Non-linear vibrations of imperfect free-edge circular plates and shells

Large-amplitude, geometrically non-linear vibrations of free-edge circular plates with geometric imperfections are addressed in this work. The dynamic analog of the von Kármán equations for thin plates, with a stress-free initial deflection, is used to derive the imperfect plate equations of motion. An expansion onto the eigenmode basis of the perfect plate allows discretization of the equations of motion. The associated non-linear coupling coefficients for the imperfect plate with an arbitrary shape are analytically expressed as functions of the cubic coefficients of a perfect plate. The convergence of the numerical solutions are systematically addressed by comparisons with other models obtained for specific imperfections, showing that the method is accurate to handle shallow shells, which can be viewed as imperfect plate. Finally, comparisons with a real shell are shown, showing good agreement on eigenfrequencies and mode shapes. Frequency-response curves in the non-linear range are compared in a very peculiar regime displayed by the shell with a 1:1:2 internal resonance. An important improvement is obtained compared to a perfect spherical shell model, however some discrepancies subsist and are discussed.     

Periodic solutions of strongly non-linear Mathieu oscillators

The purpose of this paper is to continue our investigation into periodic solutions of strongly non-linear Mathieu oscillators. The modified version of the generalized averaging method which we developed recently is applied to derive highly accurate analytical expressions for these periodic solutions. These analytical results are used, together with the perturbation methods of multiple time scaling, to obtain second order expressions for the stability regions of these periodic solutions. The analytical research results are verified with numerical computations. Very good agreement is found, which shows the applicability of the modified version of the generalized averaging method to this kind of strongly non-linear oscillators. These oscillators may be used to model the beam-beam interaction in particle accelerators.     

An exact analytical approach for in-plane and out-of-plane free vibration analysis of thick laminated transversely isotropic plates

In this article, the governing equations of motion of thick laminated transversely isotropic plates are derived based on Reddy’s third-order shear deformation theory. These equations are exactly converted to four uncoupled equations to study the in-plane and out-of-plane free vibrations of thick laminated plates without any usage of approximate methods. Based on the present analytical approach, exact Levy-type solutions are obtained for thick laminated transversely isotropic plates and, for some boundary conditions, the exact characteristic equations hitherto not reported in the literature are given. Also, the in-plane and out-of-plane deformed mode shapes are plotted for different boundary conditions. The present solutions can accurately predict both the in-plane and out-of-plane natural frequencies and mode shapes of thick laminated transversely isotropic plates.     

A comprehensive analytical solution for free vibration of rectangular plates with classical edge coditions: Experimental verification

The problem of obtaining free vibration frequencies and mode shapes of rectangular plates resting on combinations of classical (i.e., clamped, simply supported, or free) edge supports is one that has been investigated for more than one hundred years. More recently, the superposition method has been developed for obtaining accurate analytical-type solutions for this family of problems. The object of this paper is to report on the results of numerous experimental tests carefully performed in order to verify the superposition method and associated computer software. Experimental and computed results are compared for a wide range of plate configurations. Very good agreement between theory and experiment has been obtained with regard to both plate natural frequencies and mode shapes. It is concluded that this computational procedure constitutes a powerful new tool for analysis of rectangular plate vibration problems.     

Geometrically non-linear free and forced vibrations of simply supported circular cylindrical shells: A semi-analytical approach

The non-linear free and forced vibrations of simply supported thin circular cylindrical shells are investigated using Lagrange's equations and an improved transverse displacement expansion. The purpose of this approach was to provide engineers and designers with an easy method for determining the shell non-linear mode shapes, with their corresponding amplitude dependent non-linear frequencies. The Donnell non-linear shell theory has been used and the flexural deformations at large vibration amplitudes have been taken into account. The transverse displacement expansion has been made using two terms including both the driven and the axisymmetric modes, and satisfying the simply supported boundary conditions. The non-linear dynamic variational problem obtained by applying Lagrange's equations was then transformed into a static case by adopting the harmonic balance method. Minimisation of the energy functional with respect to the basic function contribution coefficients has led to a simple non-linear multi-modal equation, the solution of which gives in the case of a single mode assumption an expression for the non-linear frequencies which is much simpler than that derived from the non-linear partial differential equation obtained previously by several authors. Quantitative results based on the present approach have been computed and compared with experimental data. The good agreement found was very satisfactory, in comparison with previous old and recent theoretical approaches, based on sophisticated numerical methods, such as the finite element method (FEM), the method of normal forms (MNF), and analytical methods, such as the perturbation method.     

Perturbation solution for impulsively loaded viscoplastic plates

A perturbation technique was used to determine large deflection response of viscoplastic clamped circular plates to uniform impulsive loading. Using a simple membrane model of the plate and assuming a strain rate dependence of the matched viscous type a non-linear eigenvalue problem for the determination of mode shape was formulated and solved by means of a modified Rayleigh-Schrödinger method. An explicit formula was derived for the maximum central deflection of the plate. The prediction of the present solution was compared with experimental results concerning impulsively loaded mild steel and titanium plates, recently reported in the literature. A remarkably good agreement was obtained for all test configurations considered.     

Surface and non-local effects for non-linear analysis of Timoshenko beams

In this paper, we present a non-local non-linear finite element formulation for the Timoshenko beam theory. The proposed formulation also takes into consideration the surface stress effects. Eringen׳s non-local differential model has been used to rewrite the non-local stress resultants in terms of non-local displacements. Geometric non-linearities are taken into account by using the Green–Lagrange strain tensor. A C⁰ beam element with three degrees of freedom has been developed. Numerical solutions are obtained by performing a non-linear analysis for bending and free vibration cases. Simply supported and clamped boundary conditions have been considered in the numerical examples. A parametric study has been performed to understand the effect of non-local parameter and surface stresses on deflection and vibration characteristics of the beam. The solutions are compared with the analytical solutions available in the literature. It has been shown that non-local effect does not exist in the nano-cantilever beam (Euler–Bernoulli beam) subjected to concentrated load at the end. However, there is a significant effect of non-local parameter on deflections for other load cases such as uniformly distributed load and sinusoidally distributed load (Cheng et al. (2015) [10]). In this work it has been shown that for a cantilever beam with concentrated load at free end, there is definitely a dependency on non-local parameter when Timoshenko beam theory is used. Also the effect of local and non-local boundary conditions has been demonstrated in this example. The example has also been worked out for other loading cases such as uniformly distributed force and sinusoidally varying force. The effect of the local or non-local boundary conditions on the end deflection in all these cases has also been brought out.     

Dynamics of cable truss via polynomial shape functions

A model for the in-plane dynamic behaviour of a biconcave cable structure, subject to large static deformations and potentially slack harnesses is proposed, based on polynomial shape functions, in line with the classical Ritz method. The model provides a semi-analytical approach to the calculation of natural frequencies and modal shapes of the structure. The proposed formulation leads to an eigenvalue problem, based on a reduced number of degrees of freedom compared with equivalent FEM solutions, providing the basis for fast and accurate sensitivity analysis. The behaviour of the deformed structure is analysed in detail to understand the non-linear effects of non-symmetric mass and load distribution and slack harnesses on natural frequencies and corresponding modal shapes. Results confirm the relevance of the non-linear effects, due to the statically loaded configuration, on the linear vibrations of the structure, in particular evidencing the influence of the slackening of harnesses on modal shapes. Results are compared to analytical models, where available (single sagged cable), and to FEM solutions (for cable trusses with non-uniform mass and load distribution and potentially slack harnesses), providing good agreement.

     

Damping for large-amplitude vibrations of plates and curved panels,Part 1: Modeling and experiments

Theoretical and experimental non-linear vibrations of thin rectangular plates and curved panels subjected to out-of-plane harmonic excitation are investigated. Experiments have been performed on isotropic and laminated sandwich plates and panels with supported and free boundary conditions. A sophisticated measuring technique has been developed to characterize the non-linear behavior experimentally by using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer and a stepped-sine testing procedure. The theoretical approach is based on Donnell's non-linear shell theory (since the tested plates are very thin) but retaining in-plane inertia, taking into account the effect of geometric imperfections. A unified energy approach has been utilized to obtain the discretized non-linear equations of motion by using the linear natural modes of vibration. Moreover, a pseudo arc-length continuation and collocation scheme has been used to obtain the periodic solutions and perform bifurcation analysis. Comparisons between numerical simulations and the experiments show good qualitative and quantitative agreement. It is found that, in order to simulate large-amplitude vibrations, a damping value much larger than the linear modal damping should be considered. This indicates a very large and non-linear increase of damping with the increase of the excitation and vibration amplitude for plates and curved panels with different shape, boundary conditions and materials.     

The application of 2D base force element method (BFEM) to geometrically non-linear analysis

Based on the concept of the base forces by Gao, a new finite element method – the base force element method (BFEM) on complementary energy principle for two-dimensional geometrically non-linear problems is presented. A 4-mid-node plane element model of the BFEM for geometrically non-linear problem is derived by assuming that the stress is uniformly distributed on each sides of a plane element. The explicit formulations of the control equations for the BFEM are derived using the modified complementary energy principle. The BFEM is naturally universal for small displacement and large displacement problems. A number of example problems are solved using the BFEM and the results are compared with corresponding analytical solutions and those obtained from the standard displacement finite element method. A good agreement of the results, and better performance of the BFEM, compared to the displacement model, in the large displacement and large rotation calculations, is observed.     

基于等效系统假定的变厚度板弯曲广义积分变换解

针对等厚度薄板的弯曲问题,研究人员已给出了基于不同数值算法的经典数值解。针对变厚度薄板弯曲问题的解答较少,且以有限元数值模拟计算为主,计算耗时较大。本文基于广义积分变换原理建立了求解变厚度等效系统的广义积分变换算法,分析了线性和二次变化的变厚度板在多种边界条件下的弯曲问题,利用文献已发表结果同本文建立的广义积分变换解进行验证。计算结果表明,本文建立的基于广义积分变换的变厚度板弯曲求解方法具有较高准确性。同时,通过参数化分析手段,分别利用广义积分变换方法和有限元数值模拟方法讨论了不同边界约束和长宽比等条件对中心点处挠度的影响,计算结果具有较好的一致性,证明本文建立的广义积分变换方法可用于求解变厚度板弯曲问题,且具有较高的准确性。     

Vibrations of segmented shells

An analytical and experimental investigation was performed to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a cone-cylinder segmented shell. The finite-element technique was used to predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a clamped segmented shell. In the experimental phase of the program, the shell was excited by an electromagnet and the natural frequencies were determined with the aid of a microphone. Holographic interferometry was used to identify the mode shapes for each resonant frequency. The analytical and experimental results were in good agreement with one another.     

Non-linear study of electrohydrodynamic Rayleigh-Taylor instability in a composite fluid-porous layer

The non-linear electrohydrodynamic RTI in presence of electric field bounded above by porous layer and below by a rigid surface, have been studied based on electrohydrodynamic approximations in the effect similar to the Stokes and lubrication approximations. The non-linear problem is studied numerically in the present paper using the Adams-Bashforth predictor and Adams-Moulton corrector numerical techniques. In the conclusion, the non-linear problem discussed here is quite different from that of Babchin et al. (1983) [10] considering the plane Couette flow. The present problem is greatly influenced by the slip velocity at the interface between porous layer and thin film. It is not amenable to analytical treatment as that of Babchin et al. [10]. Therefore, numerical solutions have to be found. Fourth-order accurate central differences are used for spatial discretization using predictor and corrector numerical technique.     

Theoretical model for elliptical tube laterally impacted by two parallel rigid plates

An analytical model is developed to study the crushing behavior and energy absorption capability of a single elliptical tube impacted by two parallel rigid plates, with and without consideration of the strain hardening effect. The four-hinge collapse mechanism is used, and the governing equation is derived from Lagrange equations of the second kind. The numerical simulation of the dynamic response of the elliptical tube under impact using the finite element explicit code LS-DYNA is performed. The reaction force-displacement curve and displacement-time curve of the plate obtained from the two methods are in good agreement.     

The stability of elastically strained nanorings and the formation of quantum dot molecules

Self-assembled nanorings have recently been identified in a number of heteroepitaxially strained material systems. Under some circumstances these rings have been observed to break up into ring-shaped quantum dot molecules. A general non-linear model for the elastic strain energy of non-axisymmetric epitaxially strained nanostructures beyond the small slope assumption is developed. This model is then used to investigate the stability of strained nanorings evolving via surface diffusion subject to perturbations around their circumference. An expression for the fastest growing mode is determined and related to experimental observations. The model predicts a region of stability for rings below a critical radius, and also a region for larger rings which have a proportionally small thickness. The predictions of the model are shown to be consistent with the available results. For the heteroepitaxial InP on In_0.5Ga_0.5P system investigated by Jevasuwan et al. (2013), the nanorings are found to be stable below a certain critical size. This is in good quantitative agreement with the model predictions. At larger sizes, the rings are unstable. The number of dots in the resulting quantum dot molecule is similar to the mode number for the fastest growing mode. Second order terms show that the number of dots is expected to reduce as the height of the ring increases in proportion to its thickness. The strained In_0.4Ga_0.6As on GaAs nanorings of Hanke et al. (2007) are always stable and this is in accordance with the findings of the analysis. The Au nanorings of Ruffino et al. (2011) are stable as well, even as they expand during annealing. This observation is also shown to be consistent with the proposed model, which is expected to be useful in the design and tailoring of heteroepitaxial systems for the self-organisation of quantum dot molecules.     

Large amplitude non-linear oscillations of a general conservative system

This paper presents new, approximate analytical solutions to large-amplitude oscillations of a general, inclusive of odd and non-odd non-linearity, conservative single-degree-of-freedom system. Based on the original general non-linear oscillating system, two new systems with odd non-linearity are to be addressed. Building on the approximate analytical solutions of odd non-linear systems developed by the authors earlier, we construct the new approximate analytical solutions to the original general non-linear system by combinatory piecing of the approximate solutions corresponding to, respectively, the two new systems introduced. These approximate solutions are valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation for which the perturbation method either provides inaccurate solutions or is inapplicable. Two examples with excellent approximate analytical solutions are presented to illustrate the great accuracy and simplicity of the new formulation.     

Postbuckling and mode jumping analysis of composite laminates using an asymptotically correct, geometrically non-linear theory

An analytic method is presented in this paper to study the postbuckling and mode jumping behavior of bi-axially compressed composite laminates. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are derived rigorously from an asymptotically correct, geometrically non-linear theory. A novel and relatively simpler solution approach is developed to solve the two coupled fourth-order PDEs, namely, the compatibility equation and the dynamic governing equation. The generalized Galerkin method is used to solve boundary value problems corresponding to antisymmetric angle-ply and cross-ply composite plates, respectively. The variety of possible modal interactions is expressed in an explicit and concise form by transforming the coupled non-linear governing equations into a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs).

The comparison between the present method and the finite element analysis (FEA) shows a pretty good match in their numerical results in the primary postbuckling region. While the FEA may lose its convergence when solution comes close to the secondary bifurcation point, the analytic approach has the capability of exploring deeply into the post-secondary buckling realm and capture the mode jumping phenomenon for various combinations of plate configurations and in-plane boundary conditions. Free vibration along the stable primary postbuckling and the jumped equilibrium paths are also studied.     

A study of main and secondary resonances in non-linear multi-degree-of-freedom vibrating systems

A uniform study of all types of resonances that can occur in non-linear, dissipative multi-degree-of-freedom systems subject to sinusoidal excitation is presented. The theoretical investigation is based on a harmonic or multi-harmonic solution and the Ritz method. The new approach suggests that non-linear normal mode shape or the so-called “coupled” non-linear mode shapes are those which are retained in resonance conditions, no matter what type of resonancemain, or secondary, periodic or almost-periodic.

By introducing the concept of non-linear normal coordinates the response of an n-degree-of-freedom system is described, to a satisfactory degree of accuracy, by a single coordinate in the case of main or secondary-periodic resonance, or by p coordinates in the case of almost-periodic (combination) resonance with p harmonic components.

Numerical examples indicate good agreement of theoretical and analog computer results and illustrate considerable discrepancies between resonance curves calculated by the commonly used “single linear mode approach” and the suggested “single non-linear mode approach”.     

Large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow from the corotational Maxwell model

Using the single relaxation time corotational Maxwell fluid, we derive explicit analytical expressions for the first, third, and fifth harmonics of the alternating shear stress response in large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). We also derive corresponding expressions for the zeroth, second, and fourth harmonics of both the first and second normal stress differences. These harmonics are found to depend upon just two dimensionless groups: the Deborah and Weissenberg numbers, each of which causes non-Newtonian behavior. The form of the solution for the corotational Maxwell model in LAOS matches the forms of the analytical solutions for two molecular models for dilute solutions and one for concentrated solutions or melts. We also derive an analytical solution for the corotational Maxwell model after startup of LAOS. For this we find that both small and large amplitude cases approach a periodic limit cycle (alternance) at the same rate for both the shear stress response and for the normal stress differences. For molten high density polyethylene that is lightly filled with carbon black, we find good quantitative agreement with measured LAOS behavior when our analytical solution is superposed for multiple relaxation times.     

BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR BENDING PROBLEM OF REISSNER'S PLATES ONTWO-PARAMETER FOUNDATION

I.IntroductionThickplatesonelastict'oundationarewidelyusedinengineering,suchasthebottomplatesofoffShorestructures,surfaceplatesonrunwayofairportsandfoundationsofhigh-risebuildingsandthelike.Itisextremelydifficulttoobtainanalyticalsolutiontarathickplatewithcomplicatedshapeorcomplicatedboundaryconditiononelasticfoundation.Inrecentyears,theboundaryelementmethod(BEM)hasbeensuccessl'ullyusedtoanalyzethebendingproblemofplatesoneverykindofelasticfoundation(Ref.[l,2.3]).Butthereareonlyfewreferences…