中频感应局部加热弯管的回弹理论分析和试验研究

对中频感应局部加热弯管在不同钢管材料及规格、不同弯曲半径及弯曲角度等工艺参数时的加载和卸载的力能参数，应力应变进行了理论分析和实验研究，提出了中频感应避部加热弯制大直径钢管的回弹理论，并与实际弯制的２０、１０ＣｒＭｏ９１０和１２ＣｒＭｏＶ三种钢管弯头实测的回弹量进行了比较，理论计算和试验结果吻合良好。     

WC—Ni—Mo—PbO高温自润滑金属陶瓷材料的研制及其综合性能考察

针对某热动力机械之动密封摩擦偶件用材的需要，以ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－ＰｂＯ材料为基料，通过陶瓷相ＷＣ的微细化和金属Ｍｏ的加入，利用中频感应加热的热压法研制出一种在高温下具有机械强度高、摩擦系数低和耐磨性能好等优点的ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ高温自润滑金属陶瓷材料，并且通过Ｘ射线衍射仪、电子探针微区分析仪和多功能电子能谱仪等近代分析手段揭示了这种材料的高温自润滑机理。研究结果表明，摩擦表面ＰｂＷＯ４润滑膜的形成     

弯曲疲劳短裂纹扩展规律研究

本文对３５ＣｒＭｏ钢和４２ＣｒＭｏ钢带穿透短裂纹（初始裂纹长度ａ＝０．１～０．５ｍｍ）的试件进行了弯曲疲劳试验研究，得到了在弯曲疲劳加载下短裂纹扩展速率的计算表达式以及应力比，试件厚度对短裂纹扩展的影响。     

CM—Ⅰ型多功能擦膜摩擦试验机的研制（Ⅱ）：试验与结果分析

在ＣＭ－Ⅰ型多功能擦膜摩擦试验机上，分别对ＴｉＮ／５２１００钢球－ＴｉＮ／Ｗ９Ｃｒ４Ｖ２Ｍｏ钢板和ＴｉＣ／Ｗ９Ｃｒ４Ｖ２Ｍｏ钢球－ＴｉＮ／Ｗ９Ｃｒ４Ｖ２Ｍｏ钢板等摩擦副在不同条件下作了擦膜摩擦试验。结果表明，利用ＣＭ－Ⅰ型试验机能够较好地测试出在洗向力和摩擦力同时作用下膜－基体系的失效临界载荷，而且测试数据的重复性较好。     

碳化钨—镍—钴—钼—氧化铅系高温自润滑金属陶瓷材料的综合性能研究

为了扩大ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ四组元复合材料在工程实际中的应用范围，利用中频感应热压法制备了ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ系高温自润滑金属陶瓷材料，并对其物理机械性能和摩擦学性能进行了试验研究。结果表明，含镍和钴这两组元之重量比为２的ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ材料的综合性能最好，即使在６００℃的高温下也具有较高的机械强度和相当好的摩擦学材料，且其在高速、重载下的摩擦磨损性能也比较好，Ｘ射线衍     

含硫镍合金的研制及其高温摩擦学特性

采用粉末冶金工艺和中频励磁感应加热高温快速热压成型法，研制出几种含硫和不含硫的镍合金高温自润滑耐磨材料，进而从中筛选出一种在室温和３００℃乃至６００℃都具有较高机械强度和低摩擦、耐磨损的含活性元素Ｓ的多元镍合金．对这种合金在较高速度和较高负荷条件下的摩擦学性能进行了试验研究，并且利用Ｘ射线衍射仪、Ｘ射线光电子能谱仪和Ｘ射线能量色散谱仪等揭示了这种合金的自润滑机理．结果表明：这种含硫镍合金在室温和３００℃下与ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ金属陶瓷对摩时，起润滑作用的主要是ＭｏＳ２和元素Ｃｒ与Ｓ的不定比化合物所形成的复合膜；在５００～６００℃的高温摩擦过程中，起润滑作用的主要是由不定比化合物ＣｒｘＳｙ与偶件转移物ＰｂＷＯ４及ＭｏＯ３和ＮｉＯ组成的复合膜     

CM－Ⅰ型多功能擦膜摩擦试验机的研制（Ⅱ）─—试验与结果分析

在ＣＭ－Ⅰ型多功能擦膜摩擦试验机上，分别对ＴｉＮ／５２１００钢球－ＴｉＮ／Ｗ９Ｃｒ４Ｖ２Ｍｏ钢板和ＴｉＣ／Ｗ９Ｃｒ４Ｖ２Ｍｏ钢球－ＴｉＮ／Ｗ９Ｃｒ４Ｖ２Ｍｏ钢板等摩擦副在不同条件下作了擦膜摩擦试验．结果表明，利用ＣＭ－Ⅰ型试验机能够较好地测试出在法向力和摩擦力同时作用下膜－基体系的失效临界载荷，而且测试数据的重复性较好；随着摩擦系数的增大，其失效形式是由底材首先屈服，进而发生镀层被压碎并逐渐转化为完全剥离，临界载荷也随之减小，     

WC－Ni－Mo－PbO高温自润滑金属陶瓷材料的研制及其综合性能考察

针对某热动力机械之动密封摩擦偶件用材的需要，以ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－ＰｂＯ材料为基料，通过陶瓷相ＷＣ的微细化和金属Ｍｏ的加入，利用中频感应加热的热压法研制出一种在高温下具有机械强度高、摩擦系数低和耐磨性能好等优点的ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ高温自润滑金属陶瓷材料，并且通过Ｘ射线衍射仪、电子探针微区分析仪和多功能电子能谱仪等近代分析手段揭示了这种材料的高温自润滑机理，研究结果表明，摩擦表面ＰｂＷＯ＿４润滑膜的形成是ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ金属陶瓷材料在高温下具有良好自润滑性能的主要原因。利用这种材料制作成某热动力机械的动密封摩擦偶件已在压力１１．３ＭＰａ、速度３．５ｍ／ｓ、温度１０００－１１００℃的实际工况下成功地运行了４５０秒，并且顺利地连续使用了３次，其各项技术指标均能很好地满足实用要求。     

碳化钨－镍－钴－钼－氧化铅系高温自润滑金属陶瓷材料的综合性能研究

为了扩大ＷＣ－Ｎｉ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ四组元复合材料在工程实际中的应用范围，利用中频感应热压法制备了Ｗｃ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ系高温自润滑金属陶瓷材料，并对其物理机械性能和摩擦学性能进行了试验研究，结果表明，含镍和钴这两组元之重量比为２的Ｗｃ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ＿ＰｂＯ材料的综合性能最好，即使在６００℃的高温下也具有较高的机械强度和相当好的摩擦学性能，且其在高速、重载下的摩擦磨损性能也比较好，Ｘ射线衍射分析发现，这种材料在６００℃时的摩擦表面形成了均匀分布的ＰｂＷＯ４膜，这是其在高温下具有良好自润滑性的根本原因，在烧结温度下，ＷＣ可溶解于钴相形成面心立方结构的Ｃｏ３Ｗ３Ｃ、Ｃｏ２Ｗ４Ｃ和Ｃｏ３Ｗ６Ｃ化合物，这能增强材料中金属相与陶瓷相的结合力。在自然降温冷却过程中，从钴相中析出Ｃｏ３Ｗ和元素碳，后者可与钼形成ＭｏＣ，进而形成Ｗｃ－ＭｏＣ固溶体，这既能细化ＷＣ晶粒，又能强化晶界，而且钴与镍形成的连续固溶体可以使金属相得以强化。这些都是提高材料的高温机械性能和摩擦学性能的直接原因。     

氧化剂CrO3在MoS2润滑膜中的物理化学作用

通过在ＭｏＳ２粉末中加入氧化剂ＣｒＯ３来改变摩擦过程中表面氧化物和硫化物的形成状态，以期改善ＭｏＳ２润滑膜的寿命。利用接触角测定仪对摩擦表面的相对粘着表面能进行了计算，根据能量理论初步分析了ＭｏＳ２与ＭｏＳ２＋ＣｒＯ３摩擦系数的变化；由表面膜内产物的自由能和能量磨损理论，初步探讨了摩擦过程中表面氧化物和硫化物对磨损的影响。     

Analytical springback model for lightweight hexagonal close-packed sheet metal

Experiments have shown that magnesium alloy sheet a common hexagonal close-packed metal, exhibits mechanical behavior unlike that of sheets made of cubic metals (X.Y. Lou et al., 2007, Int. J. Plasticity, 24, 44). The unique stress–strain response includes a strong asymmetry in the initial yield and subsequent plastic hardening. In other words, the stress–strain curves in tension and compression are significantly different. A proper representation of the constitutive relationships is crucial for the accurate evaluation of springback, which occurs due to the residual moment distribution through the sheet thickness after bending. In this paper, we propose an analytical model for asymmetric elasto-plastic bending under tension followed by elastic unloading in order to evaluate the bending moment, which is equivalent to the springback amount. To simplify the calculations, the experimentally measured stress–strain curve of the magnesium alloy sheet was approximated with discrete linear hardening in each deformation region, and the material properties were characterized according to several simplifying assumptions. The bending moment was calculated analytically using the approximate asymmetric stress–strain relationship up to the prescribed curvature corresponding to the radius of the tool in sheet metal forming operations. A numerical example showed an unusual springback increase, even with an increase in the applied force; this is an unexpected result for conventional symmetric materials. We also compared the calculated springback amounts with the results of physical measurements. This showed that the proposed model predicts the main trends of the springback in magnesium alloy sheets reasonably well considering the simplicity of the analytical approach.     

Springback simulation and analysis of strong anisotropic sheet metals in U-channel bending process

The springback phenomenon of strong anisotropic sheet metals with U-channel bending as well as deep-drawing is numerically studied in detail by using Updating Lagrange FEM based on virtual work-rate principle, Kirchhoff shell element models and the Barlat-Lian planar anisotropic yield function. Simulation results are compared with a benchamark test. Very good agreement is obtained between numerical and test results. The focus of the present study is on the numerical simulation of the springback characteristics of the strong anisotropic sheet metals after unloading. The effects of the planar anisotropy coefficients and yield function exponent in the B-L yield function on the springback characteristics are discussed in detail. Some conclusions are given. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19832020) and Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Jilin China (No.20000519)     

大展弦比机翼中液压管路的抗大变形设计与优化方法

提出了一种大展弦比机翼管路的抗大变形设计与优化方法。首先建立了大展弦比机翼平板-不同布局管路的装配简化模型;然后分析了在机翼大变形下,管道的弯曲位置、弯曲半径、横向距离、弯曲角度等几种不同布局参数,对管路根部应力、最大应力和卡箍处变形的影响关系。结果表明:弯曲位置与横向距离对应力有较大影响,弯曲位置靠近机翼根部可以降低管道根部应力,但是最大应力显著增加,横向距离的增加可以降低管路根部应力以及最大应力;弯曲位置和弯曲半径对卡箍处变形有较大影响,随着弯曲位置从机翼板根部向变形处移动,卡箍处变形量均先减小后增加,弯曲半径的增加会降低卡箍处变形量。采用遗传算法得到在机翼大变形下最优的管形布局,结果表明,卡箍附近最大应力比直管降低了51%。     

Elastic-plastic secondary indeterminate problem for thin-walled pipe through the inner-wall loading by three-point bending

The inner-wall loading by three-point bending about thin-walled pipe is an elastic-plastic secondary indeterminate problem in the symmetrical three-roller setting round process. In this study, the shifting of the tangent point between the pipe and lower roller is ignored. The bilinear hardening material model is adopted, and the static equilibrium condition, physical relationship of elastic-plastic deformation, and deformation compatibility condition are taken into account. Based on the geometrical discrete idea, a semi-circular pipe is meshed equably into N micro-pipe-wall elements with same geometric parameters along the circumferential direction. Deformation characteristics of each element are calculated, and then the deformation history response of the whole pipe is resolved by the load increment method. The finite element model of static bending in three-roller setting round process is established by using the software package ABAQUS. The theoretical and simulated results show that the cross section of pipe has two positive bending regions and two reverse bending regions; the maximum bending curvature appears in the bottom section of pipe, the minimum bending curvature appears in the section corresponding to the tangent point of the pipe and lower roller. The quantitative relationships between the upper roller load, maximum(minimum) bending curvature and reduction are given. Finally, the reliability of theoretical calculation is proved by numerical simulation.     

Springback compensation in deep drawing applications

This work deals with the problem of springback compensation in sheet metal forming. Satisfactory results can be achieved by performing “die compensation”: the die is modified pretending to obtain a different configuration at the end of the punch stroke, but in order that the final piece coincides with the desired one after the deformation due to springback. Empirical die compensation has nowadays been replaced by numerical simulation, but the inverse problem that needs to be solved is non-trivial since the transformation from the modified geometry of the die and the final piece obtained from it implies a very complex FEM simulation. In this work we set the whole process of springback compensation on solid physical and mathematical grounds. An optimization algorithm based on the Gauss-Newton method is proposed to deliver automatic die compensation and its performance is investigated on some test cases.     

The bending moment and springback in pure bending of anisotropic sheets

Finite deformation rigid plastic and elastic–plastic analyses of plane strain pure bending of a plastically anisotropic sheet is presented. An efficient method for finding the exact solution is proposed by extending the previously developed method to the stage of unloading. Using this method the solutions are obtained in closed form or reduced to a numerical treatment of ordinary integrals, or an ordinary differential equation, or transcendental equations. An effect of plastic anisotropy and elastic properties on the bending moment is analyzed. The distribution of residual stresses is illustrated and an effect of material and process parameters on springback is investigated.     

Mechanical behavior and wrinkling of lined pipes

The paper focuses on wrinkling of lined pipes (sometimes referred to as clad pipes) under bending loading, where a corrosion-resistant thin-walled liner is fitted inside a carbon–steel outer pipe. The problem is solved numerically, using nonlinear finite elements to simulate liner pipe deformation and its interaction with the outer pipe. Stresses and strains are monitored throughout the deformation stage, detecting possible detachment of the liner from the outer pipe and the formation of wrinkles. The wrinkling behavior of elastic and elastic–plastic (steel) lined pipes under bending is examined. The results indicate that the lateral confinement of the liner pipe due to the deformable outer pipe and its interaction with the outer pipe has a decisive influence on the wrinkling behavior of the lined pipe. It is also shown that the behavior is characterized by a first bifurcation in a uniform wrinkling pattern, followed by a secondary bifurcation. The values of corresponding buckling curvature are determined and comparison with available experimental results is conducted in terms of wrinkle height development and the corresponding buckling wavelength. The results of the present research can be used for safer design of lined pipes in pipeline applications.     

Anticlastic curvature in draw-bend springback

Draw-bend springback shows a sudden decline as the applied sheet tension approaches the force to yield the strip. This phenomenon coincides with the appearance of persistent anticlastic curvature, which develops during the forming operation and is maintained during unloading under certain test conditions. In order to understand the mechanics of persistent anticlastic curvature and its dependence on forming conditions, aluminum sheet strips of widths ranging from 12 to 50 mm were draw-bend tested with various sheet tensions and tool radii. Finite element simulations were also carried out, and the simulated and measured springback angle and anticlastic curvature were compared. Analytical methods based on large deformation bending theory for elastic plates were employed to understand the occurrence and persistence of the anticlastic curvature. The results showed that the final shape of a specimen cross-section is determined by a dimensionless parameter, which is a function of sheet width, thickness and radius of the primary curvature in the curled region of an unloaded sample. When the normalized sheet tension approaches 1, this parameter rapidly decreases, and significant anticlastic deflection is retained after unloading. The retained anticlastic curvature greatly increases the moment of inertia for bending, and thus reduces springback angle.     

一种求解方管稳定性问题的简化方法

采用材料力学中的平面弯曲理论、以及弹性理论中平面应力问题和平面应变问题的转换关系，分析方管在均匀外压作用下的变形、临界压力和应力，得到了方管最大变形、临界压力和最大应力的求解公式．运用有限元分析软件Marc建立有限元模型，分析了方管在外压作用下的变形、临界压力和应力情况．分析结果表明，最大应力出现在凹角处，最大位移出现在各面的中截面处，并将有限元解与本文解作比较，从而验证文本解的正确性．