低层四坡屋面房屋风载体型系数的分析与实用计算

利用数值模拟和风洞模型试验,获得了低层四坡屋面房屋在不同风向角下的屋面风载体型系数的实用计算公式。首先对缩尺比为1∶20的四坡屋面房屋模型(足尺为平面7.5 m×15 m,檐口高度9.6 m,挑檐长度1.5m)进行了风洞试验,再通过改变体型参数对5种屋面坡角、5种房屋高宽比和长宽比情况的屋面风压进行了数值模拟。通过对数值模拟和试验结果的分析发现,屋面坡角及房屋高宽比是影响屋面风荷载的主要因素。据此提出了屋面各分区风载体型系数的实用计算公式,并给出了计算实例,将计算结果与试验结果作了比较。结果表明,该实用公式简便准确,可直接供四坡屋面房屋抗风设计参考和应用。     

并列三柱体风致干扰DDES模拟分析

采用基于SSTk-ω湍流模型的延迟分离涡模拟方法DDES(Delayed detached eddy simulation),对三并列线性布置柱体的风荷载和流场特性进行了数值模拟.为验证方法的有效性,对单个三维方柱绕流进行了计算分析,比较计算值与试验结果的风荷载特征,两者符合较好.然后采用DDES研究了三并列方柱对称布置时,间距比对中间受扰建筑风致干扰的问题.数值结果表明,间距比较小时对受扰建筑风荷载分布有较大影响.总的来看,当间距比约为3.0时,受扰建筑的影响达到最大.同时,数值分析了三方柱周围瞬态流场特征,探讨了临近建筑之间的干扰机理.结果 表明,SST-DDES方法能够较好地预测绕方柱流动分离问题,可为群体高层建筑气动相互干扰研究提供参考.     

输电塔-线体系脉动风振耦合分析

为了研究脉动风引起的结构风致响应，以一塔二线输电塔-线体系为对象，模拟了不同风向角下风荷载导致的结构时程响应．以Davenport风速谱为验算目标来模拟脉动风场，在平均风速的基础上施加脉动风动力时程荷载，分析风向角分别为0°、90°和45°时输电塔-线体系的风振时程响应．依据三种工况下结构中的位移及内力分布情况，分析了主要构件的强度及稳定性，并与基于规范得到的结果进行比较．结果表明，当输电塔层数小于6时，按规范方法计算的强度应力均比按单向流固耦合(Fluid-Solid Interaction, FSI)方法计算的强度应力大；当层数大于6时，按规范方法计算的强度应力与按FSI方法计算的强度应力相当；在45°和90°风向角工况下，按规范方法计算的部分层数的强度应力略小于按FSI方法计算的强度应力．考虑到脉动风的随机性大，建议适当增加风振荷载系数，以确保输电塔-线结构体系的强度安全性．     

实际瓦屋面双坡低矮建筑的风荷载特性的数值模拟研究

基于Fluent软件平台,采用雷诺应力模型(RSM),对一类实际瓦屋面双坡低矮建筑的风荷载特性进行了研究.首先通过对TTU标准模型的计算,验证了本文数值模拟方法的可行性并确定了合适的网格及计算参数.然后以实际瓦屋面双坡低矮建筑作为典型计算模型,对三种不同屋盖的体型系数进行了数值模拟,将实际瓦屋面模型与风洞试验模型进行了对比分析,并分析了不同风向下瓦片屋盖对于屋面风压的影响.结果表明,实际瓦屋面模型的风压值整体上比风洞试验简化模型的风压值要小,两模型的风压差值从0°风向到90°风向呈递减趋势,且迎风面各分块的风压差普遍大于背风面各分块的风压差.结果还表明,在各风向角下,瓦片屋盖对屋面风压的影响程度不一,且折线瓦对风压的影响相比波形瓦要大.     

基于数值模拟方法的自然通风器风载体型系数研究

基于Fluent软件平台,采用混合网格划分,选用Realizable k-ε湍流模型,对某自然通风器的风场进行三维数值模拟研究.选择0°、45°、90°、135°和180°等风向,每个风向考虑39m/s风速,此外对0°、180°两风向还考虑了57m/s风速.通过模拟,得到了主通风器导流片的风载体型系数.经计算,0°,180°两个风向的风场对导流片抗风影响较大,基于此对这两个风向的计算结果进行了详细分析.在数值模拟过程中引人多孔介质阶跃模型模拟次通风器导流片,在降低模型复杂程度和减少计算量的同时,保证了数值模拟结果的可靠性.分析表明,基于数值模拟方法得到的风载体型系数在不同风向和风速的情况下呈现一定的变化规律性,为确定自然通风器类结构的风载体型系数提供了合理依据.     

基于高精度数值积分的结构顺风向风振计算

对于采用Davenport风谱作为脉动风荷载功率谱密度函数的结构风振计算,建立一种适合高精度数值积分的计算格式,采用高精度的龙贝格求积法计算结构顺风向风振响应的数值解,并认为此解可以作为理论解的良好逼近;以本文的数值积分解作为比较依据,检验了基于背景分量共振分量的结构风振计算方法的精确度和适用性。     

风荷载作用下上海地区外墙外保温系统性能研究

高层建筑随着高度的增加受到风荷载值也增加,外墙外保温系统受到风荷载影响亦增加．外墙外保温系统在交付后,开裂、脱落、渗水现象时有发生,严重时会造成脱落,存在安全质量隐患．本文根据上海地区外墙外保温的实际情况,对外墙外保温系统的风荷载设计值、空腔风压力损失、粘结力等进行计算,综合分析了风荷载对外墙外保温系统的影响及破坏机理,并提出了针对性的措施．     

基于约束加权最小二乘的多目标等效静力风荷载方法在大跨屋盖中的应用

为计算大跨屋盖多目标等效静力风荷载,采用约束加权最小二乘方法,设基本向量为完全三分量单目标等效静力风荷载,推导了一种完全三分量多目标等效静力风荷载方法。以一个开孔屋盖为例,进行了刚性模型测压风洞试验,研究了该屋盖的单目标和多目标等效静力风荷载。结果表明:单目标和多目标等效静力风荷载的分布形状相似,多目标等效结果大于单目标等效结果;采用单目标等效静力风荷载方法,精确等效节点的等效位移与实际位移完全相等,但其它等效节点的等效位移明显偏离实际位移,最大误差可达72.1%;而完全三分量多目标等效静力风荷载方法下的其它等效节点的等效位移与实际位移相差较小,最大误差仅为6.1%,适合大跨屋盖等效静力风荷载的多目标等效。     

基于风洞试验的不同坡度多跨锯齿屋面风压特性研究

多跨锯齿屋面因其具有跨度大、结构轻盈的特点成为典型的风灾易损结构。目前国内规范对锯齿屋盖的风荷载规定较为粗略,简单给定了统一的风压系数参考值,在实际工程应用中具有一定的局限性。本文以某4跨锯齿房屋为研究对象,通过风洞试验测试了15°、21°、26°、30°和40°等5种不同屋面坡度对锯齿屋盖风压特性的影响。试验结果表明,我国建筑结构荷载规范GB 50009-2012关于锯齿屋面的负风压系数绝对值明显偏小,锯齿屋面最不利均面积负风压系数随着坡度的增加逐渐从高屋角(HC)区转移到屋面边区(SE),且与HC区相反,SE区内的最不利负风压系数绝对值随角度增加而增大;锯齿中间B、C跨最不利均面积负风压系数始终出现在HE区,其绝对值随角度增加而增大,而尾跨D则出现在SE区,且随角度增加而减小;屋面最不利极值负风压系数为-9.6,随着屋面坡度的增大,屋面的最大极值负风压系数绝对值逐渐减小。此外,以各坡度屋面负风压系数的分布为依据,给出了不同屋面坡度范围和不同跨屋面风压系数分区划分建议。     

高层建筑风荷载反演研究

本文研究了结构参数未知条件下的高层建筑风荷载反演问题,通过将平均风速的实测特性作为识别计算中的辅助条件,文中提出了一类荷载归一化统计平均方法,结合工程实例,进行了高层建筑风荷载反演分析,结果表明,本文建议方法可以在幅值、时程等方面均给出良好的风荷载反演结果,同时识别得到的结构参数具有良好的精度。从而为高层建筑风荷载研究提供了一条可行途径。     

Influence of spacing parameters on the wind loading of solar array

Boundary layer wind tunnel tests were conducted to investigate the effects of different spacing parameters on the wind loading of ground and roof mounted solar arrays. On the ground mounted array the effect of lateral and longitudinal spacing between panels was investigated. On the roof mounted array the effect of array perimeter gap from the building edge was investigated. Based on the results obtained, the magnitude of force and moment coefficients on the ground mounted array decreased across panel rows as a result of sheltering effect from the neighboring upwind panels. The largest reduction of wind load coefficients was observed on the second row panels but the amount of reduction dropped quickly afterwards, becoming minimal after the fourth row. It was also observed that panels located in the outer array column could be subjected to relatively higher wind loads compared to panels located in the inner array columns. Increasing the lateral spacing between array columns was observed to have minimal effect on the force and moment coefficients. However, the wind load coefficients increased as the longitudinal spacing between panel rows was increased. The wind load coefficients on the roof mounted array decreased with increasing perimeter gap from the building edge.     

攒尖四坡屋面风致雪漂移的数值模拟

为获得攒尖四坡屋面的风致雪漂移规律，基于欧拉-欧拉方法和风雪单向耦合假定，运用计算流体动力学软件，选取Mixture模型分别对立方体周边和高低屋面上的风致雪漂移运动进行数值模拟，将模拟结果与两者的实地观测数据对比，探讨分析数值风洞的关键技术和参数设置，验证数值模拟方法的合理性与可靠性。依据攒尖四坡房屋的使用功能要求，设计分析模型与分析工况，在试算的基础上对屋面进行分区。以风速5 m/s，7 m/s，9 m/s，11 m/s，13 m/s和15 m/s，风向角0°，15°，30°和45°以及屋面坡度25°，30°，34°，40°和45°为分析参数，对攒尖四坡房屋的120种工况进行数值模拟，得到屋面各分区侵蚀沉积的基本规律，提出可用于抗雪设计的屋面积雪分布系数。研究表明，风向角的改变会使屋面积雪分布状态发生较大程度的变化，风速和屋面坡度的变化对屋面整体积雪量有较大影响。     

多层建筑屋顶风场的数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学软件Fluent17.2,以浙江温州大学某栋带女儿墙的多层试验教学楼为研究对象,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对其进行数值模拟。通过对不同风向角下的数值模拟结果进行对比分析,探究屋顶风场与未受扰来流风场的区别,屋顶不同高度风场的差异,以及不同风向角来流情况下近屋面风场的分布特点、变化规律。结果表明:在离屋面高8m以下,屋顶风速变化剧烈混乱,屋面前沿、中部、后方区域的风速会随高度增加发生变化,并与未受扰来流风场相比存在较大差别;在女儿墙高度1.2m以下,屋面四周区域风速小于中部区域;在离屋面高1.2m~8m时,同一高度屋面前沿区域风速却要大于中部区域及后方区域;在不同的风向角来流下,当来流与建筑迎风面垂直时,屋顶风场沿中线对称分布。本文所得结论可为屋顶各类设备的抗风设计提供一定的参考依据。     

Simulation of the aerodynamics of buildings and structures by means of the closed vortex loop method

Problems of the numerical simulation of the air flow past buildings and structures are considered using the closed vortex loop method. A mathematical model, based on the vortex approach, of the time-dependent ideal incompressible fluid flow past a system of bodies is proposed. A numerical scheme for solving the problem and an algorithm for calculating the distributed wind loads over the body surface are outlined. An example of calculating the aerodynamic loads is given for a real building and the results are compared with the known results of testing a model of the building in a wind tunnel. An example of the calculation and analysis of the wind distribution over a system of several buildings is also presented.     

Effect of Unreinforced Masonry Infill on Floor Amplification and Other Parameters in Frame-Wall Buildings

Frame-shear wall buildings or dual systems are a common form of reinforced concrete building structures. In such systems, shear walls form the primary lateral load-resisting elements intended to carry about 75% of lateral loads. The beam-column frame elements carry the vertical loads and the balance amount of lateral loads. Unreinforced masonry infill panels are common in frame-wall buildings which are incorporated to serve functional purposes. Infill panels are generally not modeled while designing the buildings. However, the influence of infill on the behavior of the building is considerable. In the present study, the response parameters in terms of average floor spectra and roof displacements have been studied in dual system buildings designed as per Unified Performance-Based Design (UPBD) method, with and without masonry infill struts. The UPBD method satisfies both target design drift and performance level simultaneously. Floor spectra are useful in the design of Operational and Functional Components (OFCs) in buildings which are mounted on floors. For the design of OFCs, parameters such as Floor Amplification factor (FAF), Component Amplification Factor (CAF), and Total Amplification Factor (TAF) are important and have been studied here. Frame-wall buildings with two plans and various heights with and without infill struts have been considered for specified target drift and performance levels. It has been observed that floor response diminishes with the incorporation of infill struts. Some important conclusions have been drawn on FEMA provisions.     

AN EXTENDED k-ε MODEL FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS

It is assumed in this paper that for a high Reynolds number nearly homogeneouswind flow, the Reynolds stresses are uniquely related to the mean velocity gradientsand the two independent turbulent scaling parameters k and E. By applying dimensionalanalysis and owing to the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for tensors, a new turbulenceenclosure model so-called the axtended k-ε model has been developed. The coefficientsof the model expression were detemined by the wind tunnel experimental data ofhomogeneous shear turbulent flow. The model was compared with the standard k-εmodel in in composition and the prediction of the Reynold’s normal Stresses. Using thenew model the numerical simulation of wind flow around a square cross-section tallbuilding was performed. The results show that the extended k-ε model improves theprediction of wind velocities around the building the building and wind pressures on the buildingenvelope.     

平屋盖风压分布的数值模拟

基于Reynolds时均N-S方程和RSM模型对平屋面的风压分布进行了数值模拟,在此基础上系统研究了风向角、跨高比、地面粗糙度、风速等因素对屋面风压分布的影响,探讨了结构周围流场的绕流特性,最后根据屋面的结构形式及风压分布特点将屋面进行分区,给出了屋面在不同风向角下的分区风载体型系数以供工程设计参考。     

相邻高层建筑表面风压的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法对一幢由主楼和配楼组成的复杂高层建筑的表面风压进行了模拟计算，考虑了相邻一幢高层建筑对风压分布的影响。计算得到的风压值还与风洞试验值作了比较。结果表明，数值模拟较好地反映了复杂高层建筑的周围流线和表面风压的分布情况；同时，由于相邻建筑物的存在，使得原有建筑的时均流线分布尤其是涡流的数目和尺度以及建筑表面的时均风压分布均发生了较明显的改变。     

A random vortex simulation of wind-flow over a building

The random vortex method of Chorin¹ provides a numerical simulation of high-Reynolds number flow in two dimensions. The method can be used to model the viscous interaction of wind with a surface-mounted obstacle of arbitrary cross-section. In this paper the method has been used to investigate the flow of wind over common building shapes; an inlet profile is chosen to represent the stationary aspects of the atmospheric boundary layer. The evolution of flow over a short time-interval after flow initialization is depicted, and a mean value of pressure coefficient, C_p, is calculated over the building perimeter. Some comparison is made with published wind-tunnel measurements for the case of a surface-mounted square-section block and for a building model with 10° roof pitch.     

锥形涡诱导下建筑物顶面风荷载

通过风洞模拟实验，研究了在锥形涡诱导下建筑物顶面风荷载的特性. 针对一个立方体形模 型，给出了在不同风向角下压力分布的系统结果，进而分析了产生这样结果的原因和流动机 理，以及建筑物顶面的分离流动结构随风向角改变而改变及其演化过程，并指出锥形涡的出 现是建筑物顶面局部出现峰值负压的主要原因. 实验结果还显示，在一定风向角下，由于分 离流动产生的锥形涡结构在屋顶局部可以诱导出时均负压峰值达$-1.0$以上；在风向角 $\beta =30^\circ$时，锥形涡强度达到最大，其诱导的顶面附近局部时均负压峰值可 达$-2.4$, 瞬时风压达$-5.7$以上，是导致建筑物屋顶在强风下损坏的根本原因.