激光选区熔化Ti-6Al-4V合金的动态力学性能及其本构关系

为了开展激光选区熔化（SLM）增材制造钛合金的动态力学性能研究,分别采用热模拟材料试验机、分离式霍普金森压杆装置对激光选区熔化钛合金在不同温度下进行了准静态和动态压缩实验,并基于实验结果拟合Johnson-Cook本构模型,同时对钛合金在高温、高应变率下的力学行为进行了有限元模拟。结果表明,相对于铸造或锻造钛合金,激光选区熔化钛合金具有更细小、均匀的组织,使其屈服强度有明显的提升,且表现出明显的应变率强化效应和热软化效应。有限元模拟结果与实验有着较高的重合度,进一步验证了本构参数的有效性,为扩大激光选区熔化技术及其产品的应用提供了理论基础。     

一种土的非线性弹性本构模型参数的反演方法

旨在提出一种土的非线性弹性本构模型参数反演的方法。以现今普遍实行的地基载荷试验为基础,依据遗传算法的组合优化理论,采用正演计算和遗传算法优化相结合的方式,建立了土层非线性弹性本构模型参数反演的方法;并依据某黄土场地地基载荷试验数据,实施了黄土土层非线性弹性本构模型参数反演的全过程。计算结果表明,所建立的方法可以实现土层非线性弹性本构模型中相互关联的多个参数的组合优化,并在对初始值要求较低的情况下,可以获得良好的参数反演精度。从而为土的变形特性分析和土与其中及相邻结构的共同作用分析,提供了较好的土体本构模型参数的确定方法。     

Ti-6Al-4V在高应变率下的动态剪切特性及失效机理

采用基于霍普金森压杆的新型加载技术对Ti-6Al-4V材料的动态剪切特性及失效机理进行了测试研究。获得了Ti-6Al-4V材料在超过104 s-1应变率下的剪应力-剪应变曲线及失效参数。研究发现,材料的流动应力存在明显的应变率强化效应;随着应变率的增加,材料的失效应力逐渐增大,而失效应变逐渐减小。采用ABAQUS/Explicit对加载过程进行了数值模拟。结果显示,剪切区材料基本处于平面剪切状态,应力应变场分布较为均匀,计算得到的剪应力-剪应变曲线与实验结果吻合较好。经断口分析可知,随着应变率的升高,Ti-6Al-4V的失效机理存在由韧窝、拉伸韧窝至台阶及河流花样的演化过程,材料的失效模式主要表现为韧性断裂。     

网纹型表面微结构对Ti-6Al-4V水润滑摩擦学特性的影响

研究了Ti-6Al-4V合金表面网纹型微结构与Si3N4小球对摩时的水润滑摩擦学性能.利用电火花加工技术在Ti-6Al-4V合金表面加工出不同尺寸的网纹结构,运用正交试验设计方法分析了网纹宽度、深度、间宽比和网纹角度对Ti-6Al-4V合金水润滑摩擦学性能的影响.结果表明:具有合适几何参数的网纹结构能够降低摩擦副在水润滑条件下的摩擦系数和磨损量.当网纹角度在45°时,摩擦副的摩擦系数和磨损量能同时降低.网纹宽度对稳态摩擦系数的影响最大,而网纹深度和夹角对摩擦副材料的磨损影响最大.     

Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb和Ti6Al4V合金的干摩擦学性能对比研究

本文以商业Ti-6Al-4V合金为参照,考察了Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb(原子比)金属间化合物在不同载荷和速率下的干摩擦学行为,结果表明:Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb和Ti6Al4V合金的摩擦系数几乎相同,而Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb金属间化合物比Ti-6Al-4V具有更好的抗磨性;Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb和Ti6Al4V合金的磨损率均随载荷的增加而增加,Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb合金磨损率随滑动速率增加而增加,Ti-6Al-4V合金磨损率却随滑动速率增加呈下降直至稳定的趋势;Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的磨损机制主要为疲劳磨损,Ti-6Al-4V合金的磨损机制为塑性变形,犁沟和剥落.     

Simulated microstructure-sensitive extreme value probabilities for high cycle fatigue of duplex Ti-6Al-4V

A newly developed microstructure-sensitive extreme value probabilistic framework to characterize the performance/variability for damage evolution processes is exercised to compare the driving forces for fatigue crack formation (nucleation and early growth) at room temperature for four different microstructure variants of a duplex Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The aforementioned probabilistic framework links certain extreme value fatigue response parameters with microstructure attributes at fatigue critical sites through the use of marked correlation functions. By applying this framework to study the driving forces for fatigue crack formation in these microstructure variants of Ti-6Al-4V, these microstructures can be ranked in terms of relative high cycle fatigue (HCF) performance and the correlated microstructure attributes that have the most influence on the predicted fatigue response can be identified. Nonlocal fatigue indicator parameters (FIPs) based on the cyclic plastic strain averaged over domains on the length scale of the microstructure attributes (e.g., grains, phases) are used to estimate the driving force(s) for fatigue crack formation at the grain scale. By simulating multiple statistical volume elements (SVEs) using crystal plasticity constitutive relations, extreme value distributions of the predicted driving forces for fatigue crack formation are estimated using these FIPs. This strategy of using multiple SVEs contrasts with simulation based on a single representative volume element (RVE), which is often untenably large when considering extreme value responses. The simulations demonstrate that microstructures with smaller relative primary α grain sizes and lower volume fractions of the primary α grains tend to exhibit less variability and smaller magnitudes of the driving forces for fatigue crack formation. The extreme value FIPs are predicted to most likely occur at clusters of primary α grains oriented for easy basal slip. Additionally, surrounding grains/phases with soft orientation shed load to less favorably oriented primary α grains, producing extreme value FIPs.     

Parameter identification for improved viscoplastic model considering dynamic recrystallization

The successful application of viscoplastic model considering dynamic recrystallization depends on how well the parameters are identified. However, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory parameters using conventional parameter identification methods. The reasons are due to difficulties in obtaining homogeneous deformation, high complexity of physical process described by the model and large number of parameters. In this paper, the material parameters are identified by inverse analysis. Global information on objective function is firstly studied by an improved uniform random sampling method; secondly, a hybrid global optimization method, which combines the genetic algorithm, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, the augmented Gauss–Newton algorithm and the flexible tolerance method, is constructed and an inverse analysis numerical procedure, which combines the proposed optimization method with the finite element analysis, is proposed; at last, a set of satisfactory material parameters for 26Cr2Ni4MoV is obtained by the proposed inverse analysis numerical procedure.     

Elastic–plastic analysis of two-dimensional functionally graded materials under thermal loading

The two-dimensional functionally graded materials, (2D-FGMs) have been recently introduced in order to significantly reduce the thermal stresses in machine elements that subjected to sever thermal loading. To the author’s knowledge no work was found that investigates the elastic–plastic stress analysis for 2D-FGMs. In the current work, a 3D finite element model of 2D-FGM plates made of ZrO₂, 6061-T6 and Ti-6Al-4V with temperature dependent material properties has been proposed to perform such analysis. An elastic plastic stress–strain relation based on the rule of mixture of the 2D-FGM has been introduced in the model. Also, a 3D finite element model of conventional FGM plates, of ZrO₂/Ti-6Al-4V and ZrO₂/6061-T6, with temperature dependent material properties has been proposed for the investigation of these plates too. Then, elastic–plastic stress analysis of the considered four plates (two conventional FGMs and two 2D-FGMs) under the same transient cyclic heating and cooling was carried out. It was found that heat conductivity of the metallic constituents of FGM has great effect on the temperature distributions that resulting from the thermal loads. Minimum temperatures variation and minimum stresses can be obtained using ZrO₂/6061-T6/Ti-6Al-4V 2D-FGM. Also, the results indicate that only ZrO₂/6061-T6/Ti-6Al-4V 2D-FGM can stand with the adopted sever thermal loading without fracture or plastic deformations.     

基于遗传算法的设计地震反应谱标定方法

基于自然进化原理的遗传算法是一种解决复杂非线性规划问题十分有前景的方法。对遗传算法中一些有代表性的算法作了简要分析和评价。介绍了用地面峰值加速度(PGA)、峰值速度(PGV)和峰值位移(PGD)三个参数标定设计地震反应谱的模型。针对此分段非线性函数规划问题,运用MATLAB编写遗传算法程序进行了计算。计算表明遗传算法在全局优化、非线性优化、多参数优化等方面表现出了传统算法无法比拟的优势。     

多种群遗传算法在PBX本构模型参数识别中的应用

利用多种群并行结构对标准遗传算法SGA进行并行化处理,引入移民算子和精华种群形成多种群遗传算法MPGA,并设计了自适应交叉和变异概率对算法的收敛速度进行改进。结合ABAQUS软件和改进的多种群遗传算法,建立了材料本构模型参数识别方法。采用该方法对PBX炸药黏弹性损伤本构模型参数进行了模拟识别,并同基于标准遗传算法的参数识别方法进行了比较。结果证明,基于改进多种群遗传算法IMPGA的方法对克服算法未成熟收敛有显著的效果,识别结果更稳定。同时该方法的收敛速度更快,寻优能力更强,适合复杂非线性问题的优化,此方法可以被应用到其他材料本构模型的参数识别中。     

Crystal plasticity modeling of slip activity in Ti–6Al–4V under high cycle fatigue loading

Deformation micromechanisms of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy under fatigue loading at room temperature are studied using a three-dimensional crystal plasticity constitutive model. The model employs a minimum set of fitting parameters based on experimental data for Ti–6Al–4V. Single slip is strongly favored through a softening law that affects mainly the driving force for slip on the first activated slip system. Cyclic deformation behavior at the macroscopic scale and at the local scale of grains is analyzed through the simulation of 20 cycles of fatigue on a polycrystalline structure of 900 randomly oriented grains. The progressive activation of slip (basal, prismatic, and pyramidal) is analyzed and compared to experimental observations.     

钛合金TC4材料热处理工艺对圆筒在内爆炸载荷下膨胀半径的影响

对采用两种不同热处理工艺的钛合金TC4材料进行了Hopkinson拉伸实验、圆筒爆炸实验和数值仿真,从而确定了两种不同热处理工艺的优劣并通过微观分析揭示了钛合金TC4材料微观组织结构对内爆炸载荷下圆筒膨胀半径的影响。实验和数值分析表明:采用双重退火热处理工艺的钛合金TC4材料具有良好的动态力学性能。在相同的加载条件下,经此工艺处理的TC4圆筒在爆轰产物未泄漏之前有着充分的膨胀半径,而且也不容易形成绝热剪切破坏。同时,给出的依据高速摄影照片确定筒壳断裂点的方法是切实可行的,获得的断裂时间与数值分析结果吻合。     

爆炸金属管的绝热剪切断裂宏观研究

本文介绍了45号钢、TC4钛合金及WTG05钨合金三种金属管在内部爆炸载荷下的宏观剪切断裂行为,并对此作了一些初浅的分析,提到了实验中发现的钛合金的一种反常单向性剪切起裂现象,同时发现该钨合金在爆炸应变率下表现为脆性断裂。     

Determination of the Johnson–Cook Material Parameters Using the SCS Specimen

This note addresses the determination of the Johnson-Cook material parameters using the shear compression specimen (SCS). This includes the identification of the thermal softening effect in quasi static and dynamic loading as well as and the strain rate hardening effect in dynamic loading. A hybrid experimental–numerical (finite element) procedure is presented to identify the constitutive parameters, with an application to Ti6Al4V alloy. The present results demonstrate the suitability of the SCS for constitutive testing.     

粘弹塑性统一本构模型的参数评估

针对粘弹塑性统一本构模型参效众多的特点和传统评估参效方法的缺点，应用非线性最小二秉法与敏感系数分析方法相结合，提出了一个比较系统的对粘弹塑性统一本构模型的参数进行评估的方法。对铜合金在室温下不同加载速率的试验曲线进行参数适配，表明本方法的合理性与正确性。为粘弹塑性统一本构模型的工程应用奠定了基础。     

双相钛合金Ti‑6Al‑4V微观缺陷疲劳演化的片层结构分布效应

本文研究疲劳载荷作用下双相钛合金Ti-6Al-4V中片层结构对微观几何缺陷区域演化的影响．基于晶体塑 性有限元(Crystal Plasticity Finite Element, CPFE)理论,建立含微观椭圆缺陷的双相片层代表性体积单元 (Representative Volume Element, RVE)模型,通过调控缺陷附近的微观组织形貌,使缺陷两端分别出现单相结构和 片层结构,以突出双态合金中片层结构分布对微观缺陷演化的影响．模拟结果表明,位于微观缺陷两侧的晶粒, 片层结构的应变敏感性更大,应变沿缺口环向和沿晶内均呈不连贯波动．片层结构通过调节晶内应变,扩大承载 范围,可提高双相钛合金的抗疲劳特性．这一研究结果可为双相钛合金的疲劳裂纹萌生提供一个新的解释途径     

平流层飞艇气动参数辨识

进入21世纪以来，随着科技的飞速发展，世界上掀起了研究和开发平流层平台的热潮。飞艇作为平流层平台可以实现无线通信、空间观测、大气测量以及军事侦查等目的。本文首先将飞艇所受的气动力分成由于来流速度产生的定常气动力和飞艇转动引起的非定常气动力两部分，通过理论分析建立了飞艇的气动力模型，从而得到需要辨识的气动参数。其次建立了以浮心为原点的六自由度非线性动力学模型和一种基于混合遗传算法的气动力系数辨识方法——混合遗传算法（遗传算法＋单纯型法）与极大似然法相结合的方法，并利用该方法对飞艇的气动参数进行辨识。通过仿真结果验证了该方法实用性和有效性。最后通过对气动参数的准确值与辨识值的分析比较，得出各个参数对飞艇运动性能的影响情况。     

Determining the size and location of transverse cracks in beams

The spectral element method, which is very suitable for solving inverse dynamic problems, is combined with a stochastic genetic algorithm to give a scheme that can locate and size cracks in structural components. The mechanical model is based on an approach that separates the global structural dynamics from the local crack-tip zone dominated by singular stresses. The global model, consisting of connected waveguides, describes the structural dynamics using spectral elements. The local model, describing the crack-tip behavior, is based on the relation between the stress-intensity factor and the stored strain energy representing the crack region. The results are demonstrated with experimental data from an aluminum beam with a transverse crack.     

涡激响应尾流双振子模型的参数反演方法

尾流双振子模型是研究圆柱结构涡激振动响应的重要模型,模型参数的准确确定对悬浮隧道设计理论具有重要意义.首先通过降阶法将多变量二阶非线性常微分方程组的尾流双振子模型变换为一阶方程组.然后给出一种新型的圆柱结构水槽试验设计方案,其中试验模型的刚度能够较好反映悬浮隧道等实际工程结构的刚度,基于相机动态捕捉和视频识别计算机程序,获取圆柱结构在水平和竖直方向的位移试验数据.基于试验结果和龙格-库塔方法求解一阶方程组,采用BP神经网络智能算法对模型参数进行反演,同时利用遗传算法对神经元的初始权值和阈值进行优化,所得结果平均误差仅为5.50％,优于遗传算法和未优化的BP神经网络模型.结果表明,基于遗传算法优化的BP神经网络智能算法能够精确实现尾流双振子模型的参数确定,为圆柱结构涡激振动响应分析提供理论基础.     

结构性软土弹塑性模型的隐式算法实现

对于考虑软土结构性的高度非线性弹塑性本构模型,在采用Newton-CPPM隐式算法对模型进行数值实现的过程中容易出现Jacobian矩阵奇异和不收敛问题。为此,本文提出了两种改进隐式算法。考虑到Newton-CPPM隐式算法是局部收敛性算法,因此引入大范围收敛的同伦延拓算法对Newton-CPPM算法的迭代初值进行改进,形成了同伦-Newton-CPPM算法。考虑到Newton-CPPM隐式算法单个迭代步的计算量过大,因此借鉴显式算法的思想提出一种两阶段迭代算法,第一阶段先求出一致性参数,第二阶段采用类似于显示算法的方法进行回代得出状态变量的值。然后,以考虑软土结构性的SANICLAY模型为例,从弹塑性本构模型的组成和算法的特点两个角度分析了引起Jacobian矩阵奇异和不收敛问题的原因,并且在单单元计算的基础上,对全显式算法、传统隐式算法和两种改进隐式算法在计算收敛性、计算精度和计算效率方面进行了对比。最后,将同伦-Newton-CPPM算法和传统隐式算法用于地基承载力多单元计算中,结果表明该算法能够有效地解决Jacobian矩阵奇异和不收敛问题。