地面重力环境下可展开天线索网结构形态分析

为了模拟在地面环境测试时重力对可展开天线索网结构形面精度的影响和索网在天线展开过程中的内力变化情况,本文引入悬链线单元对天线索网结构进行了重力作用下的形态分析和计算。文中首先使用平衡矩阵线性分析方法计算出了天线索网结构各索段在无重力作用下的预张力值和索段原长;然后在不改变索段原长的条件下以悬链线单元模拟了可展开天线的上、下弦索网,以两节点直杆单元模拟天线的纵向索网,计算得到了索网结构在地面重力环境下的形状和内力分布,并仿真模拟了天线索网在展开过程中的形态和内力变化情况。基于文中的数值算例对可展开天线索网结构在重力作用下的形面精度以及在展开过程中的形态变化进行了仿真计算和分析。算例计算结果表明,自重作用下的天线索网形态与无重力作用下的索网形态差别很小,但天线索网结构在重力作用下的展开过程中,其内部各个索单元的张力表现出了强烈的非线性变化特征。     

预应力钢桁架结构分析中的摩擦滑移索单元

为精确模拟预应力钢桁架中连续长索在支撑点的滑动,本文创建了一种考虑摩擦力影响的新单元。被称为摩擦滑移索单元的新单元有三个节点,中间节点为支撑点。本文首先利用弹性悬链线的解析解,建立了弹性悬链线单元,并推导了单元两端点的张拉刚度。摩擦滑移索单元由两个弹性悬链线单元组合而成,根据支撑点处索的滑动方向、索力差、滑动摩擦力和滑移刚度调整两索段的原长,使支撑点两侧的索力满足给定的摩擦关系。算例验证了新单元算法的正确性和高效性,对设计的预应力钢桁架的分析,显示了张拉过程中及使用荷载作用下新单元在结构分析中的应用。新单元可直接用于常规的有限元分析,研究在工作状态或施工中存在连续长索滑移的索结构。     

带刚臂平面悬链线索单元的非线性分析

针对索梁混合结构中存在的索单元锚固点刚性连接问题,将锚固点的刚性连接视为刚臂,进行了带刚臂的平面悬链线索单元研究。一方面在已有文献的基础上,根据平面刚臂的受力和变形特点,基于微分方法导出了两端带任意刚臂的平面悬链线索单元切线刚度矩阵显式表达式;另一方面,为考虑温度变化对索单元计算的影响,基于索单元变形的几何与物理意义进行了考虑温度变化的索单元节点力计算方法的研究。通过与已有文献的对比,表明了本文研制的程序及导出的考虑温度变化的索单元计算方法的正确性;考虑温度变化下由本文方法得到的索水平张力与已有文献解析解最大仅相差0.862%。同时本文考虑的刚臂非线性因素更加全面,具体体现在:在非线性计算能力上,已有文献方法在荷载大于2.52kN时计算无法收敛,远小于本文方法能达到的35kN;在计算效率方面,在7个荷载增量步内已有文献方法所需的迭代步数为4~33,而本文方法的迭代步数保持在4不变。     

一种连续索滑移的处理方法

目的是建立一种快速简便的拉索滑移问题的有限元计算方法。采用基于弹性悬链线精确解的两节点悬链线单元模拟索结构中的拉索，利用求解非线性方程组的延拓法，再配以常用的牛顿法，建立了快速的给定索原长情况下的拉索刚度计算方法。此法对于一般的给定初值，能很快逼近真实解，从而扩大了解的收敛范围，更重要的是与牛顿法相比更加高效。进而采用二分法建立了索结构中拉索滑移问题处理的算法，编制了相应的程序段，并通过算例证明了其正确性。本文的拉索滑移处理方法可用于索结构的设计与施工。     

悬索桥空间缆索实用找形方法

针对现存分段悬链线法和有限元法在悬索桥空间缆索找形方面存在对初值敏感和容易发散等问题,本文提出了一种实用方法.基于空间缆索纯索体系的有限元模型,以缆索节点坐标和单元内力为未知参数,通过小弹性模量法确定迭代初值,采用内循环参数更新外循环坐标修正的嵌套循环迭代计算空间缆索线形.三个算例分析结果表明,本文方法计算精度与分段悬链线法一致,且具有迭代次数更少、收敛性更好和计算效率更高的优点,适用于纵桥向斜吊杆空间缆索的线形计算.     

柔索构形与张力的测试装置和试验研究

现代工程中,柔索结构的应用日益广泛,简单的理论分析难以满足复杂工程的需要,柔索静动态空间构形与张力测试技术对柔索理论研究和工程应用具有重要的意义,而目前尚没有一套完备的测试装置和技术标准。针对上述情况,本文设计并制造了柔索空间构形与张力测试装置,并通过不锈钢圆环链条的静态空间构形和张力测试试验,与悬链线理论的计算结果进行对比,验证测试装置的可靠性与稳定性。试验结果表明:所建立的装置可以满足柔索的空间构形与张力测试的需要,结果准确,精度较好。证明该装置可以为柔索找形、空间构形、张力、运动轨迹和极限状态等柔索力学特性研究提供试验支持。     

一种考虑初始垂度影响的非线性索单元

本文首先运用Mathematic的符号运算功能，通过解偏微分方程给出了不等高单索的显式解析解，然后把该解析解应用于索微元的应变计算中，在此基础上用虚功原理推导了考虑初始垂度影响的两节点非线性索单元，并给出了索单元的单刚矩阵的具体形式，通过与两节点直线索单元的单铡矩阵的形式的比较，明确了该曲线非线性索单元的修正项，并给出了垂度影响因子的变化曲线。比较直观的给出了垂度对索单元刚度各项的影响程度。该非线性索单元既有多节点索单元精度高的特点，又有节点少，刚度元素较易求解以及有限元列式简洁等特点。本文通过两个数值算例表明，本文的非线性索单元是正确的，也表明了所编制的非线性计算程序是正确和可靠的。     

悬索桥负载移梁过程静力学分析与试验研究

针对轨索移梁新工艺在悬索桥建设中的关键技术问题进行了理论分析和整体模型试验研究。根据柔索结构基本假定,建立了轨索移梁系统负载状态下的整体力学分析模型,并推导了主缆、吊索和轨索等各构件受力状态的计算方程。理论模型中,移梁小车所在轨索节段采用4个直线索单元模拟,其他位置的轨索节段采用1个直线索单元模拟。以矮寨悬索桥为工程背景,设计制作了轨索移梁体系的整体缩尺模型用以模拟移梁过程,测试了第一段梁从入轨到安装多个子工况的体系响应。理论计算结果与模型试验结果吻合良好,表明本文的计算方法正确有效,能解决轨索移梁工艺负载移梁过程中体系整体受力分析和轨索局部变形分析求解问题。该方法可简化计算过程,计算精度和结果能够应用于工程计算分析和求解,是一种适合于轨索移梁工艺负载状态下体系的分析方法。     

非滑移刚度理论下的空缆线形半解析算法

为设计阶段更简洁和准确地计算悬索桥空缆线形，提出了一种锚跨水平张力-预偏量-修正水平力迭代过程的非滑移刚度理论计算方法。基于分段悬链线理论，探讨了空缆线形计算存在的三种不同情况，并以此为计算思路。在任一锚跨水平张力作用下，考虑鞍座对空缆线形的影响，以各跨无应力索长不变与鞍座两侧的力或力矩平衡为准则，推导了各跨左右鞍槽接触段和悬空段的内力与线形平衡方程，以及迭代过程中待求参数之间的影响矩阵及修正方法，以右边塔索鞍处不动点里程坐标误差为收敛条件，采用了二分法迭代出理论的左锚跨水平张力，进而得到空缆状态下各索鞍的预偏量以及各跨索段内力与线形。通过算例比对，验证了本文方法的可靠性。结果表明，在成桥状态下结构参数已知的基础上，仅需求解左锚跨水平张力一个变量参数，即可得到各跨索股线形与内力以及鞍座预偏量。相比传统的滑移刚度理论方法，本文方法迭代过程方便简洁，易收敛且精度高，无需往复固定或释放一个鞍座约束进行迭代求解，提高了计算效率，适用于任意跨对称或非对称空缆线形的计算。     

索托桥结构分析的滑移索单元法

为在索托桥的结构分析中精确模拟连续长索的滑动,本文创建了一种新的单元。被称为“滑移索单元”的新单元有三个节点,以点接触的形式模拟索从下方绕过滑轮,它可以通过自动调整两侧索段的长度而使单元处于平衡状态,从而简化了计算。新单元算法的推导基于有限元分析的基本原理和弹性悬链线的解析解,并利用了平衡状态时单元内力之间的关系。本文介绍滑移索单元的推导过程,用设计的算例验证了它的正确性,分析了连续长索的滑移对索托桥桥面竖向变形的影响。新单元可以直接用于常规的有限元分析中,研究处于工作状态或在施工中的索结构。     

A procedure for the static analysis of cable structures following elastic catenary theory

The paper proposes an unitary strategy for the static analysis of general cable nets under conservative loads. A form-finding is first performed in order to initialize the successive non linear analysis. The numerical procedures carried on in both steps, form finding and structural analysis of the net, employ a three dimensional elastic catenary element. Equilibrium conditions at internal nodes and kinematic compatibility at the end nodes of each cable are used to derive the global equations of the net. When the pre-stresses are high and the topology of the net is involved, an accurate initializing solution is essential for the convergence of the successive numeric non linear structural analysis (performed by Newton method). The numerical applications highlight the capability of the proposed procedure to solve three dimensional problems with taut and slack cables, out of plane distributed forces (modeling wind loads), point loads along the cables. The contemporary presence of cables and compression truss elements is also considered testing the effectiveness of the method in the analysis of tensegrity structures.     

Advanced form-finding for cable-strut structures

A numerical method is presented for form-finding of cable-strut structures. The topology and the types of members are the only information that is required in this form-finding process. Dummy members are used to transform the cable-strut structure with supports into self-stressed system without supports. The requirement on rank deficiencies of the force density and equilibrium matrices for the purpose of obtaining a non-degenerate d-dimensional self-stressed structure has been explicitly discussed. The spectral decomposition of the force density matrix and the singular value decomposition of the equilibrium matrix are performed iteratively to find the feasible sets of nodal coordinates and force densities which satisfy the minimum required rank deficiencies of the force density and equilibrium matrices, respectively. Based on numerical examples it is found that the proposed method is very efficient, robust and versatile in searching self-equilibrium configurations of cable-strut structures.     

力密度找形分析方法及计算机实现

本文通过对力密度法的分析研究，概括了力密度法的基本原理和找形分析的过程，用矩阵形式给出了力密度的基本列式。通过对各个矩阵基本元素分析，找到了力密度矩阵的组装规律和一维变带宽存储的规则及实现算法和过程，并给出了详细的力密度矩阵的装配过程。通过基于C 语言的系统框架的程序，实现了该基于一维变带宽存储的力密度找形分析方法。最后，通过几个数值算例表明了，力密度法找形理论的先进性，及本文提出的算法过程实现的可行性和正确性。由于本文的算法是基于效率比较高的一维变带宽压缩存储格式，因此，可以实现大型索膜结构的找形分析。     

Finite element based form-finding algorithm for tensegrity structures

This paper presents a novel form-finding algorithm for tensegrity structures that is based on the finite element method. The required data for the form-finding is the topology of the structure, undeformed bar lengths, total cable length, prestress of cables and stiffness of bars. The form-finding is done by modifying the single cable lengths such that the total cable length is preserved and the potential energy of the system is minimized. Two- and three-dimensional examples are presented that demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed algorithm.     

基于非线性有限元的索穹顶施工模拟分析

索穹顶结构的成形和施工模拟分析是该体系的基础问题。由于包含着刚体位移的分析使得跟踪难度相当大。本文采用了基于非线性有限元的施工过程分析 ,适应性强、分析精度高 ,避免了刚体位移假定。从而使得索穹顶体系的成形过程、受荷状态的全过程分析方法获得了统一。通过与试验模型对比分析表明本文方法操作简单且分析精度较高 ,分析的结果能够很好地指导施工     

Analysis of clustered tensegrity structures using a modified dynamic relaxation algorithm

Tensegrities are spatial, reticulated and lightweight structures that are increasingly investigated as structural solutions for active and deployable structures. Tensegrity systems are composed only of axially loaded elements and this provides opportunities for actuation and deployment through changing element lengths. In cable-based actuation strategies, the deficiency of having to control too many cable elements can be overcome by connecting several cables. However, clustering active cables significantly changes the mechanics of classical tensegrity structures. Challenges emerge for structural analysis, control and actuation. In this paper, a modified dynamic relaxation (DR) algorithm is presented for static analysis and form-finding. The method is extended to accommodate clustered tensegrity structures. The applicability of the modified DR to this type of structure is demonstrated. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed method is compared with that of a transient stiffness method. Results obtained from two numerical examples show that the values predicted by the DR method are in a good agreement with those generated by the transient stiffness method. Finally it is shown that the DR method scales up to larger structures more efficiently.     

Stability analysis of cable–bar structures by inverse-power method for eigenvalue analysis with penalization

A numerical method is presented for stability analysis of cable–bar structures. An optimization problem is formulated to find the minimum value of the incremental total potential energy that depends on the direction of the incremental displacements. The penalty method with slack variables is used for representing the discontinuity in member stiffness. The tangent stiffness matrix is shifted to be positive definite so that the minimum of its quadratic form is found by the inverse-power method. It is shown in the numerical examples that the minimum value of the incremental potential energy and the associated displacement increments can be found with good accuracy in about 10 steps of iteration.     

基于欧拉描述的两节点索单元非线性有限元法

本文针对柔性悬索结构几何非线性分析的特点,提出了一种用欧拉描述来表示的两节点索单元非线性有限元模型,在索元变形后的位置上由虚功能建立了非线有限元基本方程及切线刚度矩阵。这样建立的非线性有限元分析方法可充分考虑拉索的几何非线性特性的影响并给悬索结构的初始平衡分析带来方便,算例结果表明,本文方法是精确有效的。     

A Numerical Method to Material and Geometric Nonlinear Analysis of Cable Structures

In this article, a numerical method is presented for computing the stiffness matrix and compatibility relations of cables under uniform distributed loads on any direction. Both the geometrical and material nonlinearities, including softening and yielding of material, are taken into account and the catenary cable element with gauss integration scheme is employed. The proposed formulation includes the effect of uniform distributed loads on any direction and 3D nodal forces to assess the geometric and possible material nonlinearity of cables. The derived equations are then applied to the analysis of cable structures. The accuracy of the responses obtained by the proposed method is evaluated by several benchmark solutions available in the literature. Results of numerical examples indicate the capability of the proposed stiffness matrix in prediction of the elastic and inelastic responses of cables. The proposed formulation is therefore recommended for cable elements to be used in the analysis of cable structures.     

Adaptive force density method for form-finding problem of tensegrity structures

A numerical method is presented for form-finding of tensegrity structures. Eigenvalue analysis and spectral decomposition are carried out iteratively to find the feasible set of force densities that satisfies the requirement on rank deficiency of the equilibrium matrix with respect to the nodal coordinates. The equilibrium matrix is shown to correspond to the geometrical stiffness matrix in the conventional finite element formulation. A unique and non-degenerate configuration of the structure can then be obtained by specifying an independent set of nodal coordinates. A simple explanation is given for the required rank deficiency of the equilibrium matrix that leads to a non-degenerate structure. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the robustness as well as the strong ability of searching new configurations of the proposed method.