度与加速度在一定范围内增加,车体自身结构的位移振动响应逐渐减小,而钢轨和桥梁结构的位移振动响应则不断增加;(2)列车悬挂参数的改变对列车自身结构影响较大,而对钢轨和桥梁结构影响很小;(3)车体一系刚度系数增大会引起列车系统结构振动响应变大,但车体二系刚度系数的增加却抑制了车体结构的振动响应;(4)除了钢轨的最大加速度随着连续刚度系数增加呈线性递减外,列车、钢轨和桥梁的振动响应不易受钢轨与桥梁间连接参数的影响。     

Medium frequency dynamic investigation of the railway wheelset-track system using a discrete-continuous model

Summary In the paper, dynamic interaction between elastic high-speed-train car wheelset and track is studied using a discrete-continuous mechanical model. The model enables to investigate the influence of the parametric excitation from the track as well as static and dynamic unbalances of wheels and brake disks on the dynamic response of the wheelset running at various speeds on the track of various average vertical stiffness. From the results of numerical simulation it follows that particularly severe periodic resonances occur for the track of large stiffness, yielding high vertical dynamic contact forces between the wheels and rails. The maximum dynamic response has been obtained for parameters corresponding to the conditions at which the phenomenon of grumbling noise generation is usually observed in reality. Received 21 January 1997; accepted for publication 29 February 1997     

电梯轿厢-导靴-导轨耦合振动建模与仿真分析

导靴是连接轿厢和导轨的纽带,本文从轿厢导靴导轮-导轨及挡板-导轨的接触出发,推导了接触刚度系数用于计算接触力．建立了一种较为实用的电梯轿厢、导靴和导轨耦合振动的动力学模型,计算了系统在导轨支架多点激励作用下的水平振动响应．结果表明,该模型可以较好的模拟导轮-导轨及挡板-导轨的接触分离现象;电梯运行时,导轨刚度变化产生的参数激励明显放大导靴与导轨的接触力及脱离量,运行速度的影响非常显著．     

低阶谐波磨耗轮对引起的轮轨及等效人体动态响应分析

低阶谐波磨耗轮对不仅会引发高阶谐波磨耗,还会引起列车振动进而影响乘员的舒适性。在传统的10自由度列车模型的基础上,利用集中质量法,将满员时乘客的总质量等效在列车的前后转向架和车体中间三个质量点上,考虑三个等效质量体的沉浮运动,形成了13自由度的人-车模型。该模型既可以研究不同磨耗轮对激励对乘员振动特性的影响,又可以避免将单个乘员纳入系统计算时造成的累计误差。其中轨道结构为多层梁模型,且考虑轮轨接触损失。结果表明,行车速度和磨耗轮对的阶数和波深的增大均会诱发列车发生跳轨现象,影响行车安全。此外,在相同轮对工况下,前端等效人体的垂向加速度均大于车体,所以应该以等效人体而非列车的振动响应来评价乘员舒适性。     

Kinematics of the motorcar body side deformation process during front-to-side vehicle collision and the emergence of a hazard to car occupants

The kinematics of the process of deformation of the motorcar body side in the culminating phase of a front-to-side vehicle collision has been examined as a possible basis for analyzing and modeling the process of emergence of a hazard to car occupants during a road accident. The course of such accidents has a complex nature and their models are necessarily based on the approximation of non-linear elastoplastic characteristics of impact processes, especially during the transition from the compression phase to the restitution phase of the deformation process. For such characteristics to be obtained, a lot of experimental tests have to be carried out. This paper addresses the short-duration processes with a high degree of complexity.

A front-to-side motorcar collision model has been prepared, which made it possible to analyze the process of deformation of the car body side and the emergence of a hazard and injuries to car occupants. The results of calculation of the deformation rate and range in various car body zones, velocity of the test dummy placed on driver’s seat and velocity of possible dummy’s impact against the car body side being deformed may be taken as a basis for designing effective occupant protection systems. The kinematics of the phase of vehicle contact and deformation process was modeled with taking into account results of experimental tests, including the curves characterizing the largely non-linear processes that are decisive for the deformation of the car body side. The deformation processes analyzed on these grounds showed at the same time the range of penetration of the deformed body part into the car interior, which causes a hazard to vehicle occupants. The calculation results have shown e.g. that the car body side is deformed to a depth of 0.2 m as quickly as within 0.02–0.03 s. At such a car body side deformation range, the car body part being deformed hits occupant’s body in his/her hips and pelvis area with a velocity of about 6 m/s.