隔水管弯曲对钻柱振动影响的计算与分析

海洋油气资源钻探中隔水管的弯曲对钻柱振动以及钻进特性有特别的影响。为得到隔水管弯曲对钻柱振动的影响规律,对南海已钻深水井使用非线性有限元软件建立全井钻井数值计算模型,研究获得了不同垂深时隔水管弯曲对钻柱振动特性的影响规律。研究表明:隔水管弯曲会加剧钻柱的振动,钻柱振动加剧会导致钻井能耗上升、钻头切削能力下降并且会加快钻柱疲劳;当隔水管的弯曲达到某临界值,钻柱与隔水管间的接触力会陡增;井口的钩载越大,隔水管弯曲带来的井口钩载波动量越大;井越深,隔水管弯曲对全井钻柱最大弯矩和钻头切削能力的影响越小。     

On the Applicability of the Relations of the Cubic Timoshenko-Type Theory of Shells to the Study of the Postcritical Behavior of Rods

The question of whether the nonlinear Timoshenko-type theory of shells can be applied to the study of the initial postcritical behavior of a rod under compression is considered. The Koiter asymptotic theory in the Budyanskii form is used. The exact solution of the problem is obtained and a formula for the coefficient of postcritical behavior allowing for the effect of lateral-shear strains is derived. It is shown that the expressions (specified to within cubic terms) for lateral-shear strains and curvature permit us to use the nonlinear theory of shells to analyze the initial supercritical behavior of rods     

On the study of the initiation of the micro crack on the smooth surface of polycrystalline

Crystallographic plasticity was applied to study the initiation of micro cracks on the smooth surface of polycrystalline under uniform applied stress. Even under the uniform external stress, due to the different crystallographic orientations of the grains in the polycrystalline, there is un-uniform stress distribution and the deformation is also not uniform. Under the fatigue loading, the roughness increases with the number of fatigue, and deformation will localize in some places, where micro cracks form.     

Investigation of the dynamics of the development of cracks by the method of photoelasticity

An experimental investigation was made of the process of the development of cracks in two materials: polymethyl methacrylate and a polymerized epoxy resin. For these materials, determinations were made of their optical and mechanical characteristics, such as density, the speed of sound, the critical value of the coefficient of singularity of the stress field at the tip of cracks. As the dynamic characteristic of the process of the development of cracks, an investigation is made of the dependences connecting the coefficient of the singularity of the stress field at the tip of a moving crack and the rate of development of the crack. The question of the interaction between two cracks moving in a previously elongated sample is discussed.     

Experimental investigation of the influence of the flow structure on the aerodynamic coefficients of the IXV vehicle

In the framework of the ESA Future Launchers Preparatory Program (FLPP) an experimental study on the aerodynamic behavior during the re-entry phase of the Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV) configuration was conducted in the DLR hypersonic wind tunnel H2K in Cologne. Tests were carried out at Mach 6.0 and 8.7 with different flap deflection angles and the angle of attack varied continuously between 20° and 55° to investigate the flow topology as well as the aerodynamic forces and moments and the surface pressure distribution. The experimental data show that depending on the combination of the flap deflection angle (δ _L/R) and angle of attack (α) the complex flow structure in the vicinity of the flaps significantly influences the vehicle’s aerodynamic coefficients. An analysis of this shock/shock and shock/boundary layer interaction causing flow separation with reattachment is performed.     

Connection between the characteristics of the signal of a shadow instrument and the spectrum of the turbulence

The shadow method is one of the most widely used methods for investigating turbulence [1, 2]. Using a shadow instrument with photoelectric recording, there exists, in principal, the possibility of finding the statistical characteristics of the turbulence from the statistical characteristics of the random signal taken from the instrument. In the present work, an investigation is made of the connection between the mean value and the scattering of the signal of a shadow instrument and the energy spectrum of optical inhomogeneities in the medium.     

Hydraulic modeling of the flow in the delta of the River Neva and in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland

In connection with the construction of Leningrad's flood defenses the flow in the mouth of River Neva has been investigated on hydraulic models of different scales both unpressurized (see, for example, [1, 2]) and pressurized (see, for example, [3]). Since the results of these investigations are being intensively debated in connection with the discussion of the effect of defensive structures on the ecology of the Leningrad region, it is important to analyze the scientific basis for the hydraulic modeling of such flows.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 57–65, September–October, 1990.     

Determination of the radial variations of the density and the shear modulus of a flaw from the angular dependence of the scattering amplitude

The inverse scattering theory is applied to determine the continuous variation of the elastic parameters of spherically symmetric flaw which is located within an isotropic and homogeneous host medium. From the angular dependence of the scattering amplitude, the phase shift for the transverse wave with polarization perpendicular to the scattering plane can be deduced for different partial waves. The knowledge of this set of phase shifts for two frequencies enables one to obtain the radial variation of the density and the shear modulus parameters of the flaw from the solution of a special difference equation which approximates the differential equation for the displacement of the transverse mode. The method has been applied successfully to obtain several different profiles for the density and the shear modulus parameters.     

On the existence of the derivative of the volume average

A general theorem on the derivative of the volume average is formulated and proved. Conditions for the existence of the derivative are presented and discussed. This is done in order to give a better base to the theory of spatial averaging.Latin Letters E ₃ three-dimensional vector space over the field of real numbers - K, K(x) averaging domain - G, G _w, G_s open sets in E ₃; components of the two-phase system - C ¹(G) the set of functions 1-times continuously differentiable in G - W1/2(G) Sobolev space - V volume of the domain K - f function defined in G, G _w - K _infi ^sup* (x), K _infi ^sup– (x) special parts of K(x) Greek Letters boundary of G, G _w, G_s; w-s interface - _ij Kronecker delta - v unit outward normal of G, G _w - _j j-dimensional Lebesgue measure Other M closure of a set M in the metric space E ₃ - f phase average of f for the w-phase - (u, v) scalar product of u, v in E ₃ - one-sided derivatives     

Calculation of the flow in the blade passages of pump-turbines on the basis of solutions of the direct axisymmetric problem of the theory of hydrodynamic machinery

The direct axisymmetric problem of the theory of hydrodynamic machinery is considered for flows in the turbine and pump regimes. In formulating and numerically solving the problem the conditions at the edges of the blade systems [7, 8] expressing the principal conservation laws are taken into account. The three-dimensional pressure distribution in the blade systems is calculated using the asymptotic relations [1, 9]. The results of the calculations are presented and the theoretical and experimental data on the flows in the blade passages of high-speed pump-turbines are compared.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No, 4, pp. 12–19, July–August, 1988.     

Effects of the dilatancy of joints and of the size of the building blocks on the mechanical behavior of masonry structures

The effect of the dilatancy of masonry interfaces and of the size of the building blocks on the strength of masonry structures is quantified herein. The study focuses mainly on out-of-plane loadings, which can appear due to various factors such as wind, earthquakes or explosions. The analysis is performed using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), which allows to access directly various micro-mechanical parameters, such as the joints dilatancy angle and the size of the building blocks. Detailed DEM numerical models of existing experimental configurations are presented. The numerical results are first compared and validated towards the experimental observations and then they are used to derive qualitative and quantitative conclusions regarding the effects of joints dilatancy and blocks size. It is shown that dilatancy plays an important role on the overall strength of masonry even under low confinement. The size of the blocks is also an important parameter that needs to be considered in the modeling of masonry structures.     

Visual representation of the kinematics of the continuum

The purpose of this paper is to present some experimentally determined properties of the continuum. The development starts with the illustration of deformed shapes, or metamorphoses, and the introduction of the concept of displacement. From there on, the development follows the classic mechanics-of-continuum presentation, spatial and time derivatives of displacement, strains, stresses and rigid rotations. To unify the presentation, all considerations are applied to the case of a circular ring subjected to diametral compression. Particular advantage is taken of grids, moiré, brittle-coatings and photoelasticity methods to obtain the physical representations of the properties. The following loci are considered: isokinetics, isothetics, isogonics, isoclinics of displacement, displacement trajectories, loci of partial derivative, isogyros, isotenics, isochromatics, isoclinics of strain and stress, isostatics, isopachics, isobars, isostrophics and isoentatics. The understanding of the properties of these fields helps in the visualization of the mechanics of the continuum, in general, and may prove to be particularly useful in the fields of plasticity and finite strain.     

On the nonlinear dynamics of the traveling-wave solutions of the Serre system

We numerically study nonlinear phenomena related to the dynamics of traveling wave solutions of the Serre equations including the stability, the persistence, the interactions and the breaking of solitary waves. The numerical method utilizes a high-order finite-element method with smooth, periodic splines in space and explicit Runge–Kutta methods in time. Other forms of solutions such as cnoidal waves and dispersive shock waves are also considered. The differences between solutions of the Serre equations and the Euler equations are also studied.     

Applications of the LIF method for the diagnostics of the combustion process of gas-IC-engines

Within the underlying project, the task was to develop methods for optical measurements in a hydrogen-fuelled engine with direct-injection, with the goal of measuring the jet patterns during injection, the stratification of the charge at ignition point and the propagation of the flame during combustion. Therefore, the method of planar laser-induced-fluorescence (PLIF) was chosen. In order to apply this technique for the named tasks, particular methods the visualisation of fuel distribution and the flame front were developed. The measurements were carried out on a single cylinder research engine installed at the Institute for Internal Combustion Engines at Graz University of Technology. This engine features optical access through a quartz-glass liner and a window in the piston while providing a layout equivalent to modern passenger car engines and the possibility to operate in fired mode. As it is hardly feasible to directly excite molecular hydrogen by means of laser light, it is necessary to add a tracer substance to the fuel that provides high fluorescence intensity while not changing the properties of the fuel. Consequently, Triethylamine was chosen as a tracer to be mixed with hydrogen at 200 ppm, which allows it to be used up to a maximum pressure of 200 bar while still providing a strong LIF signal. Due to the excellent linearity of the signal to the local air/fuel-ratio it was possible to develop a method for the calibration of the images in order to compensate for inhomogeneities of the laser beam and staining of the optical access and to ultimately allow a quantification of the fuel distribution. The results are images scaled on air/fuel-ratio which can be used for a direct optimisation of mixture formation processes and the validation of CFD-models. For the analysis of the combustion process the method was adapted with two different approaches. For homogeneous charges a new method was applied by marking the flame front using the tracer within the fuel, so that both are burned together. However, as this method is limited to measurements with a homogeneous distribution of tracer within the measured volume, an alternative technique had to be applied for the measurement of stratified charges. In this case, a direct visualisation of the flame front was achieved by exciting the OH-radicals formed during combustion. As this method has significantly increased demands on measuring equipment and is more time consuming, both methods are used in parallel on specific measuring tasks.     

大型机械式挖掘机铲斗设计技术研究

根据引进产品P＆H2300XP挖掘机的现场实测数据,对其铲斗进行了大量的数据分析研究。在分析过程中,合理确定铲斗边界约束及斗齿处计算载荷是铲斗计算分析的难点。文章运用力的线性叠加原理成功地解决了这一问题,分析了铲斗各部分的结构性能,并讨论了载荷对铲斗分析的影响。     

On the Global Geometric Structure of the Dynamics of the Elastic Pendulum

We approach the planar elastic pendulum as a singular perturbation of the pendulum to show that its dynamics are governed by global two-dimensional invariant manifolds of motion. One of the manifolds is nonlinear and carries purely slow periodic oscillations. The other one, on the other hand, is linear and carries purely fast radial oscillations. For sufficiently small coupling between the angular and radial degrees of freedom, both manifolds are global and orbitally stable up to energy levels exceeding that of the unstable equilibrium of the system. For fixed value of coupling, the fast invariant manifold bifurcates transversely to create unstable radial oscillations exhibiting energy transfer. Poincaré sections of iso-energetic manifolds reveal that only motions on and near a separatrix emanating from the unstable region of the fast invariant manifold exhibit energy transfer.     

Singularities of the boundary layer equations and the structure of the flow in the vicinity of the convergence plane on conical bodies

The singularities of the boundary layer equations and the laminar viscous gas flow structure in the vicinity of the convergence plane on sharp conical bodies at incidence are analyzed. In the outer part of the boundary layer the singularities are obtained in explicit form. It is shown that in the vicinity of a singularity a boundary domain, in which the flow is governed by the shortened Navier-Stokes equations, is formed; their regular solutions are obtained. The viscous-inviscid interaction effect predominates in a region whose extent is of the order of the square root of the boundary layer thickness, in which the flow is described by a two-layer model, namely, the Euler equations in the slender-body approximation for the outer region and the three-dimensional boundary layer equations; the pressure is determined from the interaction conditions. On the basis of an analysis of the solutions for the outer part of the boundary layer it is shown that interaction leads to attenuation of the singularities and the dependence of the nature of the flow on the longitudinal coordinate, but does not make it possible to eliminate the singularities completely.     

Effect of the impulse of a meteorite on the dimensions of the impact crater

Formulas for the diameter and depth of an explosion crater are obtained which take into account the energy and impulse of the explosion products, rock strength, burial depth of the explosive charge, and gravity. Using the explosive-shock analogy, the obtained relations are extended to the case of meteorite (impactor) impact on the planet’s crust (target). It is shown that in the gravity cratering regime, the influence of the impulse of the impactor is significant and increases with increasing its size. In the strength cratering regime, the impulse has little effect on crater dimensions. It is established that crater dimensions are determined mainly by the kinetic energy of the impactor and, to a lesser degree, by its impulse.     

On the refinement of boundary conditions for the beam model of the cantilever of the atomic force microscope and their influence on the interpretation of the measurement results

We study the influence of the boundary conditions of the cantilever beam model of the atomic-force microscope (AFM) on the computational results. We show that the influence of the elasticity of the contact (usually treated as rigid) between the cantilever and the massive part can be very significant in several cases.