干摩擦条件下Si_3N_4-hBN复合陶瓷与1Cr18Ni9Ti配副的摩擦学特性研究

利用MMU-5G销-盘式端面磨损试验机考察了干摩擦条件下Si3N4-hBN复合陶瓷与1Cr18Ni9Ti配副时的摩擦磨损性能,分别采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、激光扫描显微镜(LSM)、X光电子能谱仪(XPS)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、电子探针(EPMA)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析摩擦面以及磨屑的形貌和物质组成.结果表明:Si3N4-hBN/1Cr18Ni9Ti摩擦副的摩擦系数随hBN含量的增加而降低,当hBN体积含量为30%时,摩擦系数降至0.03,Si3N4-hBN复合陶瓷的磨损率接近于零.在干摩擦条件下,Si3N4-hBN复合陶瓷与1Cr18Ni9Ti配副时,摩擦表面上形成含SiO2、B2O3和Fe2O3的表面膜,起到良好的减摩作用.     

（Ca,Mg）—Sialon在几种含钠盐溶液润滑下的摩擦学特性

利用SRV球-盘摩擦磨损试验机考察了(Ca,Mg)-Sialon陶瓷/GCr15钢球在3种钠盐溶液中的摩擦学性能.试验结果表明:与干摩擦相比,盐溶液改善了(Ca,Mg)-Sialon陶瓷的摩擦学性能;(Ca,Mg)-Sialon陶瓷在不同介质中的磨损体积损失顺序为水>干摩擦>Na2S2O8≈Na2S2O3>Na2SO4;摩擦系数在干摩擦下最大,在3种钠盐溶液润滑下最小.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅立叶变换反射红外光谱(FT-IR)及电子探针(EPMA)分析结果表明,含硫盐同摩擦副表面发生了复杂的摩擦化学反应,从而导致盐溶液润滑性能的差异     

MPIIID制备TiAlN涂层的高温抗氧化及摩擦性能

采用多源等离子体注入与沉积（MPIIID）装置制备了不同Al含量的TiAlN涂层,利用X射线能谱仪(EDX)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、纳米探针和摩擦试验对涂层的组成以及高温抗氧化和摩擦性能进行分析。结果表明：Al元素的加入明显提高了涂层的高温抗氧化能力,生成的Al2O3能有效地抑制氧的扩散;当Al的质量百分数为6.18%时,涂层硬度最高,约为38GPa,涂层具有良好的摩擦磨损特性。     

连续加载条件下纳米Al_2O_3/FeS固体润滑复合涂层的摩擦学性能

在连续加载条件下,考察了纳米Al2O3/FeS固体润滑复合层在不同温度时的减摩抗磨性能;利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了不同温度下磨损表面所含元素及其化学价态.结果表明:纳米Al2O3/FeS固体润滑复合层在室温至150℃范围内,具有优异的减摩性能和抗磨性能;磨损表面存在S元素,并以硫化物和硫酸盐形式存在,但未发现Al元素,表明磨损表面形成了主要由硫化物和硫酸盐组成的摩擦化学反应膜.     

爆炸冲击合成纳米碳化钛的研究

本文利用奥克托今炸药（HMX）作为高温、高压源，二氧化钛（TiO₂）和活性炭（C）作为前驱体，采用爆炸冲击合成的方法制备纳米碳化钛（TiC）粉末。运用X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、X射线能谱分析仪(EDS) 及扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 对样品进行了分析与表征。探讨了爆炸冲击波作用下TiC的合成机理。结果表明:XRD和EDS测试值与理论值相符性很好，样品中同时含有TiC和TiC_x（x＜1）；SEM照片显示TiC和TiC_x（x＜1）的粒径均小于50 nm，样品中存在微米级的球形团聚体；爆炸冲击合成TiC属于特殊的固相反应，其物质扩散速度和反应速度大大提高。     

纳米-Al2O3陶瓷粉末的预热爆炸压实实验研究

对纳米-Al2O3陶瓷粉末在预热温度为0.5Tm的条件下,以不同的爆炸压实压力实施了烧结实验。通过X射线衍射分析了烧结体的晶型,并用高分辨率扫描电子显微镜进行了微观组织观察。实验结果表明,纳米-Al2O3陶瓷粉末在爆炸压力为13.1 GPa时可得到晶粒间结合致密且晶粒度在100 nm左右的-Al2O3烧结体;而在爆炸冲击压力为9.35 GPa以下时,烧结体的晶型没有发生转变,仍然是-Al2O3晶型。     

磁场作用下基础油和含磷酸三甲酚酯润滑油的摩擦磨损特性

在四球摩擦磨损试验机的摩擦区域外加磁场,考察了150SN基础油和添加磷酸三甲酚酯(TCP)润滑油在磁场作用下的摩擦磨损性能,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分别分析了磨斑表面形貌及典型元素的化学状态,并对摩擦学机理进行了初步探讨.摩擦学试验结果表明:在磁场作用下,基础油和含TCP润滑油中钢球的磨斑直径均比无磁场时小,而两种油样的摩擦系数均比无磁场时大.XPS分析表明:磁场对润滑油摩擦学性能的影响与边界润滑膜的性质有关,磁场有利于TCP中P和O元素与金属表面的键合,促进了金属表面摩擦化学反应膜的形成,增强了含TCP润滑油的抗磨性能.     

油酸修饰纳米氟化钙的萃取法制备及其摩擦学性能

采用萃取法制备了油酸修饰的纳米CaF2,用X射线衍射(XRD)对纳米CaF2粉体样品进行物相分析,同时用透射电子显微镜(TEM)及傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)进行表面形貌和成分分析,并在四球摩擦磨损试验机上评价了CaF2在润滑脂中的摩擦学性能.结果表明,制备的纳米CaF2粒径在23 nm左右,油酸以化学吸附的方式吸附在CaF2纳米核表面;作为添加剂油酸修饰纳米CaF2在润滑脂中具有良好的抗磨性能和极压性能,在高载荷时具有良好的减摩性能.SEM,EDS和XPS分析表明在摩擦过程中形成了由CaF2、CaO、氧化铁和有机添加剂所组成的边界润滑膜,从而使OA-CaF2具有良好的摩擦学性能.     

冲击加载石灰岩形变的X射线分析

我们使用炸药透镜对石灰岩样品实施冲击加载,冲击加载的压力分别为:9.9、14.0、23.0 GPa。把回收的样品用Y-2型X射线衍射仪进行分析,衍射分析选择2=2830～30之间的方解石(104)特征反射面衍射峰 其结果表明冲击峰压值与方解石(104)特征反射面衍射光的特征间具有密切关系。方解石(104)特征反射面衍射峰的形变对冲击峰压的响应是敏感的,X射线技术对受冲击方解石(石灰岩)形变的分析是一个行之有效的手段。     

Zr基非晶合金破片冲击破碎反应机制研究

为研究Zr基非晶合金破片的冲击破碎反应机制,进行了准密封箱冲击超压实验,测试了破片的碎片粒度,分析了碎片尺寸分布关系,并对不同粒径尺度的碎片进行了X射线衍射分析。实验结果表明,材料在冲击加载下的反应程度随着撞击速度的升高而增大;碎片分布符合分段式幂次律分布规律;材料冲击诱发的化学反应主要为Zr元素与空气中氧气的燃烧,其主要反应产物为ZrO₂。基于冲击升温-碎片分布-碎片燃烧的冲击破碎反应理论模型能较好地解释冲击作用下Zr基非晶合金破片的反应规律,理论计算与实验结果吻合度较高。     

Preparation and properties of magnetic iron oxide nanotubes

Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanotubes were prepared by reducing synthesized hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanotubes in 5% H2+95% Ar atmosphere,and then maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanotubes were obtained by re-oxidizing the Fe3O4 nanotubes.The nanotube structure was kept from collapsing or sintering throughout the high temperature reducing and re-oxidizing processes.The coercivities of the Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3 nanotubes synthesized were found to be 340.22 Oe and 342.23 Oe,respectively,both higher than other nanostructures with the same phase and of similar size.Both adsorbed phosphate and the nanotube structure are considered responsible for this high coercivity.     

内氧化法制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料电滑动磨损性能的研究

采用内氧化法制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料,在自制电磨损试验机上评价Al2O3/Cu复合材料的磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜观察Al2O3/Cu复合材料的磨损表面形貌,用能谱仪对其磨损表面主要元素进行分析并探讨其磨损机制.结果表明:在相同试验条件下,Al2O3/Cu复合材料的磨损性能明显优于Cu-0.36Cr-0.06Zr合金,Cu-0.36Cr-0.06Zr合金的磨损率较0.40%Al2O3 /Cu复合材料的磨损率高1倍多;在无加载电流条件下,Al2O3/Cu复合材料的磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损;在载流条件下其磨损机制主要以粘着磨损为主,并随着电流强度的增加,粘着磨损程度加重,Al2O3/Cu复合材料表面的粘着物主要来自于铜基粉末冶金滑块;Cu-Cr-Zr合金在无加载电流条件下的磨损机制主要为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,在载流条件下主要为粘着磨损、磨粒磨损及电烧蚀磨损.     

Chemical characteristics and Pb isotopic compositions of PM2.5 in Nanchang,China

In mid-September 2013, PM_2.5 samples were collected at six sites in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China, to quantify nine water-soluble ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, NO₃⁻), 29 trace elements (Ba, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mo, Cr, Cu, Sr, Sb, Rb, Cd, Bi, Zr, V, Ga, Li, Y, Nb, W, Cs, Tl, Sc, Co, U, Hf, In, Re, Be, and Ta), and to characterize Pb isotopic ratios (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) for identifying the main source(s) of Pb. The results showed that the average daily PM_2.5 concentration (53.16 ± 24.17) μg/m³ was within the secondary level of the Chinese ambient air quality standard. The combined concentrations of SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺, and NO₃⁻ to total measured water-soluble ion concentrations in PM_2.5 ranged from 79.40% to 95.18%, indicating that anthropogenic sources were significant. Coal combustion and vehicle emissions were both contributors to PM_2.5 based on the NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratios. Wushu School experienced the lowest concentrations of PM_2.5 and most trace elements among the six sampling sites. Enrichment factor results showed that Tl, Cr, In, Cu, Zn, Pb, Bi, Ni, Sb, and Cd in PM_2.5 were affected by anthropogenic activities. Cluster analysis suggested that Cd, Sb, Pb, Re, Zn, Bi, Cs, Tl, Ga, and In were possibly related to coal combustion and vehicle exhaust, while Ni, Nb, Cr, and Mo may have originated from metal smelting. Pb isotopic tracing showed that coal dust, cement dust, road dust and construction dust were the major Pb sources in PM_2.5 in Nanchang. Combined, these sources contributed an average of 72.51% of the Pb measured, while vehicle exhaust accounted for 27.49% of Pb based on results from a binary Pb isotope mixed model.     

SiC—Ni—Co—Mo—PbO系高温自润滑金属基陶瓷材料摩擦学性能的试验研究

采用粉末冶金工艺中和中频励套感应力高温快速热压法制备了ＳｉＣ－Ｎｉ－Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ－ＰｂＯ系高温自润滑金属基陶瓷材料，并且对这种材料的机械性能和摩擦磨损性能进行了试验研究。同时还就其高温自润滑机理作了分析与探讨。     

Fabrication and characterization of Ce_(0.7)Zr_( 0.3)O_2 nanorods having high specific surface area and large oxygen storage capacity

Nanorod-like Ce 0.7 Zr 0.3 O 2 solid solutions were synthesized by a sodium dodecyl sulfate-assisted precipi- tation method. The samples were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and specific surface area measurement. Typical Ce 0.7 Zr 0.3 O 2 nanorods were 40 nm in average diameter and 450 nm in length, with specific surface area and oxygen storage capacity of 194 m 2 /g and 374 mol/g, respectiv...     

GIANT ANHYSTERETIC RESPONSE OF FERROELECTRIC SOLID SOLUTIONS WITH MORPHOTROPIC BOUNDARIES: THE ROLE OF POLAR ANISOTROPY

Computer modeling and simulation for the Pb(Zr 1 x Ti x )O 3 (PZT) system reveal the role of polar anisotropy on the giant anhysteretic response and structural properties of morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) ferroelectrics. It is shown that a drastic reduction of the composition- dependent polar anisotropy near the MPB flattens energy surfaces and thus facilitates reversible polarization rotation. It is further shown that the polar anisotropy favors formation of polar domains, promotes phase decomposition and results in a two-phase multidomain state, which response to applied electric field is anhysteretic when the polar domain reorientation is only caused by polarization rotation other than polar domain wall movement. This is the case for the decomposing ferroelectrics under a poling electric field with the formation of a two-phase multidomain microstructure, wherein most domain walls are pinned at the two-phase boundaries. Indication of the microstructure dependence of the anhysteretic strain response opens new avenues to improve the piezoelectric properties of these materials through the microstructure engineering.     

Kinetics and oxidation mechanism of cyclopentadiene behind the shock waves

Oxidation of cyclo-C₅H₅ was investigated by monitoring O atoms and also CO molecules behind the reflected shock of cyclo-C₅H₆ / O₂ /Ar and C₆H₅OCH₃ /O₂ /Ar mixtures. In both mixtures we could observe the formation of O atoms produced by the reaction of cyclo-C₅H₅ + O cyclo-C₅H₅O + O and from the kinetic analysis of these time profiles the rate constant for this reaction was determined to be kJ/RT) cm³ mol^-1 s^-1. The possibility of CO formation by the reaction of cyclo-C₅H₅O C₄H₅ + CO was also investigated but because of the subsequent reactions forming CO molecules no direct information for the reaction of cyclo-C₅H₅O C₄H₅ + CO was derived.Received: 3 February 2003, Accepted: 17 June 2003, Published online: 5 August 2003     

工作电压对N36锆合金表面微弧氧化涂层磨蚀性能的影响

通过微弧氧化(MAO)设备在锆(Zr)合金表面制备氧化陶瓷涂层. 研究工作电压对Zr合金表面MAO涂层形貌、硬度、粗糙度、元素分布和相结构的影响. 分析工作电压对Zr合金表面MAO涂层腐蚀和磨蚀性能的影响. 结果表明:MAO涂层表面具有典型的多孔和火山熔融特征,主要由m-ZrO₂和t-ZrO₂相组成. MAO涂层的粗糙度比基体高,且在电压为340 V时的粗糙度最高,达到1.36 μm. MAO涂层可分为内层致密层和外层多孔层,涂层厚度随着工作电压的增加而增加,厚度为5~9 μm. 电压为260 V的MAO涂层的结合强度最高,达到44.3 N. MAO涂层相比较于基体具有更好的耐腐蚀性能,电压为260 V的MAO涂层具有最高的自腐蚀电位(?0.205 V)和最低的腐蚀电流密度(6.24×10?9 A/cm2). 这是因为电压为260 V的MAO涂层具有最致密的结构,而内层致密层可以阻碍腐蚀液进入基体. MAO涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损. 工作电压为260 V的MAO涂层的磨损率仅为Zr合金基体的1/4.      

热挤压态Al—Si—Pb轴承合金的摩擦学行为

研究了热挤压对搅拌铸造 Al- Si- Pb合金组织与机械性能的影响 .结果表明 :热挤压可以显著改善合金铸态组织 ,降低气孔率 ,提高机械性能 ;随着铅含量增加 ,合金的摩擦系数与磨损率显著下降 ,尤其铅含量为 2 0 %与 2 5 %的合金抗咬合性能明显提高 .对其磨损表面的光学与 X射线光电子能谱分析表明 ,磨损表面了形成由 Al2 O3、Fe2 O3和 Pb的化合物组成的混合物润滑膜 ,这是其抗咬合性能得以改善的直接原因 .     

纳米Fe_3O_4与纳米SrO·6Fe_2O_3填充丁腈橡胶复合材料的摩擦磨损性能比较

采用共混法制备了NBR/Fe3O4复合材料和NBR/SrO.6Fe2O3复合材料,使用UMT-2MT摩擦磨损试验机和2206型表面粗糙度测量仪对复合材料的摩擦系数和摩擦磨损状况进行了测试.通过扫描电子显微镜与X射线能量色散谱仪对NBR/Fe3O4复合材料的表面微观形貌以及纳米粒子在橡胶中的分布情况进行了探讨.结果表明:2种纳米材料的加入均能够改善NBR的耐磨性,其中NBR/Fe3O4复合材料的耐磨效果更佳.Fe3O4和SrO.6Fe2O32种纳米粒子的最佳添加量均为10%左右(质量分数).纳米Fe3O4粒子的加入使得NBR的摩擦系数与磨损率有较大幅度的减小,而纳米SrO.6Fe2O3在添加量为10%～30%的范围内,随着添加量的加大,摩擦系数与磨损率不断加大.NBR/Fe3O4复合材料在纳米粒子含量10%左右时具有较好的表面结构,且纳米Fe3O4粒子在复合材料中分布较为均匀.