利用三维随机模型分析沥青混合料的蠕变行为

将沥青混合料看作由粗骨料和沥青砂组成的两相复合材料,根据给定的级配生成凸多面体骨料,然后利用随机投放算法建立沥青混合料试样的三维随机模型.采用广义Maxwell模型刻画沥青砂的本构行为,其参数通过单轴蠕变实验获得.在对三维随机模型的有效性进行验证之后,采用参数化建模方法建立包含不同骨料分布、含量和级配的沥青混合料有限元模型,通过数值模拟研究骨料分布、含量和级配对沥青混合料蠕变行为的影响.结果表明:骨料分布对沥青混合料力学性质的影响较小;沥青混合料瞬时弹性模量随骨料含量的增加呈近似线性增大,而且弹性模量与骨料含量之间的关系曲线处于Paul上下边界内;在计算考虑的粒径范围内,骨料平均粒径越小,沥青混合料抵抗变形的能力越强.     

应用自洽方法预测沥青混合料的蠕变行为

将沥青混合料看作是由沥青砂和粗骨料组成的两相复合材料,提出了应用自洽方法预测沥青混合料粘弹性性能的一般思路.采用四参量流变模型描述沥青砂的粘弹性能,通过 Laplace 变换将时间域的粘弹性问题转化为变换域的线弹性问题,然后经 Laplace 逆变换将变换域的解转化到时间域.利用不同温度、不同应力水平下沥青砂的单轴压缩蠕变实验,拟合四参量流变模型参数,预测了沥青混合料在不同温度和不同应力水平下的蠕变曲线,并与实验结果进行了比较,发现蠕变的早期阶段预测值与实验值基本符合.最后进一步分析了温度、应力水平对沥青混合料蠕变行为的影响.     

沥青混凝土级配曲线的数值设计方法与对有效弹性模量影响的研究

沥青混凝土有效性能的预测和评估是其在道路工程与大坝防渗等应用中的关键问题。本文利用细观随机建模技术和有限元方法研究了级配曲线对沥青混凝土有效弹性模量的影响。首先,基于改进的蒙特卡洛法分别实现了服从工程筛分级配曲线或给定函数级配曲线的沥青混凝土细观随机模型的高效生成;然后,利用建立的模型分析了骨料的含量、弹性模量和试样尺寸对沥青混凝土的有效弹性模量的影响,并与实验结果进行对比,验证了所建模型的可靠性;从而,预测了在AC-13级配范围内级配曲线的凹凸程度,即粗细骨料的组成比例对沥青混凝土有效弹性模量的影响。结果表明,级配曲线的凹凸程度对其有效弹性模量影响存在较大差异,级配曲线的下凹(粗骨料占比增大)会导致有效弹性模量迅速增大,级配曲线的上凸(细骨料占比增大)也会引起有效弹性模量略有上升;另外提出的随机建模方法可实现对级配曲线,即对粗细骨料组成比例的定制设计.     

沥青混合料车辙变形的离散元数值模拟

采用Burgers模型描述沥青基质的粘弹性,根据实验数据确定Burgers模型参数。借助数字图像处理方法建立试件几何模型,利用离散元法开展了车辙变形的离散元数值模拟,研究了沥青混合料在不同骨料分布、不同载荷和不同温度条件下的车辙深度变化情况。结果表明：温度对车辙变形的影响在沥青软化点附近较大,在离开软化点的范围较小;当温度较低时,混合料的整体性比较好,骨料分布对局部车辙变形的影响比较小,超载引起的车辙增量不太明显,而当温度达到或超过沥青软化点时,混合料的整体性明显下降,骨料分布对局部车辙变形的影响非常突出,超载引起的车辙增量也非常显著。因此,当超载和高温组合到一起时,车辙变形会大幅度增加,将给路面安全带来严重隐患。     

表征沥青及沥青混合料高低温蠕变性能的流变学模型

本文根据由高、低温蠕变实验所得到的沥青混合料的变形特性,在分析现有流变学模型性能的基础上,提出了一种能够精确地表征沥青混合料变形特性的流变学模型,导出了其蠕变方程,并根据蠕变实验结果确定了材料的模型参数.这一模型的建立,为采用流变学理论和粘弹性理论研究沥青混合料及沥青路面奠定了基础.     

采用J积分对沥青混合料抗裂性能进行评价

沥青混合料是一种由集料、胶浆和孔隙组成的非均质材料,一般被认为是一种粘弹性材料,其力学行为介于弹性和塑性之间,采用弹塑性断裂力学更适合评价沥青混合料的抗裂性能.J积分理论可以避开分析裂纹尖端附近复杂的应力应变场,物理意义明确,可以有效的评价沥青混合料的抗裂性能,断裂韧度JC可以很方便的采用预切缝的半圆弯拉试验直接获得.为了评价材料本身特性对断裂韧度JC影响,在MTS试验系统上进行了3种级配的沥青混合料的断裂韧度试验.采用基于数字图像处理技术的有限元方法对半圆弯拉试验进行了模拟,并将数值模拟的结果与试验的结果进行了对比分析.结论表明,断裂韧度JC可以作为一有效的评价沥青混合料抗裂性能的指标.     

沥青混合料三点弯曲断裂的扩展有限元模拟

利用随机骨料生成和投放算法建立沥青混合料两相异质模型,借助ABAQUS软件开展了分别在跨中、偏中20mm和40mm不同位置包含预切口的沥青混合料三点弯曲试件断裂行为的扩展有限元模拟,分析了预切口位置对裂纹扩展路径、载荷位移曲线等的影响规律,并与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明,预切口偏离跨中越远,裂纹扩展方向偏离预切口延长线的角度越大,试件的峰值载荷越大,对试件承载能力的削弱越弱。实验和数值模拟结果在定性上的一致性表明,利用扩展有限元方法模拟沥青混合料断裂行为是可行的。     

考虑温度效应的沥青混合料粘弹性力学模型

提出一种同时考虑时间和温度效应的沥青混合料本构模型,基于传统的Burgers模型,得到新模型的粘弹性力学参量.采用4种温度下的实验数据对模型参数进行标定,运用新的本构模型对实验结果进行拟合,拟合曲线比传统的Burgers模型拟合曲线更加吻合实验数据,能更好地反应沥青混合料的物理力学行为,同时新模型的物理意义更明确.本模型为进一步研究沥青路面的路用性能和破坏机理提供了新的理论工具,丰富了粘弹性力学理论.     

三维随机凹凸型混凝土骨料细观建模方法研究

为了提高混凝土细观力学中数值模拟预处理的要求,提出了一种网格预先生成的三维随机凹凸型混凝土骨料建模方法。该方法利用已生成的网格状态进行骨料投放,有效解决了在细观三相介质中网格质量问题。采用随机凹凸型骨料使骨料模型更加接近真实形态,避免了该方法对骨料形貌描述不准确。同时,提出一种四面体分割法来判断空间三维骨料与单元节点的位置关系,进行细观三相介质单元判断,该方法可保证投放的随机性以及级配分布的合理性,三维投放骨料含量可达到65%。采用本文提出的预处理方法,结合混凝土塑性损伤模型,分析了钢筋锈蚀引起的保护层开裂破坏过程,结果表明:受随机骨料的影响,顺筋裂纹的产生具有不确定性。     

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE WHOLE TENSILE CURVE FOR BITUMINOUS MORTAR

细观尺度上, 沥青混合料是由沥青胶浆、粗骨料和孔隙等构成的多相复合材料, 而沥青胶浆的力学参数为沥青混合料进行细观尺度研究的重要部分, 对抗拉强度有着决定性的影响. 本文通过设计制作加载夹具针对不同温度和不同加载速率的条件, 对9 组试件进行拉伸试验, 得到沥青胶浆拉伸全曲线. 通过对沥青胶浆拉伸全曲线的研究和计算, 确定了沥青胶浆的最大破坏应力σ_max、刚度K_nn 和破坏位移U, 这些参数为采用粘聚带本构模型模拟沥青混合料的开裂行为提供了力学参数.     

Damage Evolution and Crack Propagation in Semicircular Bending Asphalt Mixture Specimens

The damage and fracture behaviors of semicircular bending(SCB) asphalt mixture specimens with different orientation notches are experimentally and numerically investigated. In the numerical simulations, asphalt mixture is modeled as a two-phase material, namely a mix of coarse aggregates and asphalt mastic, and the mechanical behavior of asphalt mastic is characterized with the damage constitutive model and the damage-based fracture criterion. Some SCB experiments are performed on the asphalt mixture specimens with different orientation notches to validate the numerical method. Finally, the effects of notch orientation and aggregate distribution on crack path, damage distribution, and the load vs.displacement relation are numerically evaluated.     

A simple semiempirical model for the effective viscosity of multicomponent suspensions

We propose a methodology to approximate the viscosity of multicomponent suspensions. The procedure consists of successive applications of expressions for the viscosity of binary mixtures, originally written as the product of monomodal stiffening functions. First, the viscosity of a binary mixture made of the two smallest components is calculated. This allows to extract a volume fraction that will be used, together with the volume fraction of the third component, to feed the next iteration of the procedure to calculate the viscosity of a trimodal mixture and so on. The application of this approach to arbitrary mixtures requires the detailed knowledge of the geometry of the system in the form of size ratios and compositions. When this information is unknown, an approximation of the model can still be used as a fitting tool. With that purpose, the final expression for the viscosity is written in terms of an effective volume fraction that is further approximated by the use of a (1,2) Padé approximant. This approximation allows to incorporate the crowding effects due to different species in a volume fraction-dependent crowding factor that can be used as a fitting parameter to match experimental or simulation data. We have applied the model to mixtures of particles with different sizes and tested its accuracy comparing with experimental results obtaining very good agreement.     

Packing properties of binary mixtures in disordered sphere systems

Mixtures of binary spheres are numerically simulated using a relaxation algorithm to investigate the effects of volume fraction and size ratio. A complete profile of the packing properties of binary spheres is given. The density curve with respect to the volume fraction has a triangular shape with a peak at 70% large spheres. The density of the mixture increases with the size ratio, but the growth becomes slow in the case of a large size disparity. The volume fraction and size ratio effects are reflected in the height and movement, respectively, of specific peaks in the radial distribution functions. The structure of the mixture is further analyzed in terms of contact types, and the mean coordination number is demonstrated to be primarily affected by “large–small” contacts. A novel method for estimating the average relative excluded volume for binary spheres by weighting the percentages of contact types is proposed and extended to polydisperse packings of certain size distributions. The method can be applied to explain the density trends of polydisperse mixtures in disordered sphere systems.     

Packing properties of binary mixtures in disordered sphere systems

Mixtures of binary spheres are numerically simulated using a relaxation algorithm to investigate the effects of volume fraction and size ratio, A complete profile of the packing properties of binary spheres is given. The density curve with respect to the volume fraction has a triangular shape with a peak at 70% large spheres. The density of the mixture increases with the size ratio, but the growth becomes slow in the case of a large size disparity, The volume fraction and size ratio effects are reflected in the height and movement, respectively, of specific peaks in the radial distribution functions. The structure of the mixture is further analyzed in terms of contact types, and the mean coordination number is demonstrated to be primarily affected by ＂large-small＂ contacts. A novel method for estimating the average relative excluded volume for binary spheres by weighting the percentages of contact types is proposed and extended to polydisperse packings of certain size distributions. The method can be applied to explain the density trends of polydisperse mixtures in disordered sphere systems,     

基于Python-Abaqus的混凝土三维细观随机模型的建立

混凝土在细观层次上是由粗骨料、砂浆及两者间过渡区(界面层)组成的三相复合材料,建立一个能反映实际骨料级配、含量及形态的随机骨料模型是进行混凝土细观力学数值模拟的前提。本文通过编写Python脚本实现了Abaqus的二次开发,获得了含球形、椭球形(卵石)及凹凸型多面体(碎石)骨料并考虑了界面层的三维混凝土细观随机模型。结果表明,在三级配下可投放球形骨料的体分比可超过55%,对椭球和多面体骨料形状的模拟也较为真实。同时,提出了一种可提高骨料体积含量的布尔切割入侵判别法,并成功地对椭球骨料和多面体骨料进行了投放试验。由于程序已将粗骨料、砂浆和界面层自动分离,在进行网格剖分时可避免复杂的单元属性判别,得到的网格剖分满足粗骨料、砂浆及界面层网格协调性要求。最后,利用建立的几何模型进行了单轴压缩静力学数值模拟,进一步验证了混凝土细观随机模型的可靠性。     

Modelling the Aggregation and Break-up of Fractal Aggregates in a Shear Flow

A population balance model has been proposed to describe simultaneous coagulation and fragmentation of fractal aggregates during shear-flocculation induced by means of a Couette-flow system. Given enough time, a floc-size distribution achieves the steady state, which reflects the balance between coagulation and fragmentation forces. Experimental results obtained recently show that higher shear rate values shift the steady state to smaller aggregate sizes. Also, for a fixed value of the shear rate, when the volume fraction of the particles increases, the steady state size increases if the flow is laminar, and decreases if the flow is turbulent. In order to model the fragmentation of the aggregates, a power dependence between the breakage rate coefficient and the shear rate has been proposed. The model is adjusted by using two different parameters: the effective probability of success for collisions _eff, and the break up coefficient for shear fragmentation, B. The dependence of these two parameters on the shear rate and the volume fraction of the particles is discussed.