垂向动载下饱和砂土液化发展的数值模拟

针对一维应变情况,建立了垂向荷载作用时饱和砂土的一维应变动力学模型,然后进行了分析。得到了在垂向荷载作用下,饱和砂土液化发展过程的特性。结果表明,渗透系数越小,骨架强度越低,扰动强度越大,液化发展越快。     

胶新铁路砂土液化区路基沉降规律研究

地震液化常给人们带来巨大损失,而剪切振动和循环荷载作用下的动力学效应常被认为是地震液化的主要原因,人们对剪切荷载作用下饱和砂土的液化问题进行了较多的研究,而对循环荷载作用下砂土液化的动力学效应研究较少。胶新铁路在DK39+000开始为高地震烈度区,DK283+550~DK283+770分布有地震可液化层,工程修建后列车动荷载的影响将会有诱发砂土液化的可能性。为了研究通车前自然沉降特征和通车后循环荷载作用下的路基沉降变形规律,本文在具体分析了砂土液化的概念和准则判别的基础上,重点分析了砂土液化区路基沉降特征,包括测试断面竖向分层沉降变形特征分析和路基水平位移特征分析。最后在试验的基础上,从理论上给出了循环荷载下砂土的本构关系。     

On the mechanism of the formation of horizontal cracks in a vertical column of saturated sand

Extended horizontal cracks have been observed experimentally in a vertical column of saturated sand when a flow of water is forced to percolate upward through it. This paper provides a theory for this phenomenon. It will be shown that the presence of inhomogeneity in permeability along the length of the column is essential for such cracks to develop. It will also be shown that small initial inhomogeneity may be magnified through the transport of the finer component of the sand by percolation. Under certain conditions liquefaction takes place at a section of the sand column causing a crack to initiate and grow there. This theory is found to be in good qualitative agreement with the experimental findings. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19832010)     

Wave-induced liquefaction of a saturated sand layer

The paper presents a theoretical study of the dynamic liquefaction of a saturated sand layer. The motion of the sand is induced by a periodic disturbance at the lower boundary of the layer, which simulates the influence of a plane excitation wave coming from below. The initial boundary value problem is solved numerically with the use of the hypoplastic constitutive equation for particular sand. Both horizontal and vertical disturbances are considered. The repeated deformation caused by a strong dynamic disturbance results in the reduction of the effective pressure and in the liquefaction of the sand. The degree of liquefaction as a function of the depth is nonuniform. The liquefaction patterns produced by vertical and horizontal disturbances are completely different. Received February 22, 2000     

泥石流的启动分析

分析了由于振动或冲刷等动载荷引起散体堆积物的液化或流态化而导致的泥石流．据此,认为这是在小坡角（１０°以内）条件下泥石流形成的主要原因．     

用于吸力式基础离心机模拟的动力加载设备

吸力式桶形基础广泛地应用于海洋油气开发的海洋平台。在冬季，渤海冰排会对平台产生强烈的冲击，引起振动。本文介绍了一套用于土工离心机实验的动力加载设备，并介绍了该套设备在模拟吸力式桶形基础在受到等效动冰载作用下的响应的实验研究情况及实验结果。结杲表明，当载荷幅值超过一个临界值时，地基上部会发生软化甚至液化。超孔隙水压从土体上部到下部，从桶形基础壁面到远处逐渐减小。在动载荷作用下，桶形基础和临近土体会发生大的沉降。桶形基础尺寸越小，动载荷响应越大。     

Dynamic effective shear strength of saturated sand

The dynamic effective shear strength of saturated sand under cyclic loading is discussed in this paper. The discussion includes the transient time dependency behaviors based on the analysis of the results obtained in conventional cyclic triaxial tests and cyclic torsional shear triaxial tests. It has been found that the dynamic effective shear strength is composed of effective frictional resistance and viscous resistance, which are characterized by the strain rate dependent feature of strength magnitude, the coupling of consolidation stress with cyclic stress and the dependency of time needed to make the soil strength sufficiently mobilized, and can also be expressed by the extended Mohr-Coulomb's law. The two strength parameters of the dynamic effective internal frictional angle φ_d and the dynamic viscosity coefficient η are determined. The former is unvaried for different number of cyclic loading, dynamic stress form and consolidation stress ratio. And the later is unvaried for the different dynamic shear strain rate developed during the sand liquefaction, but increases with the increase of initial density of sand. The generalization of dynamic effective stress strength criterion in the 3-dimensional effective stress space is studied in detail for the purpose of its practical use. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10172070)     

VERTICAL VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF AXISYMMETRIC SATURATED SOIL

Based on Biot’s dynamic consolidation equations,by means of Laplace-Hankel transform technology,the integral solutions of stress and displacement in saturated soil with subjacent rock-stratum under axisymmetric arbitrary excitations were derived.In- fluence of the reflected wave generated by the boundary was revealed.Numerical results indicate that the vibration frequency has some effect on the vertical displacement of satu- rated soil.The vertical displacement at the surface of saturated soil lags in phase with the load.Furthermore,the dynamic permeability coefficient of saturated soil has significant effect on the vertical displacement at the initial stage of load applied,but when the load becomes stable,the effect is inapparent.     

Unified analysis of liquefaction and the ground flow phenomenon

Loose saturated sand behaves as a solid before liquefaction but as a fluid when the excess pore water pressure equals the initial confining stress, after which it recovers its strength. A simple constitutive equation for loose saturated sand was developed to express the phase transformation between a solid and fluid during liquefaction and the ground flow phenomenon. This constitutive equation was used for a shaking table test, and its applicability was investigated by comparing numerical and experimental results Published in Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 129–144, August 2007. An erratum to this article is available at .     

常德-张家界高速公路某大桥桥基砂土液化评价

结合常德—张家界高速公路某大桥桥基工程,在DSD—160型电磁式振动三轴试验仪上,通过往返加荷三轴试验,对饱和砂土进行了液化试验研究,探讨了基于动三轴液化试验结果判断饱和砂土液化的方法。并尝试了这种室内研究—反应分析的液化可能性估计方法与地震剪应力时程相结合的综合判断方法。在该高速公路大桥桥基的饱和砂土液化评价中,采用这种综合判断方法,对大桥桥基砂土液化进行了判断。在判断场地是否液化后,对其液化危害程度进行了等级划分,给出了该工程场地在未来遭受到不同超越概率下的地震作用时发生液化的危害程度,得到了一些有工程实用意义的结果。     

Centrifugal experimental study of suction bucket foundations under dynamic loading

Centrifugal experiments were carried out to investigate the responses of suction bucket foundations under horizontal and vertical dynamic loading. It is shown that when the loading amplitude is over a critical value, the sand at the upper part around the bucket is softened or even liquefied. The excess pore pressure decreases from the upper part to the lower part of the sand layer in the vertical direction and decreases radially from the bucket’s side wall in the horizontal direction. Large settlements of the bucket and the sand layer around the bucket are induced by dynamic loading. The dynamic responses of the bucket with smaller height (the same diameter) are heavier. The project supported by the fund of Chinese Ocean Oil Co. and Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-302-02).     

Experimental Investigation on the Permeability Evolution of Compacted Broken Coal

Given the importance of airflow seepage properties to coal self-oxidation in gob, this paper develops a method and self-designed apparatus to assess seepage properties of compacted broken coal. This study mainly focuses on the strain, porosity and permeability evolution under the different conditions of particle size, vertical stress and temperature. The studied results show: (1) The strain, porosity and permeability were enlarged when the particle size increased under the same loading stress. The porosity and permeability reduced when the vertical stress increased. (2) The non-Darcy coefficient was negative in all tests, but the absolute value of the non-Darcy coefficient generally increased when the vertical stress increased. (3) The experiment results indicated that the larger the particle was, the easier to be compacted. The larger the grain diameter was, the lower the porosity and permeability were, which shown that the void volume in broken coal with larger grain diameters could be easily compacted. (4) The permeability was reduced when the temperature increased, which indicated the permeability of the compacted broken coal decreased during low-temperature oxidation in gob. (5) By the effects of stress and the particle size diameter on the porosity and permeability, the vertical stress recovery and generally increase are advantageous to reduce the porosity and permeability in gob. It is favorable to reduce the porosity and permeability and prevent coal self-heating by reducing the degree of fragmentation and percentage of small particles or consolidate the small particles.     

Injection of A Hydrate-Forming Gas into A Snow Layer Saturated with the Same Gas

The problem of injection of a hydrate-forming gas (methane) into a snow layer whose pores are initially saturated with the same gas is solved. Self-similar solutions describing the temperature and pressure fields and the snow, hydrate, and gas distributions in the layer are constructed. It is shown that, depending on the initial thermobaric state of the snow–methane system and the rate of gas injection, three characteristic zones can be distinguished in the filtration region: a near zone, in which snow is completely converted into hydrate and, consequently, the hydrate layer is saturated with gas; an intermediate zone, in which gas, snow, and hydrate are in phase equilibrium; far zone filled with gas and snow. It is shown that the length of the heated zone decreases with increasing initial snow content in the layer and with decreasing injected gas pressure. It is also shown that the length of the region of hydrate formation increases with increasing permeability. It is noted that the heating of the intermediate zone occurs more rapidly.     

Injection of carbon dioxide into a reservoir saturated with methane and water

This paper presents a mathematical model for the injection of carbon dioxide into a natural gas reservoir saturated with methane and water accompanied by the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate in an extended region. The dependence of the coordinates of the boundaries of the region of phase transitions on the pressure of the injected gas and the initial parameters of the reservoir are investigated. It is established that the velocity of the near boundary of the region of hydrate formation decreases with increasing water saturation and initial temperature of the reservoir and the velocity of the far boundary of the region of phase transitions increases with increasing pressure of the injected gas and reservoir permeability. It is shown that at high initial temperatures of the reservoir, a regime is possible in which replacement of methane by carbon dioxide without hydrate formation occurs at the far interface, and at the near interface, water is completely incorporated into gas hydrate.     

基于尖点突变模型的地震液化和孔压研究

地震液化是一种严重的自然灾害，然而如何准确判断液化目前作的还很不成功。本文以经过持时修正的能量函数和经过粘粒及上覆压力修正的标贯击数为控制变量，以孔压发展为状态变量，根据液化的物理意义、室内孔压发展曲线的特点和国内外实测液化资料，建立了基于修正Zeeman突变方程的孔压液化发展模型。在此基础上，利用统计学中控制“弃真”概率的方法，确定了分叉曲线和新旧坐标之间的转换关系并且从统计的角度给出了不同土的孔压发展曲线。从孔压发展曲线看，对于R＞0的任何土，超静水压力均达不到1，其实这正好反映了宏观液化现象。在宏观震害中，只要有喷水冒砂现象即认为是液化，超静水压力只要能克服埋深而无须达到上覆压力即可使地下水到达地面从而显现宏观液化现象。检验结果表明这一模型是合理的。     

Permeability Reduction by Sediment Retention in Saturated Sand Columns

Recently, researchers in coastal engineering have paid more attention to the role of sediment (particulate organic matter adsorbed on fine solid particles, diameter range 1– $100~\upmu $ m) in considering the biodiversity of estuaries. In this study, permeability reduction of saturated sand columns by sediment retention is investigated through laboratory experiments. Water-based sediment was injected through vertical sand columns under a constant water head difference, with different flow rates, porosities of the sand columns, and the chemical properties of sediment. It was found that the permeability reduction was uniquely correlated with flow rate and sediment properties; that is, increasing flow rate or using sediment containing high amounts of organic matter causes a significant reduction in permeability. Furthermore, an approximate experimental equation is proposed to predict the retention mass of sediment. This equation can predict the retention mass with a relative error of less than 5 %. In addition, a new model is proposed to determine the permeability reduction by sediment retention. This model could predict the permeability reduction with a relative error of 10 %.     

饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模

饱和砂土在循环加卸载过程中,土体发生显著的组构变化和塑性变形的累积。试验现象分析表明,循环过程中,砂土的首次与再循环塑性模量既有区别又有联系。因此,论文引入考虑组构变化的剪胀内变量,并提出循环塑性模量的关系式,真实描述上述两种现象;进而基于已有本构模型的基础上,建立饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模型。最后,将饱和砂土的模型预测结果与三轴试验结果进行验证对比,得到较好地吻合,这表明该模型能够合理反映饱和砂土循环加卸载的变形行为。     

岩石对冲击波的非线性动态响应

对干燥、饱水、饱泵油大理岩和饱和砂岩进行了SHPB冲击压缩实验,得到了干燥岩石和饱和岩石的应力波衰减规律。在应力波传播过程中,其幅值有较大的衰减,干燥岩石的衰减最大,且孔隙度越大衰减越大,饱和岩石还存在较强的波弥散效应。在小于岩石屈服强度时,多次冲击加载下获得随冲击加载次数的增加,加载模量增大,残余应变减小的压实效应。这一结果可用于大型地震工程和防护工程的设计和建造。     

复杂加载条件下的砂土本构模型

试验表明,饱和砂土的应力应变关系具有显著的密度以及压力依存性,上述两点构成了描述砂土静力加载下变形特性无法忽视的因素. 此外,在循环加载等复杂加载作用下,砂土还会表现出明显的应力诱导各向异性以及相变转换特性. 基于在e--p空间中存在唯一的临界状态线这一基本假定,通过在e--p空间中引入当前状态点与临界状态线的距离R来作为反映密度与压力依存特性的状态参量, 将变相应力比以及峰值应力比表达为状态参量的指数函数,将上述应力比参量引入到统一硬化参量中可准确地反映初始状态下围压、密度 对于单调加载下应力应变关系的影响规律,能描述砂土剪缩、剪胀,应变软化、硬化等特性. 采用非相关联流动法则,p--q空间中采用水滴型屈服面,塑性势面为椭圆面,松砂在单调加载下的静态液化现象也可描述. 为反映循环加载下塑性体积应变的累积特性以及塑形偏应变的滞回特性,在循环加载下将状态参量R表达为应力比参量,并在硬化参数中引入描述应力诱导各向异性特性的旋转硬化部分,所提模型可有效地描述循环加载下剪切模量的衰减特性、刚度衰化性质、强度减小特性,在不排水约束作用下,则会产生往返活动性现象. 通过一系列的模型模拟与试验结果对比,验证了本构模型的有效性及适用性.      

Blast-induced waves in soil around a tunnel

The paper is concerned with the numerical modelling of waves in saturated granular soil around a cylindrical tunnel with a tubbing-type lining. The waves are induced by a short-term large-amplitude load on the tunnel wall. The soil is assumed to be fully saturated or contain a small amount (a few volume percent) of free gas in the pore water. The behaviour of the solid skeleton is described by a constitutive relation of the hypoplasticity theory. The presence of gas makes the soil stiffness stronger pressure dependent and leads to the formation of a shock front in the soil in the immediate vicinity of the tunnel. Free gas in the pore water is shown to be an adverse factor from the viewpoint of both the residual state of the soil and the deformation of the lining. A permanent reduction of the effective stresses in the soil caused by the wave is stronger for the soil with gas. For a sufficiently large loading amplitude, the wave may lead to the vanishing of the effective stresses and liquefaction of the soil. It is also shown that the presence of gas increases the displacement and the velocity of the tubbings.