循环神经网络在智能天平研究中的应用

激波风洞地面试验对高超声速飞行器高焓气动特性研究至关重要, 而高精度气动力测量是其中的关键技术. 在脉冲型激波风洞中进行测力试验时, 风洞起动时流场瞬间建立, 对测力系统会产生较大的冲击. 测力系统在瞬时冲击作用下受到激励, 系统的惯性振动信号在短时间内无法快速衰减, 天平的输出信号中会包含惯性振动干扰量, 导致脉冲型风洞测力试验精准度的进一步提高遇到瓶颈. 为了解决短试验时间内激波风洞快速准确测力问题, 发展高精度的动态校准技术是提升受惯性干扰天平性能的关键方法. 因此, 本文采用循环神经网络对天平动态校准数据进行训练和智能处理, 旨在消除输出动态信号中的振动干扰信号. 本文对该方法进行了误差分析, 验证了该方法的可靠性, 并将该方法应用于激波风洞测力试验中, 切实有效降低了惯性振动对天平输出信号的干扰影响. 根据智能模型的样本验证分析, 各分量载荷相对误差比较小, 其中高频轴向力分量处理结果的相对误差约1%. 在风洞试验数据验证中, 也得到了比较理想的结果, 同时与卷积神经网络模型处理的结果进行了对比分析.      

基于时频变换的激波风洞天平信号分析与处理

在激波风洞中开展测力试验时,测力系统在风洞流场起动瞬间会受到冲击激励,从而对天平的输出信号产生惯性干扰.天平输出信号中叠加有动态气动力信号和惯性振动信号,有可能无法直接分辨出气动力信号的规律性,信号处理结果与真实气动力之间会产生较大的误差,导致处理结果不可靠.由于模型测力天平系统结构的复杂性,在极短的有效试验时间(毫秒...     

长试验时间激波风洞测力技术研究

中国科学院力学研究所复现飞行条件高超声速激波风洞JF12的落成突破了毫秒级试验时间的瓶颈,有效试验时间超过100ms.因此,对于JF12长试验时间激波风洞的测力试验,基于应变天平技术较为成熟、结构简单等优点,我们考虑采用传统的应变计天平.但是,激波风洞来流冲击所带来的惯性力干扰导致天平测力系统产生低频振动,传统内置应变天平的结构刚度很难保证信号有足够的处理周期,这大大限制了激波风洞测力模型的尺寸和重量.针对这个难题,基于JF12激波风洞的运行特点及对测力天平刚度特性的特殊要求,优化设计了应变天平的测力单元结构以适用于这种脉冲动态测力试验,相应加工制造了大刚度、低干扰、高灵敏度的系列脉冲型应变天平,结构形式包含了杆式和盒式,最大载荷(法向力)从1kN到30kN,以满足不同尺度飞行器的测力试验需求.同时,我们应用不同尺度的测力模型对研制的脉冲型天平在JF12激波风洞进行了一系列动态气动力测量试验,以进一步评估JF12系列脉冲型应变天平的结构特性和测力性能.      

基于深度学习技术的激波风洞智能测力系统研究

高焓条件气动力测量试验对高超声速飞行器气动外形设计和优化起决定性作用. 通常采用脉冲风洞(如激波风洞)产生高温、高压驱动气体以模拟高超声速高焓试验气流. 在脉冲风洞对高超飞行器模型进行测力试验时, 测力天平输出信号结果无法摆脱惯性载荷的干扰影响, 其导致的测力模型低频振动问题基本无法通过滤波彻底解决, 尤其对试验时间只有几毫秒的情况, 六分量测力天平的结构设计研究受到了极大挑战. 因此, 对实现短试验时间条件高性能测力的深入研究发现, 天平动态校准凸显重要性和必要性. 本研究提出一种新的基于人工智能深度学习技术的单矢量动态自校准方法和智能测力系统概念, 并应用于目前激波风洞测力试验中. 该动校方法的最主要特点之一是对整体测力系统的校准, 而非仅仅针对天平, 并且保证校准的测力系统即为风洞试验对象, 确保校准与应用的一致性. 在测试评估中, 测试样本和风洞试验验证均得到了较为理想的效果, 大幅度低频振动干扰基本被消除, 脉冲风洞测力的精度和可靠性得到了大幅提高.      

DEEP-LEARNING-BASED INTELLIGENT FORCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM USING IN A SHOCK TUNNEL 1)

高焓条件气动力测量试验对高超声速飞行器气动外形设计和优化起决定性作用. 通常采用脉冲风洞(如激波风洞)产生高温、高压驱动气体以模拟高超声速高焓试验气流. 在脉冲风洞对高超飞行器模型进行测力试验时, 测力天平输出信号结果无法摆脱惯性载荷的干扰影响, 其导致的测力模型低频振动问题基本无法通过滤波彻底解决, 尤其对试验时间只有几毫秒的情况, 六分量测力天平的结构设计研究受到了极大挑战. 因此, 对实现短试验时间条件高性能测力的深入研究发现, 天平动态校准凸显重要性和必要性. 本研究提出一种新的基于人工智能深度学习技术的单矢量动态自校准方法和智能测力系统概念, 并应用于目前激波风洞测力试验中. 该动校方法的最主要特点之一是对整体测力系统的校准, 而非仅仅针对天平, 并且保证校准的测力系统即为风洞试验对象, 确保校准与应用的一致性. 在测试评估中, 测试样本和风洞试验验证均得到了较为理想的效果, 大幅度低频振动干扰基本被消除, 脉冲风洞测力的精度和可靠性得到了大幅提高.     

高超声速稀薄流中横向喷流干扰特性实验研究

喷流干扰是高超声速飞行高精度控制的一种有效手段,研究者们以往大部分都主要集中于连续流条件下喷流干扰效应的机理研究,并给出了喷流干扰流场的典型结构,而稀薄流条件下喷流干扰特性的实验数据还十分匮乏.本文利用JFX爆轰激波风洞产生高超声速稀薄自由流,基于平板模型开展不同喷流压力和自由来流参数对横向喷流干扰特性影响的实验研究,采用高速纹影成像及图像处理技术,获得稀薄流条件下喷流干扰流场演化过程及流场结构的变化规律.相比于无喷流条件形成的流场,横向喷流与稀薄自由流相互作用形成的流场结构更为复杂,喷流压力由于受到稀薄来流的扰动,斜激波会短暂穿透喷流干扰流场并延伸至楔形体上部.喷流干扰流场内桶状激波的影响范围随着喷流压力的升高而逐渐变宽,位于三波点上游的斜激波空间位置不会随喷流压力的变化而改变,而位于三波点下游的弓形激波则向上游移动,当喷流压力过低时,桶状激波不会与其他两种激波交汇形成三波点.高超声速稀薄来流压力的降低同样会使桶状激波的影响范围变宽,弓形激波同样也会向上游移动,但基本不会对斜激波空间位置产生任何影响.     

S型测力传感器的动态特性与标定

本文对 S 型测力传感器的动态特性进行了研究。采用模态分析测量技术,测定了传感器的固有频率、模态质量、模态刚度、模态阻尼和阻尼比,并以动画形式显示了其主振型.作出激振力与传感器应变片输出信号的传递函数幅频和相频特性曲线,可简便地确定传感器工作频率范围及相应的误差。     

基于多层分块算法的激波干扰流场预测

激波-激波干扰流场预测是超声速乃至高超声速流动中最具挑战性的问题之一. 特别地, 第IV类激波干扰由于其在壁面驻点附近产生极高的热载荷而备受关注. 本文针对圆柱诱导的弓形激波和入射斜激波的干扰问题, 分别基于量热完全气体模型和考虑振动激发的热完全气体模型, 数值求解有黏二维可压缩NS方程, 分析了高温气体效应对激波干扰流场结构, 以及第IV类激波干扰流场状态参数的影响. 接着, 本文基于一种具有广义可分离特性的遗传算法 (多层分块算法), 给出能够预测不同气体模型下第IV类激波干扰流场三波点的坐标位置、超声速射流的几何形状等特征性几何结构的数学模型, 进一步获得高温气体效应对激波干扰类型转变准则影响的定量化评估. 激波干扰类型转变准则面上的多组临界工况的激波干扰流场结构以及壁面压力和壁面热流分布的对比结果表明, 不同气体模型下的激波干扰类型和流场结构差异较为显著, 获得的定量化预测模型对工程中气动热环境的预测具有一定的参考价值.      

自由活塞压缩管ALE方法数值模拟

当前国际上实现高焓气体流动的实验手段之一是自由活塞驱动类脉冲设备,包括自由活塞激波风洞和自由活塞膨胀管.采用自由活塞压缩管作为激波风洞和膨胀管的驱动段时,其驱动能力在很大程度上决定了该类设备的性能.本文采用计算流体力学中任意拉格朗日——欧拉方法(arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian)数值模拟了压缩管内部的自由活塞运动和气体流动特征.采用移动网格技术来适应活塞运动边界,耦合求解网格运动和气体流动过程,并通过双时间步长方法进行流体运动的时间积分.为了满足几何守恒律(geometric conservation law),对移动网格的法向矢量和表面面积计算进行了修正.不同时刻的活塞位置试验测量结果及欧拉方法预测结果,以及基于简单波理论获得的运动活塞底部气体压力、活塞速度与活塞位置都与当前的ALE方法十分一致.该工作为下一步数值模拟自由活塞激波风洞和自由活塞膨胀管中包括压缩管、激波管和喷管等不同部位的耦合流动提供了基础.      

基于压电驱动器的风洞全模试验主动抑振研究进展

风洞全模试验是验证飞行器气动性能的重要试验。悬臂支杆作为该类型试验中最普遍采用的支撑方式,具有结构简单、安装方便、支撑干扰低等优点,但也存在支撑刚度低、结构阻尼小等特征,导致易出现模型支撑系统的振动。在大型风洞和低温风洞中此现象发生得尤为频繁,甚至中断吹风过程。针对该问题,首先对风洞全模测力试验振动问题的历史发展及传统振动抑制方法进行回顾,接着对风洞全模测力试验的振动问题进行分析,然后介绍了国内外的基于压电的各类抑振原理及抑振结构型式,并对主动抑振算法的研究进行了综述,最后总结了抑振系统对气动系数的影响,并讨论了攻角扩展的相关结果。     

Circular cylinder wakes and vortex-induced vibrations

This paper presents a selective review of recent research on vortex-induced vibrations of isolated circular cylinders and the flow and vibration of circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement; a common thread being that the topics raised are of particular interest to the author. The influence of Reynolds number on the response of isolated cylinders is presented and recent developments using forced vibration are discussed. The response of a cylinder free to respond in the in-line and transverse directions is contrasted with that of a cylinder responding in only one direction. The interference between two circular cylinders is discussed and prominence given to the case of cylinders in a tandem arrangement. The origin of the time–mean lift force on the downstream cylinder is considered together with the cause of the large amplitude transverse vibration experienced by the cylinder above vortex resonance. This wake-induced vibration is shown to be a form of vortex-induced vibration.     

Rain-wind-induced vibrations of a simple oscillator

In this paper a relatively simple mechanical oscillator which may be used to study rain-wind-induced vibrations of stay cables of cable-stayed bridges is considered. In recent publications, mention is made of vibrations of (inclined) stay cables which are excited by a wind field containing rain drops. The rain drops that hit the cables generate a rivulet on the surface of the cable. The presence of flowing water on the cable changes the cross section of the cable experienced by the wind field. A symmetric flow pattern around the cable with circular cross section may become asymmetric due to the presence of the rivulet and may consequently induce a lift force as a mechanism for vibration. During the motion of the cable the position of rivulet(s) may vary as the motion of the cable induces an additional varying aerodynamic force perpendicular to the direction of the wind field. It seems not too easy to model this phenomenon, several author state that there is no model available yet.The idea to model this problem is to consider a horizontal cylinder supported by springs in such a way that only one degree of freedom, i.e. vertical vibration is possible. We consider a ridge on the surface of the cylinder parallel to the axis of the cylinder. Additionally, let the cylinder with ridge be able to oscillate, with small amplitude, around the axis such that the oscillations are excited by an external force.It may be clear that the small amplitude oscillations of the cylinder and hence of the ridge induce a varying lift and drag force. In this approach it is assumed that the motion of the ridge models the dynamics of the rivulet(s) on the cable. By using a quasi-steady approach to model the aerodynamic forces, one arrives at a non-linear second-order equation displaying three different kinds of excitation mechanisms: self-excitation, parametric excitation and ordinary forcing. The first results of the analysis of the equation of motion show that even in a linear approximation for certain values of the parameters involved, stable periodic motions are possible. In the relevant cases where in linear approximation unstable periodic motions are found, results of an analysis of the non-linear equation are presented.     

Free v/s forced vibrations of a cylinder at low Re

Free vibrations of a circular cylinder of low non-dimensional mass are investigated at low Reynolds numbers. Computations are carried out for 5% blockage. Lock-in is observed for a range of Re and is accompanied with hysteresis at both lower as well as higher Re ends of the synchronisation/lock-in region. It is well known that the lock-in regime for free vibrations depends on the non-dimensional mass of the oscillator. The results from the present computations are compared with the data for forced vibrations from Koopmann (Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 28, 501–512, 1967) on a Y _max/D vs. f* plot, where Y _max is the maximum oscillation amplitude and f* is the ratio of cylinder vibration frequency to the vortex shedding frequency for a stationary cylinder. Good agreement is observed for the critical amplitude needed for onset of synchronisation between the forced and free vibrations. The results from the free vibrations are compared to the predictions from the linear oscillator model by assuming that the forces on the cylinder are unaffected as a result of vibrations. It is found that, for low mass oscillators, the modification of vortex shedding frequency and lift coefficient due to cylinder oscillations leads to the enhancement of the lock-in regime.     

风洞实验中翼型大迎角气动力分散性的机理分析

基于$k$-$\omega$的SST两方程湍流模型, 求解雷诺平均N-S方程获得定常和非定常气动力, 耦合 翼型弹性振动方程, 在时间域内模拟了不同的翼型非定常流动, 重点研究了大迎角下的分离 流问题, 研究结果表明: 在百万雷诺数条件下, 由于振动引起分离涡的不规律脱落, 可能导 致气动力平均值的变化; 而厚度大于20\%的翼型在一定大迎角范围内, 会出现分离涡流场平 衡态的转化, 从流体力学稳定性的角度, 解释了风洞实验中大迎角气动力数据的分散性, 为 大迎角气动力风洞实验的重复性和数据分散性给出了一种新解释.     

Double plate system with a discontinuity in the elastic bonding layer

The double plate system with a discontinuity in the elastic bonding layer of Winker type is studied in this paper. When the discontinuity is small, it can be taken as an interface crack between the bi-materials or two bodies (plates or beams). By comparison between the number of multifrequencies of analytical solutions of the double plate system free transversal vibrations for the case when the system is with and without discontinuity in elastic layer we obtain a theory for experimental vibration method for identification of the presence of an interface crack in the double plate system. The analytical analysis of free transversal vibrations of an elastically connected double plate systems with discontinuity in the elastic layer of Winkler type is presented. The analytical solutions of the coupled partial differential equations for dynamical free and forced vibration processes are obtained by using method of Bernoulli’s particular integral and Lagrange’s method of variation constants. It is shown that one mode vibration corresponds an infinite or finite multi-frequency regime for free and forced vibrations induced by initial conditions and one-frequency or corresponding number of multi-frequency regime depending on external excitations. It is shown for every shape of vibrations. The analytical solutions show that the discontinuity affects the appearance of multi-frequency regime of time function corresponding to one eigen amplitude function of one mode, and also that time functions of different vibration basic modes are coupled. From final expression we can separate the new generalized eigen amplitude functions with corresponding time eigen functions of one frequency and multi-frequency regime of vibrations. The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

Dynamics of interaction between a squeezed layer of a viscous incompressible fluid and an elastic three-layer plate

We study the hydrodynamic response of a thin layer of a viscous incompressible fluid squeezed between impermeable walls. We consider the distribution of pressure and force dynamic characteristics of the fluid layer in the case of forced flows along the gap between a vibration generator (which is a rigid plane) exhibiting harmonic vibrations and a stator (which is an elastic freely supported three-layer plate). The inertial forces of the viscous fluid motion and the stator elastic properties are taken into account. The amplitude and phase frequency characteristics of the elastic three-layer plate are found from the solution of the plane problem.     

Nonlinear dynamic responses of high-speed railway vehicles under combined self-excitation and forced excitation considering the influence of unsteady aerodynamic loads

The dynamic characteristics of a railway vehicle system under unsteady aerodynamic loads are examined in this study. A dynamic analysis model of the railway vehicle considering the influences of aerodynamic loads was established. The model not only considers the forced excitation effect of unsteady aerodynamic loads but also accounts for the effect of unsteady aerodynamic loads on the change of the wheel–rail contact normal forces as well as changes of the wheelset creep coefficients and creep forces/moments. Therefore, this model also considers the influences of unsteady aerodynamic loads on the self-excited vibration characteristics of the vehicle system. The time-history curves, phase trajectory diagrams, Poincaré sections, and Lyapunov exponents of the vehicle system running on a smooth straight track under unsteady aerodynamic loads were determined. The results show that when the critical speed is exceeded, the vehicle system usually performs quasi-periodic motion under unsteady aerodynamic loads, which is significantly different from the periodic motion under steady aerodynamic loads. In different cases, the amplitude and phase of motion are significantly different. The amplitude of the motions can be increased by more than 159%, and the difference of phase can be up to 173°. (The phase is almost reversed.) The dynamic responses of the vehicle system under unsteady aerodynamic loads contain abundant frequency components, including the frequency of the self-excited vibration, the frequency of the forced excitation, and combinations of their integer multiples. The vibration forms corresponding to the main harmonic components under unsteady and steady aerodynamic loads were compared, and the self-excited vibration component of the vehicle system under unsteady aerodynamic loads was identified. The variations in the critical speed with various parameter combinations were computed. The variation range of the critical velocity can reach 73%.

     

Asymptotic Technical Stability in Measure of the Nonlinear Controllable Motion of an Elastic Flight Vehicle

The asymptotic technical stability conditions for the nonlinear controllable motion of an elongated elastic flight vehicle are formulated. A longitudinal vertical flight at constant velocity is considered. The variation in the cross section, transverse strains, and vibrations of the vehicle are taken into account. The asymptotic technical stability criteria formulated depend on the key parameters of the controlled process, including the contribution of the weight due to curving of the vehicle axis to the transverse load and the aerodynamic force during a vertical flight