Fundamental properties of elasto-plastic matrix and existence and uniqueness of elasto-plastic stress and displacement

Based on the assumption that the yield criterionF(,)=0 is a differentiable surface in stress space and by starting from a specially defined real Euclidean space, the fundamental properties of the elasto-plastic matrix in the incremental theory of plasticity is discussed in detail. By using these results, a convex analysis is made to prove the existence and uniqueness of 1) the distribution of incremental elasto-plastic stress for work-hardening materrials; 2) the displacement distribution for work-hardening materials. Material isotropy is assumed in all discussions of relevant problems.     

弹性与弹塑性问题的有限元与边界元耦合解法

本文提出了一种新的弹性与弹塑性问题的对称耦合解法。根据分区广义变分原理,直接导出问题的求解方程式。通过典型算例,验证了该方法的有效性,本文建议的方法与超单元形式的耦合法相比,在理论上比较直接,在计算上更为经济。     

Probability of random events of inspection and repair and maintaining reliability of structures

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Analysis of evaporative cooling and enhancement of condenser efficiency and of coefficient of performance

The graphical method to determine with the aid of a Mollier i - x diagram (psychrometric chart) combined heat and mass transfer is simulated by a computer program. Heat rejection rates from a plate-fin tube type condenser are determined for various flow rates and inlet state conditions of air and for different degrees of wetting of the heat transfer surfaces. The presence of water and the cooling by latent heat makes it possible to exchange more heat than the unwetted exchanger would even for idealized conditions of infinite heat transfer coefficient of the air. The evaporative cooled condenser also can exchange heat with ambient air which has much higher temperature than the condensing fluid. Evaporative cooling increases heat transfer by a factor of more than three for saturated inlet air and greater than five for lower inlet humidities. Wetted heat exchangers require less extended surfaces and can operate effectively with bare tubes only. Wetting the condenser of a refrigeration or heat pump system makes it possible to exchange the condenser load at lower temperatures. This yields an increase of COP of the order of 30 to 60% and therefore a substantial decrease in compressor power and its energy consumption.     

科学的统一性与力学的范围地位和方向

综述科学的统一性和统一性所决定的科学发展的方向,并从科学统一性的观战简评力不的范围,它在科学上的地位,影响和今后发展的方向。．     

Electrogas- and electrohydrodynamic control of gas and liquid jets and flows

The physical and mathematical principles of the method of electrogas-and electrohydrodynamic conversion of electrical signals to pneumatic (hydraulic) signals and vice versa for control of gas and liquid jets and flows in electropneumohydraulic systems are considered. St. Petersburg State Technical University, St. Petersburg 195251. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 25–31, March–April, 2000.     

Fatigue and static strength of notched and unnotched aluminum-alloy and steel specimens

This paper describes a method of presentation of fatigue data on three commonly used aircraft materials, 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys and normalized SAE 4130 steel, such that variations in fatigue strength with stress-concentration factor can be shown. Comparisons of the fatigue strengths of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum are made for the most useful range of stress-concentration factors. Static-strength results of notched and unnotched specimens of the three materials are presented to show how the strength varies with some parameters of the stress concentration. Comparison of the data with one theory for the strength of cracked specimens was made.     

Problems of Modeling and Optimization of Variable-Hardness Panels and Structures Made of Layered Composites

New ways of numerical simulation of nonstraight laying of reinforcing fibers in panels of variable rigidity and variants of setting optimization problems for them are proposed. The problem of parametric optimization of the dimensions and stacking of carbon fiber reinforced plastic layers in the design of the bracket for the installation of a star tracker was solved.     

涡旋波流场的涡量测试与计算及特征参数的影响

从实验和模拟计算两个方面,对涡旋波流场的速度矢量图和涡量进行了定量测试和综合分析,并对涡旋波流动与其特征影响参数之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:涡旋波流动只在二维层流状态下产生,涡旋波形成后,Re数对旋涡尺寸的影响较小,涡量随Re数的增大而增大,但涡量不随时间的增加而单调增加。随着St数的减小,旋涡尺寸明显增大,涡量却随之减小。本文也对不同槽道内的涡旋波流场进行了数值模拟计算,进而确定了涡旋波流场的形成条件。     

Impact of material processing and deformation on cell morphology and mechanical behavior of polyurethane and nickel foams

The cell morphology and mechanical behavior of open-cell polyurethane and nickel foams are investigated by means of combined 3D X-ray micro-tomography and large scale finite element simulations. Our quantitative 3D image analysis and finite element simulations demonstrate that the strongly anisotropic tensile behavior of nickel foams is due to the cell anisotropy induced by the deformation of PU precursor during the electroplating and heat treatment stages of nickel foam processing. In situ tensile tests on PU foams reveal that the initial main elongation axis of the cells evolves from the foam sheet normal direction to the rolling direction of the coils. Finite element simulations of the hyperelastic behavior of PU foams based on real cell morphology confirm the observation that cell struts do not experience significant elongation after 0.15 tensile straining, thus pointing out alternative deformation mechanisms like complex strut junctions deformation. The plastic behavior and the anisotropy of nickel foams are then satisfactorily retrieved from finite element simulations on a volume element containing eight cells with a detailed mesh of all the hollow struts and junctions. The experimental and computational strategy is considered as a first step toward optimization of process parameters to tailor anisotropy of cell shape and mechanical behavior for applications in batteries or Diesel particulate filtering.     

Mechanical and control characteristics of multilayer piezoelectric transducers of nano- and microdisplacements

Mechanical and control characteristics of a multilayer piezoelectric transducer of nanoand microdisplacements in the case of parallel and encoded control are obtained. The static and dynamic characteristics of simple and multilayer piezoelectric transducers of nano- and microscopic displacements are determined for longitudinal and transverse piezoeffects.     

Structure and rheology of fiber-laden membranes via integration of nematodynamics and membranodynamics

This paper presents a study of the structure and dynamics of rigid fiber-laden deformable curved fluid membranes based on an viscoelastic model that integrates the statics of anisotropic membranes, the planar nematodynamics of fibers and the dynamics of isotropic membranes. Fiber-laden membranes arise frequently in biological systems, such as the plant cell wall and in protein–lipid bilayers. Based on the membrane's force and torque balance equations and the fiber's balance of molecular fields, a viscoelastic anisotropic model that provides the governing equations for the membrane's velocity and curvature and the fiber structure (fiber orientation and order) is found. A Helmholtz free energy that incorporates the tension/bending/and torsion membrane elasticity, the Landau–de Gennes fiber ordering, and fiber order-membrane curvature interactions is used to derive elastic moments, torques, and stresses. The corresponding viscous stresses and moments include the Boussinesq–Scriven contributions as well as bending, torsion, and rotational dissipation. A spectral decomposition leads to the main viscoelastic material functions for anisotropic fluid membranes. Applications of the rheological model to cylindrical growth and cylindrical axial stretching show that competing curvo-phobic, curvo-philic interactions under extensional flow predict transitions between axial and azimuthal fiber arrangements, of interest to cellulose fiber orientation in plant morphogenesis.     

Theoretical prediction of stiffness and strength of three-dimensional and four-directional braided composites

Based on unit cell model, the 3D 4-directional braided composites can be simplified as unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the compliance matrix of unidirectional composites can be defined utilizing the bridge model. The total stiffness matrix of braided composites can be obtained by the volume average stiffness of unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the engineering elastic constants of braided composites were computed further. Based on the iso-strain assumption and the bridge model, the stress distribution of fiber bundle and matrix of different unidirectional composites can be determined and the tensile strength of 3D 4-directional braided composites was predicted by means of the Hoffman＇s failure criterion for the fiber bundle and Mises＇ failure criterion for the matrix.     

Unified modeling of the monotonic and cyclic behaviors of sand and clay

In this study, we aim to investigate a unified modeling method for the monotonic and cyclic behaviors of sand and clay. A simple double-yield-surface model, with plastic hardening modulus and dilatancy relation being dependent on density state unlike in existing approaches,is developed by considering the location of the critical state line. The model is used to simulate the drained and undrained tests of various sands and clays under monotonic and cyclic loadings.Prediction results are compared with experimental results, which show that the proposed approach is capable of modeling the monotonic and cyclic behaviors of sand and clay.     

Experimental and Computational Investigation of Low-Impact Velocity and Quasi-Static Failure of PMMA

An investigation of the low velocity impact and quasi-static failure of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) based on global and local post-impact strain measurements was conducted. Local strains were obtained from surface mounted Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, and they were combined with global measurements from quasi-static indentation and low-velocity impact experiments, and finite-element analyses to obtain detailed maps of how failure spatially initiates and evolves. For both loading regimes, the interactions between the host PMMA specimens and the sensors played a crucial role in the evolution of residual strains. A mapping of the strains clearly shows that strains decrease radially, from high values near the point of impact to far-field values. Sensors located in critical locations, which are near the impact region, had the highest residual strains prior to PMMA fracture. Furthermore, it was determined that strain transfer to the sensor is strongly influenced by the bonding conditions at the specimen’s surface. Due to the debonding of the sensor and the frictional effects associated with the bonding agent, compressive residual strains occurred on the rear-surface. Hence, a detailed understanding of how strain evolves due to sensor-host interactions and catastrophic fracture can be obtained, which can potentially be used to mitigate damage in PMMA for a range of strain-rates.     

Thixotropy of greases and low-speed operation of rotational plastoviscometers and rolling bearings

Summary A typical property of greases, as plastic disperse systems, is their thixotropy (reversible destruction of their structure due to deformation). In relation to this, if the rate of their formation drops below a certain critical value it becomes practically very difficult or even impossible to attain steady conditions of their flow. This is observed both in rotational plastoviscometers and in rolling-contact bearings, and is manifested in more or less sharp fluctuations of the resistance moments. The critical value of the rate of deformation depends on the nature of the grease and the rigidity of the braking device or the power reserve of the drive, decreasing when these values are increased. When soap greases are deformed they become anisotropic, which, when the direction of deformation is changed, tells perceptibly on their resistance to deformation and results in fluctuations of the resistance moments in rolling bearings.     

Initiation and propagation of fracture in the models of Griffith and Barenblatt

In the setting of the simplest debonding problem we give a systematic comparison of the fracture models due to Griffith and Barenblatt. We prove that the Griffith model represents an asymptotic -limit of the Barenblatt model, when the ratio of the external and internal lengths increases indefinitely. We then illustrate the character of convergence by solving explicitly two sample problems with initially rigid and initially elastic cohesive energies. The geometrical simplicity of the setting allows us to study the small parameter dependence of both global and local minimizers of the total energy.Received: 22 April 2003, Accepted: 12 September 2003, Published online: 9 January 2004PACS: 62.20.Mk, 68.35.Md, 81.40.Jj, 83.50.LhCorrespondence to: J.-J. Marigo     

Measurement of rheological and ultrasonic properties of food and synthetic polymer melts

A slit die viscometer has been used in conjunction with a co-rotating twin screw extruder to study the rheological behaviour of maize grits, potato powder and low density polyethylene, as a function of feed rate, screw speed and temperature. The shear viscosity of both maize and potato decreased with increasing feed rate. Increasing the temperature or screw speed at any given feed rate also reduced the viscosity. The ultrasonic velocity through the material has also been shown to be sensitive to the extruder operating conditions. Overall, the ultrasonic velocity decreased as screw speed and temperature increased and feed rate decreased.     

Pressure and velocity of air during drying and storage of cereal grains

A common method of drying cereal grains is to ventilate a large static mass of grain with an even flow of air at near ambient temperature. After the grain has been dried it is often stored in the same container and kept cool by aeration with a lower velocity of air than is used in drying. To analyse the airflow through this mass of grain a nonlinear momentum equation for flow through porous media is used where the resistance to flow is a + b ¦ν¦. This equation, together with the assumption that the air is incompressible, defines the problem which is solved numerically, using the finite element method, and the results compared with experimental values. The small parameter ε = bν _r /a, where ν _r is the velocity scale, is used in a perturbation analysis to examine the nonlinear effects of the resistance on the airflow. When ε = 0 the equations reduce to those for potential flow, while for small values of ε there are first-order corrections to the pressure p ₁ and the stream function χ ₁. The nonlinear problem is simplified by changing to curvilinear coordinates (s, t) where s is constant on the potential flow isobars while t is constant on the streamlines. General conclusions are derived for p ₁ and χ ₁, for example that they depend on the curvature of the potential flow solution with a large curvature of the isobars leading to larger values of p ₁ and similarly for the streamlines. The potential flow solution p ₀ and the first order solution p ₀ + εp ₁ are close to the solution of the full nonlinear problem when ε is small. To illustrate this for a typical grain storage problem, the solution p ₀ is shown to be very close to the finite element solution (with a difference of less than 1%) when ε < 0.03 while for the first order solution p ₀ + εp ₁ the difference is less than 1% when ε < 0.1.