一种高精度光纤陀螺用光子晶体光纤设计

为了解决光子晶体光纤陀螺中高阶模致非互易性问题,设计了一种用于高精度光纤陀螺的单模保偏光子晶体光纤。为获得光纤结构参数最优区域,基于全矢量有限元方法开展了光子晶体光纤模场分布、双折射特性和限制损耗与三个重要结构参数(归一化频率、空气填充比、大孔直径)的依赖关系数值仿真分析。以传统熊猫型保偏光纤特性为参照,确定了光子晶体光纤结构参数最优区域。采用优化的光子晶体光纤绕制了1500 m环圈并装配于陀螺,对陀螺进行了相应测试。未采用温度补偿措施下,陀螺全温零偏稳定性优于0.008 (°)/h (100 s, 1σ),表明这种光子晶体光纤适用于高精度光纤陀螺。     

光子晶体光纤陀螺光纤环偏振特性

光子晶体光纤陀螺技术是解决光纤陀螺空间辐照及热漂移问题的重要技术途径,其中光子晶体光纤环是影响光纤陀螺性能的关键。仿真分析了光子晶体光纤的双折射与结构设计的关系,并计算了光纤的双折射和光纤环绕制过程引入的附加双折射的温度灵敏度,利用白光干涉仪,对光子晶体光纤环和普通的保偏光纤环进行了对比测试分析。试验结果表明,光子晶体光纤环具有较低的偏振特性温度灵敏度,双折射温度系数比普通保偏光纤低接近1个量级,引起的陀螺偏振误差也比普通保偏光纤环小1倍左右。试验结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

保偏光子晶体光纤的近圆形模场分布特性

在光纤陀螺中,由于保偏光纤的性能易受环境的影响,制约了光纤陀螺稳定性和精度的进一步提高。保偏光子晶体光纤的研究为光纤陀螺解决环境适应性问题提供了新思路,针对保偏光子晶体光纤与传统光纤的模场匹配问题,采用有限元方法,对保偏光子晶体光纤的保偏性能和模场分布特性进行了分析与研究。通过分析不同空气孔尺寸对保偏光子晶体光纤性能的影响,得到其保偏性能与模场分布特性存在相互制约性。提出了一种改善保偏光子晶体光纤模场分布的方法,并通过仿真分析验证了这一方法的可行性,这为光纤陀螺用光子晶体光纤的发展提供了借鉴。     

一种三芯液晶光子晶体光纤的特性

针对三轴光纤陀螺共用光源问题,提出了一种新型的多芯液晶光子晶体光纤,该光纤具有三个呈等边三角形几何形状排列的液晶纤芯.利用有限元法对其功率分布、模场、有效折射率和色散特性进行了数值分析,结果表明,这种三芯液晶光子晶体光纤可将传输光完全等分为三束光,且具有平坦色散特性,在波长为1.45μm～1.75μm之间的色散变化小于2 ps·km-1·nm-1.此外,该光纤在大约150 nm的波长范围内显示出超平坦的色散,并且可以通过改变中心空气孔的直径来调整超平坦色散的波长范围.研究成果对液晶光子晶体光纤、三轴光纤陀螺和三相光纤电流互感器的等光分束器、1×3多芯光子晶体耦合器和平坦色散光纤的进一步发展具有重要意义.     

一种三芯液晶光子晶体光纤的特性（英文）

针对三轴光纤陀螺共用光源问题,提出了一种新型的多芯液晶光子晶体光纤,该光纤具有三个呈等边三角形几何形状排列的液晶纤芯。利用有限元法对其功率分布、模场、有效折射率和色散特性进行了数值分析,结果表明,这种三芯液晶光子晶体光纤可将传输光完全等分为三束光,且具有平坦色散特性,在波长为1.45μm~1.75μm之间的色散变化小于2 ps·km~(-1)·nm~(-1)。此外,该光纤在大约150 nm的波长范围内显示出超平坦的色散,并且可以通过改变中心空气孔的直径来调整超平坦色散的波长范围。研究成果对液晶光子晶体光纤、三轴光纤陀螺和三相光纤电流互感器的等光分束器、1×3多芯光子晶体耦合器和平坦色散光纤的进一步发展具有重要意义。     

光子晶体光纤陀螺技术及其首次空间试验

光子晶体光纤具有抗辐射、抗弯曲、抗磁场干扰和温度敏感性低等优势,是空间用光纤陀螺的理想选择。针对空间用光纤陀螺,提出了四层孔和双层孔陀螺用光子晶体光纤结构,突破了光子晶体光纤长距离拉制关键技术,批量制备了陀螺用长距离低损耗实芯光子晶体光纤与空芯光子晶体光纤,利用开发的光子晶体光纤周向散射、背向散射、温度、磁等性能测试设备,全面测试与验证了光子晶体光纤性能优势。实现了光子晶体光纤耦合器、敏感环等光学器件,研制的高精度光子晶体光纤陀螺样机于2017年4月随"天舟一号"货运飞船发射成功,实现了光子晶体光纤陀螺的首次空间应用,于2020年12月用于某卫星主控,这是国际首次此类型陀螺用于卫星主闭环控制,验证了其可行性和优势,为将来广泛应用奠定了基础。     

高精度光子晶体光纤陀螺设计及在轨应用验证

针对空间辐照带来的光功率衰减和卫星轨道周期带来的周期性温变效应,基于光子晶体光纤单一材料特点带来的抗辐照和弱温度敏感特性,提出开展空间用高精度光子晶体光纤陀螺技术研究.通过设计实芯光子晶体光纤结构,完成损耗<1.5 dB/km、偏振串音<-24 dB/km和直径135μm的光子晶体光纤技术验证,并采用八极对称绕制技术完...     

量子纠缠光纤陀螺的态演变和偏振互易性分析

量子纠缠光纤陀螺仪利用非经典光量子态的光子纠缠特性,对载体角运动引起的Sagnac相移进行超高灵敏度测量。Fink团队在2019年最早报道了基于共线型正交偏振纠缠光子对的量子纠缠光纤陀螺仪,得到突破散粒噪声极限的实验测量结果,但并未给出光量子态经历光纤陀螺各环节的具体演变过程。因此,针对Fink的光路结构,首次对量子纠缠光纤陀螺仪中量子态及算符的动力学演变以及相位检测灵敏度进行了理论分析,证实该光路结构基本上可达到2002态量子纠缠光纤陀螺仪的海森堡极限,同时研究发现,Fink的光路结构由于感生双折射引起的相位误差寄生在Sagnac相移中,实际上是一种偏振非互易性光路结构,会严重削弱相位检测灵敏度。基于此,设计了一种具有偏振互易性的量子纠缠光纤陀螺仪光路结构,光子源为非共线型自发参量向下转换（SPDC）产生的正交偏振纠缠光子对,线圈中的光量子态为■,理论研究证明,该结构不存在任何偏振非互易性相位误差。     

光子晶体光纤的耦合技术

光子晶体光纤与普通单模光纤的低损耗熔接是影响光子晶体光纤实用化的重要技术.针对自行设计的光子晶体光纤,对其与普通单模光纤的熔接损耗机制进行了理论和实验研究.首先分析了影响熔接损耗的主要因素,然后理论计算了光子晶体光纤与普通单模光纤之间的耦合损耗,最后采用常规电弧放电熔接技术对光子晶体光纤与单模光纤的熔接损耗进行了实验研究,通过优化放电参数,使熔接损耗可以降到0.7 dB以下,满足了实际应用的要求.该方法为其他类型的光子晶体光纤与普通单模光纤的熔接提供了借鉴.     

硅基光子集成芯片光纤陀螺

光纤陀螺用于敏感载体旋转角速率,是惯性导航系统的核心传感器之一。未来军用及民用领域对小体积、低成本的光纤陀螺需求巨大。利用光子集成芯片代替传统光纤分立器件,借助集成光学光刻工艺大规模批量生产的优势,降低生产成本,提高出货量,是光纤陀螺发展的重要方向。因此,在充分考虑目前国内微纳加工水平基础上,提出了一种工艺实现相对简单、可快速工程化的硅基光子集成芯片光纤陀螺设计方案。基于开环光纤陀螺架构,设计并加工了硅基光子芯片,实现了陀螺全部无源器件的片上集成,光子芯片尺寸约4 mm×3 mm;设计加工了四通道超细径保偏光纤阵列,实现波导与光纤多个耦合点的一次对准,大幅提高耦合封装效率;实现了光子集成芯片光纤陀螺样机25°C时零偏稳定性达到0.2°/h,性能优于相同结构的传统全光纤器件光纤陀螺。     

A Theoretical Model for Estimating the Peak Cutting Force of Conical Picks

The peak cutting force (PCF) estimation plays an important role in the design of cutting tools for mining excavators. In most of the existing theoretical models for cutting force prediction, the PCF is often modeled as the force on the cutting tool at the moment when the rock fragment is formed. However, according to the theory of fracture mechanics, the PCF is supposed to occur during the crack initiation phase. Consequently, this paper attempts to add to the existing literature by proposing a fracture mechanics-based theoretical model for PCF prediction. The proposed PCF prediction model distinguishes itself from existing models by determining the PCF during initiation of the rock crack. The PCF is determined using the energy and stress criteria of Griffith’s fracture mechanics theory. In this new model, the PCF is positively related to the fracture toughness of the rock and the cutting depth. The experimental results demonstrated the validity of the proposed model. The proposed model performs well in predicting the PCF in terms of reliability and accuracy. Besides, the PCF prediction capability of the proposed model was compared with those of the other rock cutting models existing in the literature.     

Highlights of the optical anisotropy of unstressed transparent polymeric plates

The photoelastic effect is cumulative, therefore the presence of material birefringence in unstressed transparent polymers might lead to erroneous photoelastic analyses. This presence is more influential in the scattered-light photoelasticity. Direct-transmission polariscopes are not suitable for detecting all material birefringence in normally illuminated plates because the birefringence in question coincides with the wave normal of the propagating light. The present paper describes phenomenologically the presence of the material birefringence in an arbitrarily selected group of unstressed cross-linked polymers and presents means of their determination. The material-birefringence information obtained can be used as a means of taking proper precautions for conducting faultless scattered-light photoelastic analyses. Octagonally shaped plates were machined to permit data acquisition using four different light-propagation directions. The orientation and diffusion of molecular chains appear to be the major source of the material birefringence observed.     

Birefringence and stress growth in uniaxial extension of polymer solutions

Simultaneous measurements of extensional stresses and birefringence are rare, especially for polymer solutions. This paper reports such measurements using the filament stretch rheometer and a phase modulated birefringence system. Both the extensional viscosity and the birefringence increase monotonically with strain and reach a plateau. Estimates of this saturation value for birefringence, using Peterlin’s formula for birefringence of a fully extended polymer chain are in agreement with the experimental results. However, estimates of the saturation value of the extensional viscosity using Batchelor’s formula for suspensions of elongated fibres are much higher than observed. Reasons for the inability of the flow field to fully unravel the polymer chain are examined using published Brownian dynamics simulations. It is tentatively concluded that the polymer chain forms a folded structure. Such folded chains can exhibit saturation in birefringence even though the stress is less than that expected for a fully extended molecule.Simultaneous measurements of stress and birefringence during relaxation indicate that the birefringence decays much more slowly than the stress. The stress-birefringence data show a pronounced hysteresis as predicted by bead-rod models. The failure of the stress optic coefficient in strong flows is noted.Experiments were also performed wherein the strain was increased linearly with time, then held constant for a short period before being increased again. The response of the stress and birefringence in such experiments is dramatically different and can be traced to the different configurations obtained during stretching and relaxation. The results cast doubt on the appropriateness of pre-averaging the non-linear terms in constitutive equations.     

Optical and mechanical properties of birefringent polymers

The stress-strain behavior and corresponding birefringence of several polymers have been investigated within a limited range of temperatures (from ?65 to 70°F) and strain rates (from 0.0027 to 0.1613 sec^?1). One of these materials, a polyethylene resin, has been studied in more detail to ascertain the existence of a simple relationship between stress history, temperature, strain rate and birefringence. When the results were compared with the photoviscoelastic relations developed by E. H. Dill for a simple rheological material, it was concluded that the polyethylene tested does not completely satisfy this model. Polyethylene as well as the other materials investigated—nylon, a polyester, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose nitrate—exhibits a linear relation between birefringence and strain, independent of rate within the limits of the present experimental range.     

Dynamic streaming birefringence

Summary A compact formulation is given of the phenomenon of birefringence and some results in oscillatory deformation are derived in terms of a birefringence tensor. The birefringence tensor then enables invariant forms of rheo-optic equations to be formulated involving a birefringence relaxation spectrum. An important practical aspect of the work is that the use of streaming birefringence in engineering studies of inhomogeneous or unsteady fluid flow fields is rather more complicated than the use of photoelastic effects in the study of deformed solids.     

Flowing colloidal suspensions in non-Newtonian suspending fluids: Decoupling the composite birefringence

The rheology of dilute, colloidal suspensions in polymeric suspending fluids can be studied with simultaneous dichroism and birefringence measurements. The dichroism provides a direct measure of the particle dynamics, but the birefringence is a composite property with independent contributions from the suspended particles and the polymer molecules. For suspensions where the contribution from the particles is significant, the composite birefringence must be decoupled in order to analyze the dynamics of the polymeric suspending fluid. A method to perform the decoupling is derived and then demonstrated through transient shear flow experiments with dilute suspensions ofFeOOH particles in semi-dilute, xanthan gum suspending fluids. The birefringence of the xanthan gum suspending fluid is calculated from experimental measurements of the composite birefringence and the dichroism of the suspension. To gather information on particle/polymer interactions, the calculated birefringence is compared to the birefringence of xanthan gum solutions containing no suspended particles and the dirchoism is compared to that of a suspension in a Newtonian fluid.     

Two-dimensional viscoelastic flows: experimentation and modeling

Extensive experimental data on the birefringence in converging and diverging flows of a polymeric melt have been obtained. The birefringence and pressure drop measurements were carried out in working cells of planar geometry having different contraction angles and contraction ratios. For investigation of diverging or abrupt expansion flow, the direction of flow in the cells was reversed. The theoretical predictions are based upon the Leonov constitutive equation and a finite element scheme with streamwise integration.In contrast to Newtonian and second-order fluids, viscoelastic fluids at high shear rates show significant differences in pressure drop and birefringence (i.e. stresses) in converging and diverging flows. For a constant flow rate, the pressure drop is higher and the birefringence smaller in diverging flows than in converging flows. This difference increases with increasing flow rate. Further, for the same contraction ratio but different contraction angles, the birefringence maximum increases considerably with contraction angle. In addition, an increase in contraction ratio has the same effect.The viscoelastic constitutive equation of Leonov has been shown to describe all the above viscoelastic effects observed in the experiments. In general, a reasonable agreement between theory and experiment has been obtained, which shows the usefulness of the Leonov model in describing actual flows.     

Birefringence measurements on polymer melts in an axisymmetric flow cell

 The stress-optical rule relates birefringence to stress. Consequently, measurement of flow birefringence provides a non-intrusive technique of measuring stresses in complex flows. In this investigation we explore the use of an axisymmetric geometry to create a uniaxial elongational flow in polymer melts. In axisymmetric flows both birefringence and orientation angle change continuously along the path of the propagating light. The cumulative influence of the material's optical properties along the light's integrated path makes determination of local birefringence in the melt impossible. One can nevertheless use birefringence measurements to compare with predictions from computer simulations as a means of evaluating the constitutive equations for the stress. More specifically, in this investigation we compare the light intensity transmitted through the experimental set-up vs entry position, with the theoretically calculated transmitted intensity distribution as a means of comparing experiment and simulation. The main complication in our experiments is the use of a flow cell that necessarily consists of materials of different refractive indices. This introduces refraction and reflection effects that must be modeled before experimental results can be correctly interpreted. We describe how these effects are taken into account and test the accuracy of predictions against experiments. In addition, the high temperatures required to investigate polymer melts mean that a further complication is introduced by thermal stresses present in the flow cell glass. We describe how these thermal-stresses are also incorporated in the simulations. Finally, we present some preliminary results and evaluate the success of the overall method. Received: 2 April 2001 Accepted: 27 August 2001     

Photoelastic analysis of frozen stressed specimens using spectral-contents analysis

The complete birefringence, or isochromatic fringe order, in stress-frozen photoelastic models has been found by measuring the spectral contents of idividual points. A calibration procedure is porposed. The effects of nonuniform birefringence and dispersion of birefringence are considered. The results are presented from the analysis of models of a plate with a central hole and a disk subject to three radial loads.     

Characteristic relations of flow birefringence

This is the first of two closely related papers on the flow-birefringence response to the velocity vector field of a particular liquid representing a certain class of birefringent bodies.^* The flowing material under study was the aqueous solution of the compound known under the name NGS 1828 and commonly known as “milling yellow” or “acid yellow”. This solution appears to exhibit all three major mechanisms of birefringence. The physical parameters characterizing this material depend strongly on temperature, concentration and age and, therefore, it can be considered as representing a typical class of liquids used in flow-model experiments. The paper presents the experimental evidence that the flow birefringence cannot be explained and described by the simple mathematical model of birefringence in solid continuum which relates the changes of the components of dielectric tensor to the components of stress and strain tensors, or their derivatives, and which neglects the influence of the spectral frequency (wavelength of radiation). Results are presented for transmission birefringence (and for scattered-light birefringence in the second paper) in the visible and the infrared bands of radiation. It is shown that:

- the amount of birefringence depends strongly and non-monotonically on wavelength of radiation;

- the linear range of optical response to shear-strain rate depends on wavelengths of radiation;

- the directions of optic axes strongly depend both on the shear-strain rate and on the wavelength of radiation, even in the linear range of mechanical response.

It is further shown that there exists a relation between the absorption bands, the maximum transmittance, the dispersion of birefringence, the spectral dependence of optic-axes direction, and the linear range of optical response. Within the maximum transmittance band and the linear range of mechanical response the linear range of birefringence is maximum and the dispersion of birefringence is minimum with respect to the shear-strain rate; the corresponding dispersion of optic axis is also minimum. Samples of typical recordings are given in the visible and the infrared radiation for typical flow patterns. One of the practical conclusions is that to optimize the flow-birefringence studies of engineering problems it is advisable to choose the radiation in the near-infrared range. The evidence presented shows that the common trend in engineering research toward simplification of the model of the flow-birefringence response is not necessary.