Identification of the Impact Location in a Gas Duct System Based on Acoustic Wave Theory and the Time Frequency

This paper presents a new method for detecting the impact location in a buried gas duct. Gas leakage is often caused by the mechanical impact forces of construction equipment. In order to prevent gas leakage due to an impact force, it is necessary to detect the impact location at an early stage. For the detection of the impact location in a pipeline system, the correlation method has been used as the conventional method. For the application of the correlation method, the diameter of a duct should be small so that the acoustic wave inside the duct can propagate with non-dispersive characteristics, in the form of, for example, a plane wave. However, when the diameter of the duct is large, the acoustic waves inside the duct propagate with dispersive characteristics owing to the reflection of the acoustic wave off of the wall of the duct. This dispersive characteristic is related to the acoustic modes inside a duct. Therefore, the correlation method does not work correctly for the detection of the impact location. This paper proposes new methods of accurately measuring the arrival time delay between two sensors attached to duct line system. This method is based on the time-frequency analyses of the short time Fourier transform (STFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT). These methods can discriminate direct waves (non-dispersive waves) and reflective waves (dispersive waves) from the measured wave signals through the time-frequency analysis. The direct wave or the reflective wave is used to estimate the arrival time delay. This delay is used for the identification of the impact location. This systematic method can predict the impact location due to the impact forces of construction equipment with more accuracy than the correlation method.     

高温超导带材多场特性测试系统研制进展(Ⅱ)

考虑到第一代高温超导带材多场特性测试系统采用液氮浸泡的方式进行材料冷却,这极大地限制了其应用范围。另外,封闭的杜瓦结构对于超导材料在变形过程中的电磁特征难以实现有效观测,这成为弄清超导材料变形导致其载流能力下降物理机制的主要瓶颈。为此,我们采用制冷机直接冷却方式,获得了最低6.59K的样品温度。采用PID温度控制,实现了从6.59K至300K样品温度的精确控制,控温精度为0.1K。采用外置式的加载装置,通过机械传动实现对试样的准静态拉伸,其最大拉伸应变可达20%。自行设计了一种高温超导导线,采用制冷机一级冷头直接冷却,实现了密闭杜瓦容器中最大可达600A的电流输入。最后,在杜瓦瓶设置直径50mm的光学观察窗,采用磁光镜像的方法实现了超导材料电磁特性的原位观测。     

Note on a class of controllable deformations of incompressible elastic materials

A controllable deformation is one which is possible in every material by the application of suitable surface tractions. In this note we give a direct complex variable method of obtaining a three parameter family of deformations due to Singh and Pipkin.     

改进的直接部件模态综合法

Yee和Tsuei提出的直接部件模态综合法将自由界面模态综合法与频响函数相结合 ,简化了计算过程、减少了计算量 ,并便于与实验模态分析相结合。本文在其基础上利用矩阵级数展开的方法将被截断高阶模态的贡献用保留模态和系统物理特性矩阵精确表达 ,结合分块计算方法 ,进一步减少了计算量并有效地提高了计算精度 ,且确定了模态截断准则。数值算例表明其行之有效     

Development of an improved divergence‐free‐condition compensated coupled framework to solve flow problems with time‐varying geometries

In this article a coupled version of the improved divergence‐free‐condition compensated method will be proposed to simulate time‐varying geometries by direct forcing immersed boundary method. The proposed method can be seen as a quasi‐multi‐moment framework due to the fact that the momentum equations are discretized by both cell‐centered and cell‐face velocity. For simulating time‐varying geometries, a semi‐implicit iterative method is proposed for calculating the direct forcing terms. Treatments for suppressing spurious force oscillations, calculating drag/lift forces, and evaluating velocity and pressure for freshly cells will also be addressed. In order to show the applicability and accuracy, analytical as well as benchmark problems will be investigated by the present framework and compared with other numerical and experimental results.     

转子系统的平稳／非平稳随机地震响应分析

应用虚拟激励法结合精细时程积分计算了转子系统受平稳／非平稳随机地震激励的动力响应。采用虚拟激励分析将平稳随机激励转化为稳态简谐激励，将非平稳随机激励转化为瞬态确定性激励，即使对于非对称的油膜刚度阵和阻尼阵，算法仍然简单高效，并得到精确的结果。     

A probabilistic approach to the numerical homogenization of irregular solid foams in the finite strain regime

The present study is concerned with the numerical homogenization of hyperelastic two-dimensional model foams with irregular microstructure under large macroscopic deformation. In contrast to the standard procedure of a single analysis of a large-scale representative volume element where the microstructure is determined by means of a Voronoi tesselation or a similar method, the present study proposes a direct probabilistic approach based on the multiple analysis of small-scale representative volume elements with randomized microstructure. Advantage of this method compared to the standard procedures is the possibility of a proper stochastic assessment of the simulation results. Especially, the scatter which has to be expected in the stress–strain response of the effective material becomes accessible in terms of the standard deviation. In a number of parameter studies it is observed that an increasing microstructural disorder results in a decrease of the effective stiffness of cellular solids due to variations in the underlying microstructural mechanisms of deformation.     

Parameter identification for viscoelastic materials

Starting from the general stress-strain relation for a linear Boltzmann-Volterra material, which is in agreement with the principle of inertia, a new identification procedure is proposed. Instead of running one long-range relaxation experiment, following asingle suitably specified deformation history, material characterization is done using the data ofn short relaxation experiments followingn different deformation histories. To interpret these data a direct non-iterative algorithm has been developed. Compared with other methods, for example curve fitting by using Gauss' method, this direct method is numerically stable and allows a simple direct evaluation of the error due to the scattering of experimental data. The method has been applied to the determination of the relaxation times of an unsaturated polyester material.     

Hydrogen Dissociation in Rarefied Gas Flow Through a Wire Obstacle

The direct simulation Monte Carlo method was used to study plane–parallel flow of hydrogen through an obstacle formed by a series of parallel infinite wires. Particular attention was paid to the influence of the geometric parameters of the wire obstacle, the degree of rarefaction, and the flow velocity on the degree of hydrogen dissociation due to heterogeneous reactions on the wire surface.     

Curvature-induced oscillations of the loss of leaky modes in optical fibers: a ray analysis

A new curvature loss formula for leaky modes is derived from a direct application of the volume current method. This formula is confirmed in the particular case of a leaky LP₀₁ mode in a DIC fiber with a moderate curvature, by means of combination of the standard analytical perturbation analysis of DIC fibers with a ray analysis of the field in the outer cladding. Curvature induced oscillations of the leakage loss are predicted, due to an interference effect. The validity of the new loss formula for larger curvatures is discussed.     

A direct‐forcing pressure‐based lattice Boltzmann method for solving fluid–particle interaction problems

A direct‐forcing immersed boundary‐lattice Boltzmann method (IB–LBM) is developed to simulate fluid–particle interaction problems. This method uses the pressure‐based LBM to solve the incompressible flow field and the immersed boundary method to handle the fluid–particle interactions. The pressure‐based LBM uses the pressure distribution functions instead of the density distribution functions as the independent dynamic variables. The main idea is to explicitly eliminate the compressible effect due to the density fluctuation. In the IB method, a direct‐forcing method is introduced to capture the particle motion. It directly computes an IB force density at each lattice grid from the differences between the pressure distribution functions obtained by the LBM and the equilibrium pressure distribution functions computed from the particle velocity. By applying this direct‐forcing method, the IB–LBM becomes a purely LBM version. Also, by applying the Gauss theorem, the formulas for computing the force and the torque acting on the particle from the flows are derived from the volume integrals over the particle volume instead of from the surface integrals over the particle surface. The order of accuracy of the IB–LBM is demonstrated on the errors of velocity field, wall stress, and gradients of velocity and pressure. As a demonstration of the efficiency and capabilities of the new method, sedimentation of a large number of spherical particles in an enclosure is simulated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Adaptive Euler simulations of airfoil–vortex interaction

A grid redistribution method is used together with an improved spatially third‐order accurate Euler solver to improve the accuracy of direct Euler simulations of airfoil–vortex interaction. The presented numerical results of two airfoil–vortex interaction cases indicate that with combination of the two methods, the numerical diffusion of vorticity inherent in the direct Euler simulations is drastically reduced without increasing the number of grid points. With some extra works due to grid redistribution, the predicted vortex structure is well preserved after a long convection and much sharper acoustic wave front resulting from airfoil–vortex interaction is captured. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct simulation of flows with suspended paramagnetic particles using one-stage smoothed profile method

The so-called smoothed profile method, originally suggested by Nakayama and Yamamoto and further improved by Luo et al. in 2005 and 2009, respectively, is an efficient numerical solver for fluid-structure interaction problems, which represents the particles by a certain smoothed profile on a fixed grid and constructs some form of body force added into the momentum (Navier-Stokes) equation by ensuring the rigidity of particles. For numerical simulations, the method first advances the flow and pressure fields by integrating the momentum equation except the body-force (momentum impulse) term in time and next updates them by separately taking temporal integration of the body-force term, thus requiring one more Poisson-equation solver for the extra pressure field due to the rigidity of particles to ensure the divergence-free constraint of the total velocity field. In the present study, we propose a simplified version of the smoothed profile method or the one-stage method, which combines the two stages of velocity update (temporal integration) into one to eliminate the necessity for the additional solver and, thus, significantly save the computational cost. To validate the proposed one-stage method, we perform the so-called direct numerical simulations on the two-dimensional motion of multiple inertialess paramagnetic particles in a nonmagnetic fluid subjected to an external uniform magnetic field and compare their results with the existing benchmark solutions. For the validation, we develop the finite-volume version of the direct simulation method by employing the proposed one-stage method. Comparison shows that the proposed one-stage method is very accurate and efficient in direct simulations of such magnetic particulate flows.     

层状压电压磁弹性介质空间问题的数据分析与处理

从横观各向同性层状压电压磁弹性介质空间问题出发，利用状态变量法和0层面的边界条件，得到适用于计算不同状态变量的关系矩阵，以及状态变量表示的多层压电压磁弹性介质在Hankel变换空间中的解。在选择性计算的基础上，对不同的状态变量分别采用各自的方式修正关系矩阵，有效地避免了直接计算所产生的计算结果失真现象。为解决诸如此类的更复杂的问题奠定了理论基础。     

数字全息干涉相位导数计算的研究

应变测量对材料评估与分析非常重要。通过计算数字全息干涉的相位导数可实现应变测量。本文针对数字全息干涉相位导数提取问题,对数字剪切法和基于二维伪维格纳法进行研究。数字剪切法通过对干涉复相量的数字平移实现剪切,确定干涉相位导数,而二维伪维格纳法则通过对干涉复相量的二维伪维格纳分布变换,由变换模极值对应的频域参数确定相位导数。数字剪切法需干涉复相量的数字剪切过程,还需相位去包裹。由于激光散斑噪声的影响,直接数字剪切法处理效果较差,通过对剪切干涉复相量滤波,能较好消除散斑噪声影响。二维伪维格纳法无需数字剪切和相位去包裹,就可同时得到2个方向的干涉相位导数,但处理时间较长,处理效果较差。最后,用数字全息干涉法对四周固定、中心加载铝圆盘进行了实际测量,并分别用数字剪切法和二维伪维格纳法进行了分析。结果表明,滤波数字剪切法处理时间适中,处理效果较好。     

Experimental study of plane elastic contact problems by the pseudocaustics method

The optical method of pseudocaustics can be used for the experimental solution of plane elasticity, smooth contact problems for finite or infinite media in contact of arbitrary shape. This technique constitutes an alternative to the various numerical and experimental techniques for the approximate solution of plane elasticity contact problems. The success in the application of the method of pseudocaustics to plane elasticity contact problems is due to the possibility inherent in this method of the direct determination of the derivative Φ'(z) of the complex potential Φ(z) of N.I. Muskhelishvili along the boundaries of the media in contact. Then, the Muskhelishvili complex potentials, Φ(z) and Ψ(z), completely characterizing the state of stress and strain in a plane elastic medium, can easily be determined at any point of the media in contact after simple algebraic calculations. Two applications of the proposed method to contact problems of practical interest are also made.     

The mathematical model of the radial artery blood pressure waveform through monitoring of the age-related changes

Age-related changes in blood vessels affect the pulse wave propagation. These changes may cause an increase in wave reflection which leads to amplification of pulse pressure. The pulse pressure changes are associated with certain vascular diseases. Here we present a mathematical model of blood pressure for different age groups. The model is based on one-dimensional wave propagation theory and assumes that the pressure waveform is a superposition of forward propagating wave and backward waves from many reflection sites. The model is based on experimental data obtained by direct measurement of radial artery blood flow. The model clearly shows age-related changes in blood pressure waveform. The results of mathematical model correlate with the radial pressure waveform data. The model can be used in cases where it is not possible to measure the pressure due to movement of subject. Application of model to the direct blood flow measurements data allows the real-time pressure waveform monitoring. Furthermore, this approach enables monitoring of changes in pressure waveform due to the effects of medications.     

Numerical comparison of two boundary element methods for plane harmonic functions

A direct boundary element method (BEM) has been studied in the paper based on a set of sufficient and necessary boundary integral equations (BIE) for the plane harmonic functions. The new sufficient and necessary BEM leads to accurate results while the conventional insufficient BEM will lead to inaccurate results when the conventional BIE has multiple solutions. Theoretical and numerical analyses show that it is beneficial to use the sufficient and necessary BEM, to avoid hidden dangers due to non-unique solution of the conventional BIE.     

Adaptive Space-Time GLS FEM with Direct Projection for 2D Advection-Diffusion Problem

A space-time scheme is an unconditional stable time-integration scheme and its domain is discretized into space-time slabs, which are employed to weakly enforce the continuity of the solution across the time slabs. It is applied in this study to two-dimensional advection-diffusion problems, and space-mesh adaptation is introduced. Mesh adaptation is a powerful scheme to reduce discretized errors: however, it is found that an error due to the projection between adaptive meshes in successive time slabs is another source of error. To reduce projection errors, the direct projection scheme for space-time method will be used in this study. Galerkin/Least Squares scheme is applied to prevent numerical instability due to the skew-symmetric term in the weak form of the advection-diffusion equation.     

两空泡运动特性研究

本文应用边界方法研究了两个相邻空泡的运动特性,得到了空泡的演化规律,以及空泡溃灭时的射流速度与溃灭时间的变化趋势,对于两个空泡之间的距离和半径比的影响进行了讨论。计算结果表明：不同大小的空泡在一起时则小泡会先溃灭,且人泡的存在时间与两泡的半径比成正比;大泡对小泡来说其作用相当于－固壁面,小泡会形成－指向大泡的溃灭射流。相同大小的空泡在一起溃灭时,会同时形成指向中间的射 流,与单空泡在固壁面附近的溃