大型反倾库岸岩体变形过程及破坏机制数值模拟

随着边坡地质结构、地层岩性和诱发因素的不同,反倾岩体的主控变形破坏模式都会发生改变。金沙江龙蟠边坡岩体主要为反倾向千板岩和砂岩互层状结构,坡脚河床深厚覆盖层构成了边坡的软弱支座。本文运用离散单元法模拟了大型反倾库岸岩体在漫长的地质历史时期中的变形演化过程,并基于反倾岩体变形的时效性观点,引入强度折减法分析边坡在不同阶段的剪切屈服区扩展情况及相应的稳定性状态。结论表明龙蟠边坡变形岩体是重力弯曲蠕变为主导的成因机制,并归纳提出了软基效应和互层效应共同作用下的大规模反倾岩体的累进性剪切破坏模式,俗称“龙蟠模式”。     

露井联采下边坡稳定性的相似模拟研究

露井联采模式下露井边界参数的合理选取,是决定露天边坡稳定的关键因素。通过相似模拟试验对安太堡露天矿南帮4＃煤和9＃煤露井联合开采下露天边坡的破坏过程进行了研究,分析了边坡破坏模式以及边坡的沉降变形规律。结果表明,露井联采下安太堡南帮边坡存在3种破坏模式：1435～1450平台的沉降破坏、1390～1435平台的沉降和滑移复合破坏,并最终转为滑移破坏、1280～1390平台的滑移破坏. 并指出在4＃和9＃煤复合开采产生的地表沉降中9＃煤占总沉降量的60％以上。通过模拟得出,安太堡南帮实际边坡位置应整体后移20m,使井工开采工作面开切眼的位置由原1390台阶下移到1405台阶下,保证其开切眼所在位置至露天边坡台阶的垂直安全高度应在131m以上,该结论有效地解决了多年来困扰安太堡南帮露井联采边坡稳定性问题。     

缓倾外层状结构边坡变形破坏模式及支护对策研究

高速公路开挖形成越来越多的工程边坡。缓倾外层状结构边坡作为一种典型的岩质边坡,一般情况下整体稳定性较好,但在特定的结构面组合状况下,开挖后也可能产生整体变形破坏。本文以软弱结构面和长大裂隙发育的公路工程边坡为例,通过岩体结构及边坡一定范围内已有边坡破坏现象的调查研究,采用工程地质类比和三维离散元法综合分析边坡变形破坏模式,并针对变形破坏模式的特点,提出支护对策。研究结果表明,结构面贯通坡体形成切割块体的后缘和侧缘边界时,缓倾外层状结构边坡可沿层面产生滑移-拉裂变形,若滑面与临空面具有一定夹角,边坡的变形可表现为旋转式滑移-拉裂;结构面组合控制的缓倾外层状结构岩质边坡稳定性受坡体中下部的关键块体控制,一旦关键块体失稳,将引起上部块体的连锁失稳,此类边坡变形控制的重点是对关键块体分布区域进行强支护;支护工程实施后的变形监测结果表明,基于变形破坏模式分析的边坡支护方案保证了边坡施工和运营过程中的安全。     

水下岩质边坡在波浪作用下的稳定性分析

运用ANSYS程序对水下的岩质边坡进行数值模拟分析,采用不同的材料强度来模拟岩石和软弱结构面。应用强度折减方法对边坡的强度参数进行折减,直至边坡出现破坏,分析边坡在达到破坏时内部的应力应变情况和位移变形情况。对于波浪力,本文采用简化的波压力方程模拟低频的水波对边坡的波压力影响,并用多个模型比较计算的方法得出最佳的模型尺寸和水下荷载的计算模式。     

层状反倾边坡变形特征及影响因素分析

借助金沙江某水电站左岸边坡岩体参数,利用离散元软件UDEC/3DEC对层状反倾边坡的主控影响因素(边坡高度、边坡坡度、层面倾角、层面力学参数、坡面与层面夹角等)进行多工况数值模拟分析,揭示了不同影响因素下层状反倾边坡倾倒变形的条件及破坏特征。计算结果表明各影响因素均对边坡倾倒变形有显著影响,边坡层面力学参数的影响尤为显著;边坡在坡角β40°,层面倾角γ50°时发生倾倒破坏的特征并不明显,当边坡坡角β40°,层面倾角γ50°时,随着各影响因素的不同组合与变化,边坡倾倒变形趋势显著增加,边坡的破坏模式主要表现为延性弯曲倾倒和脆性折断倾倒破坏;坡面与层面夹角的变化对边坡倾倒变形及边坡潜在破坏模式均有显著影响,当坡面与层面夹角Ψ在0°~90°时,随Ψ值的增大边坡潜在破坏模式由典型的弯折倾倒破坏模式向圆弧形滑动破坏模式转变。     

鄂西北山区降雨型边坡失稳模式和评价方法

2003年6月的一次连续降雨诱发了鄂西北山区郧漫公路沿线多处边坡失稳。根据边坡岩土体的组成和结构特征,总结出了5种典型的暴雨型边坡失稳模式：浅层堆积体滑移、含软弱面顺层滑移、切层边坡水压劈裂破坏、碎裂岩似弧形追踪破坏和块裂岩楔体滑移。根据边坡破坏特点和降雨作用形式提出了相应的评价方法,认为浅层堆积体在暴雨下含水量,即85%~100%液限含水量时易发生滑移,通过平面无限斜坡评价法计算边坡稳定性;含软弱面顺层边坡及块裂楔形体均为剪切滑移失稳,采用简化的刚体极限平衡法计算其稳定性;切层边坡中陡倾裂缝经历了卸荷张开－水压开裂－贯通破坏的过程,通过Ⅰ型裂缝扩展判据评价边坡稳定性;碎裂岩边坡发生类似弧形滑移的追踪破坏,采用连续介质圆弧法计算边坡稳定性。     

平面滑动型岩质边坡稳定性极限分析上限法

在极限分析理论框架体系的基础上,提出了平面滑动型岩质边坡极限分析上限法。该方法按照外力所做的功率等于内力所消耗的功率,即滑体处于极限状态时两功率相等的条件——虚功率方程,综合考虑作用在岩质边坡上的后缘裂缝静水压力、沿滑面扬压力、重力、水平地震作用力、锚固力等外力,按照强度折减法,推导得出了岩质边坡稳定性评价的极限分析上限解。锦屏一级水电站右岸泄洪洞引渠内侧工程边坡属于典型的多级台阶状岩质高边坡,该边坡岩体结构为层状结构,变形破坏模式为平面滑动。对引渠内侧岩质边坡稳定性分析结果表明,极限分析上限法对平面滑动型岩质边坡有较好的适用性。     

基于有限差分强度折减法的略阳电厂边坡稳定性分析

将强度折减理论应用于边坡稳定性分析中,借助FLAC/SLOPE有限差分分析程序,选择弹塑性Mohr-Coulomb模型及其破坏准则,以大唐略阳电厂边坡作为工程实例,分析了该边坡的稳定性,并与传统的Bishop法、Janbu法等方法计算所得边坡稳定系数进行了对比分析。结果表明,有限差分强度折减法能更加真实地反映边坡的实际情况,求得的边坡稳定系数更接近边坡的实际稳定状态,显示出其在边坡稳定性分析中的一定优势。     

西南某电站河床坝基开挖卸荷条件下变形破坏的数值分析

西南某电站河床坝基开挖过程中,在河床底部出现大量表征岩体卸荷的变形破坏现象。开挖卸荷深度与卸荷强度成为大坝建设及其长期稳定性的关键问题。采用三维有限差分程序FLAC^3D,分析开挖卸荷条件下坝基岩体变形破坏特征。结合现场卸荷裂隙现象调查资料,综合确定出所研究的河床坝基开挖卸荷影响深度及强度。为坝基综合治理提供必要的参考信息,也为今后此类中等地应力边坡开挖卸荷分析储备可以借鉴的资料。     

基于突变特征的边坡双强度折减系数量化研究

边坡失稳是一个由渐变演化至突变破坏的过程,过程中土体的强度参数c和φ发挥作用的路径和衰减程度不同。目前,双强度折减策略DRM在边坡稳定性评估中已逐渐形成共识,但双强度参数间的真实折减关系或折减关系的求解方法难以准确定义。以坡体抵抗外部环境能力最大值原理为依据,引入非线性分析突变理论,以坡体的极限承载力为考察量,建立其与双强度折减比的突变模型函数来考察边坡整体稳定性,进而量化折减过程中c和φ的折减比。结合算例,通过与已有方法的计算结果进行对比,验证了方法的合理性,并探究了c和φ以及坡度与折减比间的演化规律及机理。研究的执行思路可为双强度折减技术的探讨提供有益参考。     

动力应变局部化传播及尺寸效应数值模拟

采用 FLAC-3 D模拟了应变软化岩土材料局部化剪切带的发展、扩容对剪切带倾角的影响及试件的宽度效应。随着加载时步的增加 ,彼此孤立的两个应变场逐渐靠近、叠加 ,最终形成了剪切带网络。无论端面约束强或弱 ,剪切带的倾角的数值模拟结果都与罗斯科倾角比较接近。增加试样宽度 ,剪切带的宽度增加 ,剪切带变得不平直 ;宽度越大 ,岩样上端面中点的压应力 -加载时步曲线的峰值强度越大 ,宽度对弹性阶段没有大的影响     

变截面梁横向振动固有频率数值计算

根据边界条件对变截面梁横向振动四阶变系数微分方程降阶, 形成关于挠度和弯矩的二 阶非显式递推变系数微分方程组; 利用有限差分法, 研究了变截面简支梁横向振动固有频率 的数值计算方法及其精度. 理论分析和正交计算的算例表明: 数值计算算法简单, 计算精度 取决于计算步长的数目和梁横截面竖向渐变率, 与梁宽和梁长无关; 对于给定的计算步长或 数目, 可以估算数值计算的精度; 对于给定的精度要求, 可以确定合理的计算步长或数目.     

Line source diffraction by perfectly conducting successive steps

A rigorous investigation for the high frequency diffraction of the cylindrical waves by the perfectly conducting successive step discontinuities is considered by using the Fourier transform technique in conjunction with the mode-matching method. The corresponding boundary value problem is formulated into a modified scalar Wiener–Hopf equation of the third kind whose approximate solution, which is obtained by iterations of a pair of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, contains five sets of infinite number of unknown constants satisfying five infinite systems of linear algebraic equations and two types of branch-cut integrals which can be evaluated approximately and numerically due to their types. The effects of the characteristic parameters of the problem such as width and height of the steps on the diffraction phenomenon are shown graphically.     

Détermination de la résonance de Bragg et des largeurs des bandes interdites par le modèle d'onde plane corrigéDetermination of the Bragg resonance and line width of forbidden bands using the corrected plane wave model

During the interaction of the swell with a sea bottom composed of a set of steps, using the model of plane wave corrected by the effective length: (1) We determine the exact position of the Bragg resonance in case of a periodic bottom or containing a periodic part; (2) The determination of forbidden band widths is brought back to the study of the sign of the discriminant of the polynomial characteristic of the matrix of transfer of the generating motive of the periodic part of the bottom; (3) One can increase the width of the forbidden band while using some slightly increasing or decreasing length steps. To cite this article: S. Naasse et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">In situ</Emphasis> Study of Cracking and Buckling of Chromium Films on PET Substrates

Chromium (Cr) films are widely used as interlayers to promote the adhesion of copper or gold to substrates. However, the Cr interlayer usually fractures at lower strains than the ductile metal films. In this paper, the cracking and buckling behavior of Cr films on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates were studied in situ under tensile loading with the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and optical microscope imaging. Cr films with three nominal thicknesses of 15, 70 and 140 nm were studied. The depth and width of the cracks, as well as the height and width of the buckles, were measured from AFM images acquired at incremental loading steps. The buckle shapes at different strain levels were carefully examined using AFM line profile. It was found that at large strain levels the measured buckle shapes usually deviated from the elastic buckling mode shapes. Further in situ AFM imaging of the buckles at a smaller scan area revealed that in some cases the buckles were cracked at the apex. These in situ nanoscale measurements provided experimental observations and data for further model development and more accurate measurement of the interfacial fracture energy at the Cr-PET interface.     

磁性流体密封的优化设计

通过数值计算及实验对磁性流体密封的结构与参数进行了优化设计,给出了磁钢材料及尺寸的设计原则,研究了单级密封的密封压差与磁极斜角、极尖宽度和密封间隙的关系。分析了多级密封的级数、齿宽、槽宽及齿高对磁性流体多级密封的影响,给出了最优取值范围。     

Width effects on hydrodynamics of pendulum wave energy converter

Based on two- and three-dimensional potential flow theories, the width effects on the hydrodynamics of a bottom-hinged trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter are discussed. The two-dimensional eigenfunction expansion method is used to obtain the diffraction and radiation solutions when the converter width tends to be infinity. The trapezoidal section of the converter is approximated by a rectangular section for simplification. The nonlinear viscous damping effects are accounted for by including a drag term in the two- and three-dimensional methods. It is found that the three- dimensional results are in good agreement with the two-dimensional results when the converter width becomes larger, especially when the converter width is infinity, which shows that both of the methods are reasonable. Meantime, it is also found that the peak value of the conversion efficiency decreases as the converter width increases in short wave periods while increases when the converter width increases in long wave periods.     

Development of efficient and accurate skeletal mechanisms for hydrocarbon fuels and kerosene surrogate

In this paper,the methodology of the directed relation graph with error propagation and sensitivity analysis(DRGEPSA),proposed by Niemeyer et al.(Combust Flame 157:1760-1770.2010).and its differences to the original directed relation graph method are described.Using DRGEPSA,the detailed mechanism of ethylene containing 71 species and 395 reaction steps is reduced to several skeletal mechanisms with different error thresholds.The 25-species and 131-step mechanism and the 24-species and115-step mechanism are found to be accurate for the predictions of ignition delay time and laminar flame speed.Although further reduction leads to a smaller skeletal mechanism with 19 species and 68 steps,it is no longer able to represent the correct reaction processes.With the DRGEPSA method,a detailed mechanism for n-dodecane considering low-temperature chemistry and containing 2115 species and8157 steps is reduced to a much smaller mechanism with249 species and 910 steps while retaining good accuracy.If considering only high-temperature(higher than 1000 K)applications,the detailed mechanism can be simplified to even smaller mechanisms with 65 species and 340 steps or48 species and 220 steps.Furthermore,a detailed mechanism for a kerosene surrogate having 207 species and 1592 steps is reduced with various error thresholds and the results show that the 72-species and 429-step mechanism and the66-species and 392-step mechanism are capable of predicting correct combustion properties compared to those of the detailed mechanism.It is well recognized that kinetic mechanisms can be effectively used in computations only after they are reduced to an acceptable size level for computation capacity and at the same time retaining accuracy.Thus,the skeletal mechanisms generated from the present work are expected to be useful for the application of kinetic mechanisms of hydrocarbons to numerical simulations of turbulent or supersonic combustion.     

Stress concentrations in tensile strips with large circular holes

The purpose of this investigation was to determine more accurately the stress concentrations in tensile strips having large circular holes where the ratio of the hole diameter to strip width is greater than 0.5 Results of numerical elasticity analyses are presented for ratios of hole diameter to bar width ranging from 0.10 to 0.99, and photoelastic data are presented for the range from 0.40 to 0.94. Both numerical results and photoelastic data indicate that the stress-concentration factor based on net area approaches a value of one as the ratio of hole diameter to bar width approaches a value of one.     

Interference effect of two equal‐sized square cylinders in tandem arrangement: With planar shear flow

Numerical simulations have been performed for flow past two equal‐sized square cylinders in tandem arrangement subjected to incoming planar shear flow. Effect of L/d ratio and the shear parameter has been studied. The range of L/d ratio (ratio of center‐to‐center distance (L) to cylinder width (d)) is varied from 2 to 7 and the non‐dimensional shear parameter (K) is varied from 0.0 to 0.4 in steps of 0.1. For all the cases the Reynolds number (Re) based on centerline velocity and cylinder width is fixed at 100. The results are compared with that of isolated square cylinder with uniform flow. Strouhal number decreases with increasing shear parameter. There are more than one shedding frequency at high shear parameters and L/d ratios. The mean drag coefficient is decreased with shear parameter and lesser than that of the single cylinder. The root mean square (RMS) value of both lift and drag coefficients is higher for the downstream cylinder for all values of shear parameter. With increasing L/d ratio, for both lift and drag, the RMS value increases and then decreases for upstream cylinder, whereas it continuously increases for the downstream cylinder. The stagnation point is moved towards the top leading edge with increasing shear. The critical L/d ratio, which is defined as the distance between two cylinders, beyond which the vortex shedding from the upstream cylinder occurs, decreases with increasing shear parameter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.